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ENDOPHYSICS, TIME, QUANTUM AND THE SUBJECTIVE (With CD-Rom) Proceedings of the ZiF Interdisciplinary Research Workshop Copyright © 2005 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.

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CONTENTS

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix LIST OF INVITED SPEAKERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi LIST OF OTHER PARTICIPANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi GROUP PHOTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx

CHAPTER I: ENDOPHYSICS Evolution of Human Knowledge and the Endophysical Perspective Rosolino Buccheri, Mauro Buccheri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Entropy of the Future George Jaroszkiewicz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Construction of Endo-Time and its Manipulation in Autopoietic Systems Igor Bala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 z Open Limit: A Wholeness with Vagueness Driving Ver-handlung Yukio-Pegio Gunji et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Endophysical Models Based on Empirical Data Robert G. Jahn, Brenda J. Dunne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 A New Conceptual Framework for Physics: Some Thoughts on Where and How to Begin Emilios Bouratinos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

CHAPTER I I: TIME The Nature of Time as a Consequence of How We Construct the World Diederik Aerts, Bart D'Hooghe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Time, Memory and Consciousness: A View from the Brain Hans J. Markowitsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
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The Significance of Causally Coupled, Stable Neuronal Assemblies for the Psychological Time Arrow Harald Atmanspacher, Thomas Filk, Herbert Scheingraber . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 A Structure of Experienced Time Ivan M. Havel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Experience of Time Passage: Phenomenology, Psychophysics, and Biophysical Modelling Jiґ Wackermann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 ri Emotional Time, Creativity and Consciousness: On Time Experience in Depression Hinderk M. Emrich, Detlef D. Dietrich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 A Container View of Consciousness and Altered Time Experiences Martin Jankovi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 c A Geometrical Chart of Altered Temporality (and Spatiality) Metod Saniga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Becoming, Events and the Ontology of Physical Theories Mauro Dorato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

CHAPTER I I I: QUANTUM

Reversing the Arrow of Explanation in the Relational Blockworld: Why Temporal Becoming, the Dynamical Brain and the External World Are All "in the Mind" Mark Stuckey, Michael Silberstein, Michael Cifone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Recurrent Quantum Neural Networks: A Paradigm for Sub jective Computing Model Laxmidhar Behera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Quantum Measurement Act as a Speech Act Jean Schneider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345


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Self-Reference in Quantum Measurement Samuel Marcovitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 A Conceptual Introduction to Nelson's Mechanics Guido Bacciagaluppi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 To Quantum Mechanics Through Pro jection of Classical Statistical Mechanics on Prespace Andrei Khrennikov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Abstract Algebra, Pro jective Geometry and Time Encoding of Quantum Information Michel Planat, Metod Saniga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 On the Sub jective Nature of Relative Frequencies: Combining Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics Thomas Marlow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

CHAPTER IV: THE SUBJECTIVE

Observing Reality on Different Time Scales Alexey Alyushin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Phenomenal Consciousness and the Allocentric-Egocentric Interface Pete Mandik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Intuition: What Science Says (so far) About How and Why Intuition Works Paul Bernstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Out-of-Body, Out-of-Time. Abnormal Unity of Body and Self in Space and Time Shahar Arzy, Theodor Landis, Olaf Blanke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 The Mind in Physics John Sanfey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531


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Encountering Complexity: In Need for a Self-Reflecting (Pre)Epistemology Vasileios Basios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Time Within: The Perceptual Rivalry Switch as a Neural Clock John D. Pettigrew, Jan D. Tilden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 Becoming as a Bridge Between Quantum Mechanics and Relativity Avshalom C. Elitzur, Shahar Dolev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

CLOSING ADDRESS George Jaroszkiewicz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607


