Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://ffl.msu.ru/research/publications/ter-minasova-lang-and-icc/ter-minasova-yazik-i-mkk-BOOK.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Mon Feb 25 12:56:41 2013 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Tue Feb 26 12:31:16 2013 Êîäèðîâêà: Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: sun dogs

. . -




/ Slovo 2000
, . . .



1996 1309 « », « »

« » (022600). . .. , , , : ? ? ? , , . , , . 1992 , , , , , , . 1994 « : », . . 1993-1994 . 1996 . « ». , 1997

3


« ». , , « ». , , . . , - . , . . , - -. , , , . , : , , , , , , , , . , , .


. - . . . . ., 1966. ­ . . , . . , . . . - . ., 1993. - . . . . . . 1-4. ., 1981-1984 ( , ). - - . . . . . . ., 1987. . - . . . . . 1-4. ., 19781980. . - . . 7-. ., 1979. . - . . . ., 1960. . - . . . . ., 1972. . . - . . , . . . . ., 1993. - - . . . . . ., 1997. - . ., 1992. - . . . . 1­4 ., 1956­1961. . - . . . . . 1-4. ., 1934-1940. . ­ . . . . . . . . . . 1-4. ., 1986-1987. BBCED - BBC English Dictionary. Harper Collins Publishers, 1992. CCEED - Collins COBUILD Essential English Dictionary. Harper Collins Publishers, 1990. CDEU - Collins Dictionary of the English Usage. London, Glasgow, 1985. CIDE - Cambridge International Dictionary of English. Cambridge University Press, 1995. COBUILD ­ Collins COBUILD English Dictionary. Harper Collins Publishers, 1995. COD - The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 1964. DELC - Dictionary of English Language and Culture. Longman Group Ltd., 1993. LDCE - Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Longman Group Ltd., 1995. OADCE - Oxford Advanced Dictionary of Current English. 1973. OALD - Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. 4th Ed. Oxford University Press, s. a. The Shorter Oxford - The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles.

5


3rd Ed. Vol. 1, 2. Oxford University Press, 1973. W. ­ E. A. M. Wilson. The Modern Russian Dictionary for English Speakers. New York, Toronto, Sydney, Paris, Frankfurt, Oxford etc., ., 1982.



, , , . . . , . . . « ». , , , . , , . , , . « , - . - ». ­ «? - . - ?» . , ? ? ? -. « ­ ?» - . ­ «, , - , - , ». ­ « , - , - , ». . . , . - , , , . , , - , . , , : , , , , . , , , : , . , . , , , . . , (grapho), (logos), /, - philo. . ? , , : , , . , , , . , , , .

7


: , , , , , . - , , , , , . - . , , . : , . - , : communication communis - . , , . , , , , homo sapiens. , , . ?! - , , ? , . , , . , , . ( ) , , , , . , , , , - , , . - - ! - . , , , , , , . , . , ? ? , ? ? , , ? ?


? ­ , , , ? « » « »? ? , , , ? «» : « 20% , , 80% - . , »? .

9


§ 1. - , -, . "".
­ , (.). ­ , , (.). ­ , , , - . . (.). - () , 1. - , , , (.). Language. A vocabulary and way of using it prevalent in one or more countries (DEAD ~); (transf.) method of expression (finger~, talk by conventional signs with fingers); words and their use; faculty of speech; person's style of expressing himself (bad ~, or

||

vulg. ~, oaths and abusive

talk; strong ~, expressing vehement feelings; professional or sectional vocabulary; literary style, wording; ~ master, teacher of (usu. mod. foreign) ~ or ~ s (COD) *. * . , ( ~); (.) ~, (~ , ~, ); ; ; ( ~ ;

||

.

;

; , ; ~, ( , ) ~ ~ . Language - A system of communication consisting of a set of small parts and a set of rules which decide the ways in which these parts can be combined to produce messages that have meaning. Human language consists of words that are usually spoken or written (CIDE) **. ** - , , , . , . A language is a system of sounds and written symbols used by the people of a particular country, area, or tribe to communicate with each other. Many have English as a first or second language. Language is the ability to use words in order to communicate. This research helps teachers to understand how children acquire language. You can refer to the words used in connection with a particular subject as the language of that subject. ...the language of sociology. The language of a piece of writing or a speech is the style in which it is written or spoken. I admire the directness of the language. Language is also used to refer to other means of communication such as sign language,


computer languages, and animal language. The way that they usually communicate with others is by using sign language (BBCED) ***. *** - , , , . . - . , . , , . ... . - , . . - , , . , . Language. 1. the system of human expression by means of words. 2. a particular system of words, as used by a people or nation (LDCE) ****. **** . 1. . 2. , .

, , : - , . , , - . , , , . « » 2.
- , , ; (.). - , (.). Communication. Act of imparting (esp. news); information given; intercourse (COD) *. * . ( ); ; . Communication is the activity or process of giving information to other people or living things. Insects such as ants have a highly effective system of communication... There was poor communication between officers and crew. Communications are the systems and processes that are used to communicate or broadcast information. Communications inside the country have also been seriously disrupted... A communication is a letter or telephone call; a formal use. ...a secret communication from the Foreign Minister (BBCED) **. ** - . ... (. ). - , . ...

- ; . ... (. ) .
Communications are the various methods of sending information between people and places, esp. official systems such as post systems, radio, telephone, etc.: Less than 2% of all overseas aid is going to improve communications. Communications are also the ways which people use to form relationships with each other and understand each other's feelings: Communications between parents and children are often

11


difficult (CIDE) ***. *** - , - , , ..: 2% . - , : (. ) .

- "". , , . « » ( , ), - , . , , , . , . ,
1.










(




-



, . . ):
, . . . , , , , ... . . , .

||



- . . ... . , . . . 2. , - . . . . 3. , . . [ ] ... , , . , . 4. , , . , , , . . . ().

, , . , , , - . . « », « ». culture:
Culture - the way of life, especially general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people at a particular time. Youth / working-class / Russian / Roman / mass culture (CIDE) *. * - ,


. / / / / . Culture. 1) Culture or a culture consists of the ideas, customs, and art that are produced or shared by a particular society (e.g. He was a fervent admirer of Roman and Greek culture ... the great cultures of Japan and China). 2) A culture is a particular society or civilization, especially one considered in relation to its ideas, its art, or its way of life (e.g. the rich history of African civilizations and cultures) (COBUILD) **. ** . 1) , , , (.: ... ). 2) - , , , , (.: ). Culture - 1) the customs, civilization, and achievements of a particular time or people (studied Chinese culture) (COD) ***. *** - 1) , ( ). Culture - the customs, beliefs, art, music, and all the other products of human thought made by a particular group of people at a particular time (ancient Greek culture, a tribal culture, pop culture) (DELC) ****. **** - , , , ( , , -). The term culture is taken from the technical vocabulary of anthropology, wherein it embraces the entire way of life of members of a community insofar as it is conditioned by that membership
3

*****.

*****













, , .

culture customs `, '; beliefs `', the way of life ` '. : , . .. .. « », , :

4

.



,







.

§ 2. , , . . - , , , , , , , , , , , , , . - , , . - , , , , ,

13


, , . - , , , , . , . - , . , , , , . ., , . , « , » 5. , (. ) : , , . , , 6. , ( , ), , , . - , . , . - , , , , . « - . , , . - . : ,,", ; ,,", - . , , ,," ,,"» 7. , - . , ,


. , , . . , , - . ( ) (, - ). , , , -, , , - - , , , . , , , , , , , , , . , . , , (, ) (, , ) , (, ), (). , - , , . , , , , ? , . , : 1) , , ; 2) , . , - , , , , , . ,

15


. - (, , , ), , , . : , , , , , . , , , , . . : 1) , , ; 2) ; 3) , , , ; 4) , ; 5) , , , , , . . , , . , . . . , ( : ) , - , . , , . . . ( ), « , - , ,


, , ,, " , ... , - , () ( )» 8. § 3. , , . , , , , ; ; ; ; , , ; , , ; ; , . - , . , , , , . , , , , , , , , . - , , , , .

17


- , - . , , . . , , . , , , , , , : . : When in Rome, do as Romans do [ , , ]. , . , , « » : , , , « » . ? ? «» : « !», , , « », . , ... , . : . , , , . , - , , , . , , . (, , - , , , , : , . ­ « - » - . ).


- barbaros `'. : -- (. ). . XII : , 9. , , . , - -, , - , ( ) . , , , , (. ). , , (, , ) : , . : , - , , , . , , . , . , , (« », . .), , . . : : « , , , , ». , , : « , !». : . , . « » «»: , - , . , , , - . : , , .

19


1996 - , . , , . , - , . . , , , , 10. , , : « - , . , . - , , . ,, ? - . - ". , , , . , . ,, " . ,, "» 11. . . , , : « , ,, " , , » 12. , , , , , , , . , , , . « , , . . , , ,,". , . . , . ,


. , , . : , , . , . : . - » 13. . « », - , , , , . -, . , , . , , , , , . , , , , , , . « - » « » . . , , . , , 1998 : «, . ». , : 1) « - , »; 2) « ; , ». «» . , , , . , , (« , » - , : ) , , .

21


, , - «» , . . ... . «», , , , -, , . . ... , , : / . , , , - , , , . . ( ) , « , . , » 14. , «» . . . , , : « , , ». «» . , , « ». - , , , , . , . (memento!) . . , , «»: , , , , , , , . ( !). , , , (, , . .) , .


, . , , , . , , . , «» . : - , , , , , . : , ? : - , , . , : , ", ?", , . : , , , , , 15. , ( ) , ( , ) , ( ). , - . , , , , , . : -, , , , , , -, , , . , , , , . ( ) . § 4. ,

23


. - , , : ( , ) . , , ( - ), , , , , . . , , , - - . , , . ­ «» , , , , , , , , - . . : , , , . , - , , , . - . . 1988 - , ­ «», , , . : 1) , : , , , . .; 2) ;


3) , , , , , - , ; 4) , , , , , ; 5) , , . , ( , ), , « » . . , . : 1) , 2) . . ; (« ») , , , , : , , . . , - , ( « » , « », « », « » , , ). , -

25


, , , (, , , ) , , «», - . : , , , , . - , , , . , «» - , , - . , - . . - , . , - , , . . . , , , , . , , , , , , , . : , , , , . , , .










-



,

, , . , , , . , , : , , . , , . ( ), , , - , , - . , , : , , (, ), . . . . . . . - , , : « ( ) - . - (, )

. , - , : ) ( ), ( «» ) ( ); ) , , - ; ) ( ,

27


), () , ; ) « », , ; ) , . . , , - » 16. , , , . , , . , . . ., « » 17. , , ( , ) , , , , . ., , . « , . . , » . , . . , : 1) /, , , , ; 2) /,
18

.


. , , , : « ». - . , , ? - , : , (, , , . .), , , , . , . . . . . , , : « , - , . () () ... , , , .. , , . , , . , » 19. , , ( ), , . , « » ,

29


. , , , , . . , , . , ( , -: , .) , . , -, . - - , - . : , . . , (§ 2)





«



,,"

,," , - , , ,, " , , , , .

, , , , ,, "» 20. , , , , , . , , , . , , « » (shared code), , : / /. . , « »:
-


. . , , , ... - , , - , , «»
21

















.

, ,

.

( ), , , , , . , , , , , - , , , ? , «» , . , , , , «» , , . , , ( ) , , , . . . , : , " ", ( ):
He imagined to himself some really womanly woman, to whom he should be only fine and strong, and not for a moment «the poor little man». Why not some simple uneducated girl, some Tess of the D'Urbervilles, some wistful Gretchen, some humble Ruth gleaning an aftermath? Why not? Surely the world was full of such

( . ­ . .)

*. *

, , « ». - , , - ', - , ? ? , .

, .

31


, . § 5. The sum of human wisdom is not contained in any one language, and no single language is capable of expressing all forms and degrees of human comprehension. Ezra Pound *. * , . . , . . , ,
22



. « » , . , ( ) , : , , , ( ). , , . . , , . , , , . , , . ., , «» 23. , , . , . , , , , : , , , . , . , , .