PREFACE The workshop "Endophysics, Time, Quantum and the Sub jective" was the third in a series started by "Studies on the Structure of Time: From Physics to Psycho(patho)logy" (1999, Palermo/Italy) and followed by the NATO ARW "The Nature of Time: Geometry, Physics and Perception" (2002, Tatranskґ Lomnica/Slovak Republic). The workshop focused on the possia ble role of the endo-physical paradigm in the future development of physics and in our understanding of Nature as a whole. General topics discussed were the nature of time, quantum theory and the concept of sub jectivity; more specific topics included the puzzling discrepancy between the physical and psychological aspects of time, psychopathology of time, quantum entanglement, separability and non-locality, the status of first-person perspective and the prospect of naturalizing sub jectivity. Modern physical theories are based on reductionist and exo-physical perspectives. The reductionist point of view rests on the assumption that a few simple fundamental laws are able to account for all the observed and predictable phenomena. Per the exo-physical point of view, each human is able to achieve a complete description of the external world independently of other humans and irrespectively of their interaction with the world itself. These paradigms led, on the one hand, to the remarkable progress in sciences and technology. Yet, on the other hand, they gave rise to an everincreasing discrepancy between our immediate experience of reality and the physical formalism. One of the most striking and pronounced facets of this duality concerns the nature of time. Time, as we perceive it, exhibits a non-trivial internal structure, consisting of past and future, the two domains being separated from each other by a unique moment, the present. This time seems to "flow," to proceed from the past into the future -- thus apparently manifesting an arrow of time. Physics, however, tells us a completely different story. For not only are its fundamental equations time reversible, i.e. they do not distinguish between past and future, but the very concept of the present, the "now," is absent. A host of fundamental questions naturally emerge: Why does there exist such a puzzling discrepancy between the two aspects of time? What does that imply? Can the two concepts be reconciled?. . . Another example of where the exo-physical paradigms seem to be seriously at odds with the nature of scientific inquiry is furnished by quantum mechanics, whose interpretation has been a sub ject of serious debate for decades, triggered by the famous paradoxes of Einstein, SchrЁ nger and odi
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others. Here, the crucial role of the sub ject/observer manifests itself at a minimum of three levels: 1) the properties of a phenomenon depend on the modality of its observation; 2) the prediction of an outcome can only be made in probabilistic terms, and 3) the description of a phenomenon can only be obtained after the process of measurement. The third issue, where the exo- vs. endo- controversy is perhaps most pronounced, is the concept of subjectivity and what can be considered its three fundamental dimensions, viz. intentionality, self-awareness and inter-sub jectivity. Here the most pressing questions are: Can sub jectivity and consciousness be naturalized? Is it ultimately possible to account adequately for the puzzling discrepancy between the first-person perspective and third-person observable behaviour? What is the role of "anomalous/peculiar" experience in our understanding of Nature? A few prominent scholars (e.g., Wigner, Eccles, Penrose and Davies) suspect these three questions are intimately connected via the concept of time -- the most basic element of any process. Hence, since time is poorly understood, difficulties in understanding the problem of measurement in quantum mechanics, as well as the age-old hiatus between brain mechanisms and conscious experience, may be overcome when studied per this triplet of questions. In fact, the current stalemate in physics may result from the neglect of the endo-physical, first-person perspective in the development of physics. We believe that this perspective is crucial in obtaining deeper insight into the nature of time, quantum theory and the scientific appropriation of the sub jective. Our workshop provided, for the first time in many years, an in-depth interdisciplinary dialogue/debate between these closely interconnected issues. It is therefore our hope that this volume will be of great relevance to anyone interested in the conceptual issues related to both contemporary physics and cognitive sciences. Finally, we express our deepest gratitude to the Directorate and all the personnel of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF), Bielefeld University, for providing the event with both financial and logistic support and a highly interactive and stimulating setting. We also acknowledge the partial sponsorship of SkyEurope Airlines, thank all the manuscript reviewers for their hard work and are grateful to Dr. Richard Komґ for his technizik cal/software assistance. Tatranskґ Lomnica, June 2005 a Rosolino Buccheri Avshalom Elitzur Metod Saniga