, , , . « » , , , : - , - . ( , ) . , , -, , , , -, , , . : , . ., , . «Le testament franÃais» (« ») , - - , , , :
C'est que Charlotte surgissait sous le ciel russe comme une extraterrestre. Elle n'avait que faire de l'histoire cruelle de cet immense empire, de ses famines, rÈvolutions, guerres civiles... Nous autres, Russes, n'avions pas le choix. Mais elle? þ travers son regard, ils observaient un pays mÈconnaissable, car jugÈ par une ÈtrangÕre, parfois naÎve, souvent plus perspicace qu'eux-mÉmes. Dans les yeux de Charlotte s'Ètait reflÈtÈ un monde inquiÈtant et plein d'une vÈritÈ spontanÈe ­ une Russie insolite qu'il leur fallait dÈcouvrir
24

*. * ,

. , , , , ... , , . ? , , , , , . , , (. . . . . . // , 1996, 12, . 49).

, : « , ; , » 25. , , , .
33


. , , , - . , , . , , : , , , , , . : , (, ), , , . , , , -, , , , , - (thing meant), , . , , . , , , (.: . II, . 1, § 2). , , . , . - , ( - ) , , , , - : , , , . - , ! - - . . , .


. , (, , ) - . , , , - , .

35


.

1 2

. . , . . . . ., 1979, . 410. . . // . R. H. Robins. General Linguistics. An Introductory Survey. London, 1971, p. 27. . . , . . . . ., 1990, . 26.

., 1993, . 211.
3 4 5

. . . // , . 185. 6 . . . . ., 1975, . 48. 7 . . , . . , . . , . . . . , 1989, .75. . . . // IX . , . . 2. , 1999, . 125-126. .: . . . . . ., 1997. 9 . ., 1989, . 353.
8 10 11 12

Moscow News, Sept. 21, 1996, p. 14. , 1998, 71, , . 66-67. . . . // , 1996, 18, . . . . . . . ., 1999, . 188. . . « » // , 1996, , . 45-46. .: L. Bohannan. Shakespeare in the Bush. Applying Cultural Anthropology. Ed. by . . , . . , . . , . . . . ., .77.

. 9.
13 14 15

A. Podolefsky / Peter Brown. Mayfield Publishing Company, 1991, p. 38-39.
16 17

. . // , . 211. 18 . . . . // , .185.
19 20 21 22

. . , . . . . ., . 30. . . . . . ., 1997. . . // , 1997, 3, . 38. «

, ,, " , , , , » (. . . . ., 1965, . 120).
23

« ,

. . .


» (. . . . ., 1973, . 66).
24 25

A. Makine. Le testament franÃais. [Paris], Mercure de France, 1997, p. 102. . . . ., 1985, . 349.

37


I. 1. , , .
Cultures are chiefly transmitted through spoken and written languages. Encapsulated within a language is most of a community's history and a large part of its cultural identity. David Crystal *. * . . . § 1. . , , . , ; . : - , , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , : . , , . : , , , , (, , ). : . . : , , , . , ( 14 20)


. ( , . .). , , , , , , , , , snowstorm, . - . , « (areca catechu) - ,,". 200 : , , . , ; , ; , , , - , . - , - , » 1. : É , É

, . . - , , . (- , , , . .), , , , , . . : ,

39


- , . , . . , , . , . . - , , , , , ­ , . . . , , , . , , , . , , , , , . ( , , . ., , , ), ( , ), , : . , , : , , , . , , , , , ( , ) . , , , .


: É , / É , / É

, : - , - ( ) , - . - , , . () - , , , , . . : , , , , , , , . . . SIETAR 1994 , . , , , . , . :

41


Europas navle [ ]; Volvo [«»]; sauna & vodka [ ]; Russere []; nesten Russere [ ]; badestrand []; nyttrskonsert [ ]; fri hastighet [ ]; svarte bankkonti [ ]; mafia []; flatt [, ]; godt kjkken [ ]; billig []; billigere [ ]; IRA [ ( )]; nesten IRA [ ]; Charles & Di [ ]; Vigdis [ ( )]; Tivoli & Legoland [ ] , . , .
. !


43


, , . , , , . -, (, « » , , ). .

(3 .) Alps [] (2 .) peaceful country [ ] war-like attitude in the past [ ] the world of music [ ] skiing [ ] ball [] opera [] (2 .) Rubens [] Charles de Coster [ ] very imperceptible [ , ] beer []


(2 .) fog [] (3 p.) Shakespeare [] (2 p.) tea time [ ()] (2 p.) monarchy [] (2 p.) dry sense of humor [ ] special tea [ ] Robin Hood [ ] Oxbridge [ ­ ()] rain [] gentlemen [] good manners [ ] 5 o'clock [ ()] unknown cuisine [ ] - (3 .) (3 .) punctuality [] (2 p.) Hitler [] (2 p.) Mercedes [«»] quality [] exactness [] racial superiority of Nordic people [ ] romanticism [] Prussian soldiers [ ] Kinder, KÝche, Kirche [, , ( «K»)]

45


war [] The Berlin Wall [ ] (2 .) Olympic games [ ] (2 .) ruins of the ancient world [ ] ancient Greece [ ] origin of our civilization [ ] smth we know since our childhood [, ] democracy [] seafood [] sirtaki [] (4 .) many sexual liberties [ ] (2 .) drugs [] school of painting XV-XVIII centuries [ XV-XVIII ] skates [] cheese [] (2 .) fairy tales [] danish (cookies) [ ] flat [, ] many islands [ ] Mermaid []


Andersen [] IRA [] (3 p.) fighting country [ ] flat [, ] green gnomes [ ] conflict [] whisky [] love of freedom and independence [ ] Yeats [] corrida [] (7 p.) (3 .) (2.) bulls [] sun [] temperament [] fiesta [] siesta [] leisure [] olives [] Salvador Dali [ ] (7 .) pizza [] (3 p.) Renaissance [] (3 p.) (2 .) Pope [ ] (2 p.) (2 .) pasta [] canals [] empire []

47


catholicism [] cheese [] (3 .) fiords [] (2 p.) rock [] skiing [ ] snow [] cold [] fish and fishers [ ] herring [] oil [] gas [] (3 .) many colonies in the past - poverty today [ - ] Graale's [] cigars [] heat [] no association [ ] Motherland [] (2 p.) Russians [] openness [] generosity [] a great country with many people who don't succeed in finding a sensible and wise leader [ , ]


large and unpredictable [ ] no comments [ ] Russian language [ ] « » (4 .) (2 .) vodka [] (2 p.) many lakes [ ] (2 p.) silence [] the former part of Russian empire [ ] winter [] deer [] salmon []

49


fashion [] (6 p.) (4 .) le parfum [] (2 p.) revolution [] (2 p.) love [] (2 p.) courtesy [, ] aristocracy [] liberty [] equality [] brotherhood based on blood [, ] art [] cuisine [] Chanel 5 [ 5] see and die [ ] c (6 .) banks [] (4 p.) skiing health resorts [ ] black bank account [«» ] accuracy [] ABBA [«»] (2 p.) (2 .)


Electrolux [«»] «Europe» (rockgroup) [«» (-)] peaceful [] the former Queen of the seas [ ] Volvo [«»] Sweden family [ ] hockey [] war [] Dracula [ ()] « » almost Russia [ ] ex-friends [ ] almost Russians [ ] looking for their own way [ ] Slavic brothers [-] very closely connected, not much different [ , ] potatoes [] grapes [] beets and carrots [ ] . « - XVIII - XIX . (, , ). , -, , , , . -, , - - , » 2. (, ) . . « » , . () , . , ,

51


, , , - 3. -, - - , - , , . , - . , , , , , . , « », : « , , » 4. , , . , , , , , . : , - . , , , , - ( ) . . , , , . , , . , . , , . , . , , . , , . , , . ,


. - , «» . , , . . . , , : , : , : blue. , - . . , : hand arm , ­ . , , , ( , : dark blue [, -], navy blue [-], sky-blue [, ], pale-blue [-]). : cook, , . .. , « , , ""»
5

, , , . ( ) . , «-», , , , , , , ( , -) ( ) , - . ( ) , . , , , . , ,

53


. , ( , , , , ) . , , , , ( ) , , , ( ), , -, . . , , - . , , , . , , , . , , , , . , . . , . . . , , - , , , . - , «» ( « ») . . «, , , , .


, , ...»6. , , . 30

, , , , , . , , . , -, , . , , - . (things meant) , , . , , . , , , , , . , (balalaika, matrioshka, blini, vodka; , , ), , (Bolshevik, perestroyka, sputnik; , , ; , , ). , , , : 6-7%, . . . . 7. . , - - . , , , - . -, , : , , , , , , , fingers, - thumb, - toes. eight fingers and two thumbs [ ], - eight fingers, two thumbs, and ten toes [

55


, ( ) ( )]. , , ( fingers, thumbs, toes?), , , - ( - ). , . , , , , , . , . , . , , . - , , -, . . . , « -, - »8. , , - , , , , ( , , ) . ( ) 9. , , , . § 2. , , (shared code) .


: . , ( ) . , , ( , , ), , . , , . 1. , -, , . , , . , «» « » , , . , - , - , - , - ? to pay, `' , , , attention [], visit [], compliments []? , , - « » (long grass), « » (strong tea), « » (heavy rain)? : - , . ( ) , . , . : , - , . , , , , , , . . . , «» , , ( « » - international furniture - -

57


). . , , ( ) - book. - . .
a ~ on/about birds - , a reference book ­ , a cheque book - , a ration book ­ , to do the books - , our order books are full - , to be in smb's good/bad books - / , I can read her like a book - , we must stick to/go by the book - , I'll take a leaf out of your book - , He was brought to book for that -

- - :
­ note, ­ memorandum, ­ report, - love letter, billet­doux; ­ closed, - private meeting, - secret ballot, - indoors ().

. , , -, , . - , . - ! - , to wash one's hair. , « » (.: . II, . 2, § 3) , , - « », - « ». - , ... to wash one's head, , , , . 2. , , - , , «» .


. , , «» , , , . - , , , . green eyes . , green eyes, - «» , «» , (jealousy) - a green-eyed monster. : , black cat, ­ , - . , , , , , , . :
, ... , , .

- , , «Good Luck» , , . , «» , , . , , , , , , - . , , , , , , , . , - , , , , , . , , . ( , ) .
59


( ). ( , , - ). , , - - . , 10. § 3. - , , . , , . , , . , , « ». , , , , , :
- , . . . . . - (.). - , (, .), , , - . . . . . . (.).

:
Table - article of furniture consisting of flat top of wood or marble etc. and one or more usu. vertical supports esp. one on which meals are laid out, articles of use or ornament kept, work done, or games played (COD) *. * C - , , . , : , , . Table - a flat surface, usually supported by four legs, used for putting things on (CIDE) **. ** - , , .

, (, der Tisch, a table, la table), « », .


. , , « » . . , , , , , -:
. , , , . , , , . , . , 9.

, , . : , , , . « - , ... - , » 10. «» . , - house. , house, , : ; , «» . . house : house - , , . , , - building. , , house, block of flats . . .. : « house; : ,,, " (, - a stone house) ,," (, - the House of Romanovs). . ,, ", ,, ", , home. ,,", -, , ; . children's home orphanage; - commercial firm; (.) - lunatic asylum; - reformatory . house , : ,,

61


" (, the House of Commons), ,," (, opera house), ,,, " (appreciative house ­ ,, "), ,," (the first house starts at five), ,," . , house ,, "; ( ) , » 11. house . . , , "", (10 Downing Street), , . , , house, ( ), ( ) - . , , house , , , , . , , , , house, - , . , , , That morning she had a headache and stayed upstairs, , house. : . , - . , , , , - . upstairs (, ) downstairs (, ) , , house - . , - house, - , , . , . «Your mother's little note, received a few moments ago, informs me that you are so far recovered from your late illness as to be downstairs again». « ,


, , , ». To be downstairs ­ , . , , « »: « , , , , , , , , , , . , , . , , , , . , 5-6 ­ -, - ( . ­ . .)» 12. , , -, - . day-night, morningevening, . morning («») , - . , ( one/two o'clock in the morning). , day, - , afternoon - . , afternoon -, evening - , - night. - morning, «». «» : ? , , : he came to see her last night [ ]! : tomorrow night we'll have dinner in a Chinese restaurant [ ]. : , . , last night ` ', ` ', two o'clock in the morning - ` '. «You are going late at night (in the West it would be early in the morning») (David

63


Wansbrough, November, 2001). « ( : )». . day afternoon. Good day - , good morning - good evening - . - good afternoon, good day , , , ! , , , - , , . : - , , , - . , : , . , 365 , (seasons), , . . ­ , November - . , , - . Breakfast : - , , , . - , , . , lunch, dinner, lunch, dinner, , , (lunch 12.00 - , dinner - 20-21.00 ). dinner, supper. . . , , : « , , ». : : (7­10 .) (12­14 .) (18­20 .) . grandmother - ( ), .


grandmother? , , , , , . babushka - , , («a head scarf tied under the chin, worn by Russian peasant women» [ , , , ] - CDEU). , , , : , , , . grandmother « »: , , , . , hour, , , , : , hour ` , 60 '. « », : « ?» , 60 , . , , ( , . .), . , . : «, 20 10.30 ,," ( , , , ,, ") - 10.30 , "»13. , hour . winter . \ ?\ § 4. , , . . , . . , ,,

65


. . , , . . first name - , last name - . , , - name, - «», ­ «». , , , , , . - , , . , - , , first, last. -, , : , . «Berlitz» : «Hess Andras ter (like the Chinese, the Hungarians put the last name first, we would call the printer Andras Hess [ , , ])». , , , ( , . .). , , , , , . , , , , . 14. - . , ( , ) , , , , . , , -, , - - . ( , ), ( ): . . IX , : . - . . : Mrs.


Valentin Fatushenkov. , , , ( ) « ». , , , , , , , , «». , , , . , - . : , , «», - ! - , « -». : , ( ) ? , :
On the occasion of the Birthday of Her Majesty Queen Elisabeth II Her Majesty's Ambassador and Lady Wood request the pleasure of the company of Mr. and Mrs. Svetlana Ter-Minasova *. * II - .

, ( ), , ( ). , . , . II , : « , , , ». ( ) ... , . ( , , . .) ­ «» «» - nationality, . . , nationality , , . , , , . . Russian, . , , , , . « », nationality .

nationality: He's applied for British nationality [ ] . What nationality are you? (= which country do you officially belong to?) [ ? (=
67


?)] . nationality former nationality ( ), : nationality , ­ . - nationality , , . 1973 , , , , , Lithuanian, Georgian, Armenian Russian, , . ! «There are no such countries as Lithuania, Georgia or Armenia on the map! [ - , , !]» , Russia . Soviet , , . . , , nationality , , . . (adresse) . , , . , : , , , - , . « ? ? - . ­ ». - « », address : , , , - , - : , , , , , . , , . 2 2000 . . : : ­ , ­ ; ­ , ­ .


« » - ( 2002 .) : nationality, address , city, state. , . , ? , , . «» . . - 03.18.97. 10.30.98, : . 18 1997 , 30 1998 . , . , - , : 05.06.99 5 , 6 , . , . , , -, ?! § 5. , , , . , , , , . , , , . , , . C , , , «» , , . , «» ( , house, home, building, block of flats, condominium, mansion), (. ), (. green eyes), (. strong tea). , , , , ,

69


, . , , , , , , . house - , . , , , , . , , . , , . «Le testament franÃais» (« »). , , 1957 , , 1987 , . « », 1995 , . . : - . « » , , , , . , , . . , --, , , (village). - : , , , . , , , village, , , « », «», ( ?!) . . :
Neuilly-sur-Seine Ètait composÈe d'une douzaine de maisons en rondins. De vraies isbas


avec des toits recouverts de minces lattes argentÈes par les intempÈries d'hiver, avec des fenÉtres dans des cadres en bois joliment ciselÈs, des haies sur lesquelles sÈchait le linge. Les jeunes femmes portaient sur une palanche des seaux pleins qui laissaient tomber quelques gouttes sur la poussiÕ de la grand-rue. Les hommes chargeaient de lourds sacs de blÈ sur une tÈlÕgue. Un troupeau, dans une lenteur paresseuse, coulait vers l'etable. Nous entendions le son sourd des clochettes, le chant enrouÈ d'un coq. La senteur agrÈable d'un feu de bois ­ l'odeur du dÍner tout proche ­ planait dans l'air. Car notre grand-mÕre nous avait bien dit, un jour, en parlant de sa ville natale: - Oh! Neuilly, Þ l'Èpoque, Ètait un simple village... Elle l'avait dit en franÃais, mais nous, nous ne connaissions que les villages russes. Et le village en Russie est nÈcessairement un chapelet d'isbas ­ le mot mÉme dÈrevnia vient de dÈrÈvo ­ l'arbre, le bois. La confusion fut tenace malgrÈ les Èclaircissements que les rÈcits de Charlotte apporteraient par la suite. Au nom de «Neuilly», c'est le village avec ses maisons en bois, son troupeau et son coq qui surgissait tout de suite. Et quand, l'ÈtÈ suivant, Charlotte nous parla pour la premiÕre fois d'un certain Marcel Proust, «Þ propos, on le voyait jouer au tennis Þ Neuilly, sur le boulevard Bineau», nous imaginÁmes ce dandy aux grands yeux langoureux (elle nous avait montrÈ sa photo) ­ au milieu des isbas! La rÈalitÈ russe transparaissait souvent sous la fragile patine de nos vocables franÃais. Le prÈsident de la RÈpublique n'Èchappait pas Þ quelque chose de stalinien dans le portrait que brossait notre imagination. Neuilly se peuplait de kolkhoz iens
17

*. * --

. , , , , , . , . . . , . - . , , : - ! ... -, - . - ( , - , ). , . «» , . (« , »), ( ) ! . ,

, . (. . . . . . // , 1996, 12, . 28).

$ , , . , 71


tsar. , II . II -, III, , , , . «», , .
Cette question, en apparence, Ètait toute simple: «Oui, je sais, c'Ètait un tyran sanguinaire, c'est Ècrit dans notre manuel. Mais que faut-il-faire alors de ce vent frais sentant la mer qui soufflait sur la Seine, de la sonoritÈ de ces vers qui s'envolaient dans ce vent, du crissement de la truelle d'or sur le granit ­ que faire de ce jour lointain? Car je ressens son atmosphÕre si intensÈment!» Non, il ne s'agissait pas pour moi de rÈhabiliter ce Nocolas II. Je faisais confiance Þ mon manuel et Þ notre proffesseur. Mais ce jour lointain, ce vent, cet air ensoleillÈ? Je m'embrouillais dans ces rÈflexions sans suite ­ mi-pensÈes, mi-images. En repoussant mes camarades rieurs qui m'agrippaient et m'assourdissaient de leurs moqueries, j'Õprouvai soudain une terrible jalousie envers eux: «Comme c'est bien de ne pas porter en soi cette journÈe de grand vent, ce passÈ si dense et apparemment si inutile. Oui, n'avoir qu'un seul regard sur la vie. Ne pas voir comm e je vois...» Cette derniÕre pensÈe me parut tellement insolite que je cessai de repousser les attaques de mes persifleurs, me tournant vers la fenÉtre derriÕre laquelle s'Ètendait la ville enneigÈe. Donc, je voyais autrement! ètait-ce un avantage? Ou un handicap, une tare? Je n'en savais rien. Je crus pouvoir expliquer cette double vision par mes deux langues: en effet, quand je prononÃais en russe «», un tyran cruel se dressait devaint moi; tandis que le mot «tsar» en franÃais s'emplissait de lumiÕres, de bruits, de vent, d'Èclats de lustres, de reflets d'Èpaules fÈminines nues, de parfums mÈlangÈs ­ de cet air inimitable de notre Atlantide. Je compris qu'il faudrait cacher ce deuxiÕme regard sur les choses, car il ne pourrait susciter que les moque ries de la part des autres
18

*. *

, , : « , , , . , , , , - ? ?» , II. . , , ? , , . , , : « , , , , , . . , . . . » , , . , , -? - ? , , ? . , - , «», ; «tsar»


, , , , - . , , (. . , . 36).

, «» , (, -) XX : «Le Prsident est mort l'lyse, dans les bras de sa matresse, Marguerite Steinheil... [ , ...]»19. , «» , - .
«FÈlix Faure... Le prÈsident de la RÈpublique... Dans les bras de sa maÍtresse...» Plus que jamais l'Atlantide-France me paraissait une terra incognita oÛ nos notions russes n'avaient plus cours. La mort de FÈlix Faure me fit prendre conscience de mon Áge: j'avais treize ans, je devinais ce que voulait dire «mourir dans les bras d'une femme», et l'on pouvait m'entretenir dÈsormais sur des sujets pareils. D'ailleurs, le courage et l'absence totale d'hypocrisie dans le rÈsit de Charlotte dÈmontrÕrent ce que je savais dÈjÞ: elle n'Ètait pas une grand-mÕre comme les autres. Non, aucune babouchka russe ne se serait hasardÈe dans une telle discussion avec son petit-fils. Je pressentais dans cette libertÈ d'expression une vision insolite du corps, de l'amour, des rapports entre l'homme et la femme ­ un mystÈrieux «regard franÃais». Le matin, je m'en allai dans la steppe pour rÉver, seul, Þ la fabuleuse mutation apportÈe dans ma vie par la mort du PrÈsident. þ ma trÕs grande surprise, revue en russe, la scÕne n'Ètait plus bonne Þ dire. MÕme impossible Þ dire! CensurÈe par une inexplicable pudeur des mots, raturÈe tout Þ coup par une Ètrange morale offusquÈe. Enfin dite, elle hÈsitait entre l'obscÈnitÈ morbide et les euphÈmismes qui transformaient ce couple d'amants en personnages d'un roman sentimental mal traduit. «Non, me disais-je, Ètendu dans l'herbe ondoyant sous le vent chaud, ce n'est qu'en franÃais qu'il pouvait mourir dans les bras de Marguerite Steinheil...»
20

* * « ...

... ...» -, , terra incognita, . : , , « », . , , : , . , . , , - « ». , , . , - . ! , . , - , . «, - , , , -

73


...» (. . , . 52).

, - , - ( - ), , . , , , , , . , , . , . , , . () ( ) , , , , , . , . , , , , . ., -, . , , , . - , , , , ( : , ), . . , , . , . , , , - , . ­ « » « » - , . , , , . ,


- , , , ( ), , , . ., : , , . , , , , . § 6. , . , . , , . "" ­ "" , ( ) . not good [], , - bad [], -, . , , , , , . , . ­ "" - , , . good [], "" delicious [], nice [], excellent [], perfect [], fine [], splendid [], appetizing [], beautiful [], savoury []. ( ) - , - .

75


: , . , , : 94% . , . , , , «» (overstatement). , , «» (understatement). : - , , , , ( « » ). ( ) :
The feature of the feast was red mullet. This delectable fish brought from a considerable distance in a state of almost perfect preservation was first fried, then boned, then served in ice according to a recipe known to a few men of the world (J. Galsworthy) [ . , , , , , , (. )]. «Delicious!» he said. «Exquisite! Who but a Frenchman could make poetry of fish, I ask you?» (Ch. Gorham) [«!» - . «! , !» (. )].

, good [], tasty [], nourishing []:
«There's no bloddy head room», agreed Slogger, chewing pie with the noisy relish of a man whose missus usually gave him cut bread and dripping. But this was a bloddy good pie! (A. J. Cronin) [« », - , , . ! (. . )]. Any working-class wife who has thin times will have a fine knowledge of those cuts which are inexpensive and nourishing and also tasty (R. Hoggart) [ , , , (. )]. Poor old age pensioners used sometimes to simulate a tasty meal by dissolving a penny Oxo in warm water, and having it with bread (R. Hoggart) [ - , «» , (. )].
















,

«», «», , nourishing [] tasty []. exquisite [], delectable [], delicious [ ]. , , , . , , : 1. .
"Is it a good cake?" she asked intensely. "Yes, mam", he said, wiring into it. "It's fair champion" (A. J. Cronin) [« ?» - . - «, , - , . - -!» (. . )].

2. .

Seated at a little marble topped table in the oldestablished

confectioner's, the Rector watched his grandson eat strawberry ice. "Good?" - "Awfully" (A. J. Cronin) [ , , : «?» - «!» (. . )].

"" ­ "" , "" healthy [], safe [] to do well [( -) ], to be all right [( -) ], to be in good health [ ], to be in (good) shape [ () ]. "" , , : to have a heart attack [ ] , to have an eye infection [( -) ], to catch cold [ ] , to suffer from a disease [ - ], to feel the ache [ ], to feel the pains [ ], to feel weak [ ], to feel lousy [ ], to feel light-headed [ ], to be ill [ ], to be bad [ ], to be unwell [ ], to look peaky [ , ]. "" ­ "" , , . "" ­ "" , - , - , , , . . "" , , -, , .

77


: "" ­ "" XIX XX , , , XIX "" . , "" ­ "". "" (clean [], spotless [], antiseptic [], neat [, ], immaculate [ ], pure [], clear [, ]), "" - 21 (dirty [], greasy [, , ( )], muddy [ ( )], coarse [ ( ), , ], soiled [,], dusty [], foul [ ] , befouled [], unsanitary [], grubby [, ], plastered [ ], filthy [, ], stale [, ], sooty [ ], unclean [], stained [], grimed [], sordid [, , ], impure [], non pure [], mucky [ ()]). . "" , , , "". , "" ­ "": "" - , , "" - , . , , , , , . . ,

, , , , - , , . , ,

. , , "" ­ "",


, , , , , , , . C, "", :
I met him at the Con ball at Leddersford. He made a pass within the first five minutes and invited me to a dirty week-end within another five (J. Braine) [ . , (. ) (. )]. His motives were far from pure (M. Bradbury) [



(. )

].

I called him every foul name I could lay my tongue to (A. Hailey) [ , (. )]. And Soames was alone again. The spidery, dirty, ridiculous business! (J. Galsworthy) [ . , , ! (. )]. Have you anything really shocking, Reggie? I adore mucky books, and you never have any in stock (J. Braine) [ - , ? , ! (. )]. You played a dirty trick - we'd have given you five if you'd asked for it... (W. Golding) [ (. ) ? , ! (. )].

- , , , . , , , . . , "" ­ "" , I ( ), ( ) "" , "". "" : , , , , , - , , - . ( : , ). , : a rich man [ ], to be rich [ ], a man of large fortune [
79


], a man with fortune [ ], to make a tolerable fortune [ ], to give fortune [ ], splendid property [ ], in easy circumstances [ ], to have a comfortable income [ ], to have money [ ], to get money [ ], to save money [ ], to be well-off [ ] . , "" : a poor man [ ], to be poor [ ], to have no money [ ], to be in financial difficulties [ ], want of money [ ], a man without money [ ]. "" ­ "" I, , . I , , fortune (a man of fortune [ ], good fortune [ ], large fortune [ ], splendid fortune [ ], tolerable fortune [ ], to give fortune [ ]). fortune . I , (fortune) , , . , ( ) . -, fortune , . rich [], I ( fortune []) , . I income means [, ]. : , , , , , joint account [ ], good investment [ ], modest annuity [ ]. , , . . I , , ,


, , , , , , , , - , :
Anyway, what's wrong with being rich. It's a quality, it's attractive. Rich people are nicer, they're less nervy (I. Murdoch) [-, , ? , . , (. )].

§ 7. , , . . , . . . , . . , . . , . . « » , . : « , , , . - , , (,, - , , "21). : ,, - , , , , "22. , ,, ". - , ( , , ). : ,, , ..."
23

...

, , , - : ,,... "24 - ; ,, : - - - " .
25

-



; XIX . : ,, " 1802 . , ,,, , ... "; . . , ,,

81


, , , "; . ,, " : ,, , - "26» 27. ( ) , ( ) , . , . - (.); white - of the colour of fresh snow or common salt or the common swan's plumage... [ - , ] (COD). - , , (.); black - opposite to white, - colourless from the absence or complete absorption of all light [ - - - ] (COD). . , : a black dress, , a white dress, , , . (, - ), , . , , - , . , , , , :
I ought to have explained before. Mrs. Gray told me to at once - about the red gingham dress and why I am not in black. She said you'd think t'was queer. But there weren't any black things in the last missionary barrel. Part of the Ladies' Aid wanted to buy me a black dress but the other part thought the money ought to go towards the red carpet for the church (E. H. Porter. Pollyanna) [ . , , . , . . , , (. . )].

, , . «» - . , , white tablecloth, , black tablecloth, , , , . ,


white tablecloth - , . , . , . black white man `' . white man . White man - ` , '. white man , -, , «»:
And sometimes her husband brought visitors, Spaniards or Mexicans or occasionally white men (D. H. Lawrence) [ , , (. . )].

He , , , `, , ', black man `', ` ', `'. :
The whitest man that ever lived, a man with a cultured mind and with all the courage in the world (T. Hardy) [ , - , (. )]. Sit down and tell me about your sister and Jon. Is it a marriage of true minds? It certainly is. Young Jon a pretty white man (J. Galsworthy) [ . ? . - (. )]. Rich as Croesus and as wicked as the black man below (G. Meredith) [, , , (. )].

( ) - , - , . black , white, , , . , black sheep [ ], black market [ ], blackmail [ (. ], Black Gehenna [ ], black soul [ ] black ; , : black dress [ ], black armband [ ]. , white - (white dove - , ), , . . . «The

83


Little Black Boy» [« »]:
And I am black but Oh, My soul is white [ , (. . )]

.

white , , white , : white lie , (. - ). : , , , , . , , -, : , - , - : against a rainy day. white man black man . -, - . , « », « » - , , black , a white - , « , , »28. , , . , . , « », , , , , , , : «If he have the condition of a saint and the complexion of a devil, I had rather he should shrive me than wive me» [ , , , (. . -)]. « » (complexion) «», . , - ,


, , -, . , whitemail ( blackmail `, ') white brown market ( black market ` '), , . , («deracialization of English»). . , «political correctness». :
really loved to have white men staying on the place... And she was fascinated by the young gentlemen, mining engineers, who were his guests at times. He, too, was fascinated by a real gentleman. But he was an old-time miner with a wife, and if a gentleman looked at his wife, he felt as if his mine were being looted, the secrets of it pryed out. (D. H. Lawrence) *. * , ... , , . . , , , , , (. . ).

. . real gentleman , - , , -. old-time miner , , . , , . § 8. Every language is a temple in which the soul of those who speak it is enshrined. Oliver Wendell Holmes *. * ­ ,
85


. . . , . , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , . . , -, . , . , , , , , , , , , - . ( , , ) , , . . , «» , , , . , . , , : . , , , , , , . , . , , . 1917 , , , , ,


. , , - - , - . , , , , . , ( ) « » ( , , , king, queen, royal), , . - , , , c ( !) , , /, . The King can do no wrong [ ]. The King's word is more than another man's oath [ , ]. God save the King [, ]. The faith's Defender [ ()]. Kingdoms divided soon fall [, , ]. , , , . , . . , . , . . . , : , , , , . King Arthur did never violate the refuge of a woman [ ]. The King of Heaven (Jesus Christ) [ ( )]. King of Kings (Jesus Christ) [ ( )].

87


King of the Jews (Jesus Christ) [ ( )]. King of beasts (the lion) [ ()]. King of birds (the eagle) [ ()]. King cobra (the world's largest venomous snake) [ ( )]. King prawns/crab [ , ]. Oil/cotton king [, ]. King size [ ]. ( ). ( ). (). (). - . - . -. -. , royal, , ` ', `, '. A king's ransom = a lot of money [ = ]. King's English [ ]. A royal pardon [ (. )]. Royal eagle/leopard/stag/python [ () , , , ]. Kingly feast [ ]. Royal we [ ()]. Royal visit, Royal yacht [ , ]. Royal fish ( the fish in which the crown has special rights: sturgeon, whale) [ (, : , )]. Royal oak (a spring of oak worn, to commemorate the resloration of Charles in 1660. Hence Royal Oak Day - 29 May) [ ( , II 1660 . 29 - ]. Royal fern [ ].


Royal flush (the five highest cards in one of the four different types) [ ( )]. Royal antelope (the smallest known - king of hares) [ ( , « »)]. . . . , . . . . . . . . ( , ). -. -. () . ( ). : . Queen of glory/grace/paradise/women [ , , , ( )]. Queen of heaven/the night/of tides [ , , ()]. Queen of all hearts/all society [. , ( )]. Beauty queen [ , ]. The queen of crime writers [ -]. London is the queen of British cities [ - ]. Venice, the queen of the Adriatic [, ]. The Latin, queen of tongues (Ben Jonson, 1573-1637) [, ( , 1573-1637)].

89


Queen of pleasure [ ]. Queen bee/ant/wasp [ (. ) , , ]. (). . . . . . (). ( ). , , «». , , , , , . . - . , . , , . - , , . . , , : King Harry robbed the church, and died a beggar [ , ]. King loves the treason but hates the traitor [ , ]. Kings and bears often worry their keepers [ . (Keeper - - )]. Kings have long arms (hands), many ears and many eyes [ , ].


, . , . . : King can (may) make a knight, but not a gentleman [ , ].
Heaven is above all yet; there sits a judge That no king can corrupt (Shakespeare. King Henry VIII) [ . , (. . VIII. . . )]. I think the king is but a man, as I am: the violet smells to him as it doth to me (Shakespeare. King Henry V) [ , . , (. . V. . . ]. Now the king drinks to Hamlet [ (. . . . . )] -











,

, ,



«» . , . , . , . , . . . « » , . - « ». , - , - : . . . : « , ? , , ... -

91


-, : , , , , ,," , - , , . - - »29. . , « - , , , , . , , , (, ), . ? , - -. , »30. , , . , , . , - , - , . , , . , , . . XIII, XIV, XV , (cloisters) , . , «» (red brick) . , , , , :
­ « ». , . Dekan . decanus, . « », « » (.). Dean - 1. A head, a chief, or commander of a division of ten. 1483. 3. Head of ten monks in a monastery 1643. 4. Hence, the heart of the chapter in a collegiate or cathedral church. ME. 5. A presbyter invested with jurisdiction or precedence (under the bishop or archdeacon) over a division of archdeanconry. 6. In other eccl. uses 1647. 7. The officer or officers in the college of Oxford and Cambridge appointed to supervise the conduct and discipline of junior members 1577. 8. The president of a faculty or department of study in a University; in U.S. the registrar or secretary of


the faculty 1524. 9. The president, chief or senior member of any body (The Shorter Oxford) *. * - 1. , . 1483. 3. . 1643. 4. - . .-. 5. , ( - - ) . 6. . 1647. 7. , . 1577. 8. () ; - . 1524. 9. , , . - 1643 . . rektor . rector «, » (.). Rector - 1. The ruler or governor of a country, city, state, or people. 1685. b. Applied to God as the ruler of the world, of mankind, etc. 2. One who, or that which, exercises supreme or directive control in any sphere. Now rare. 1482. 3. A person or incumbent of a parish whose tithes are not impropriety. (Cf. Vicar). In Roman Catholic use, head priest of a parish. late ME. 4. In scholastic use: a. The permanent head or master of a university, college, school, or religious institution (esp. a Jesuit college or seminary). In Eng. use now applied only to the heads of Exeter and Lincoln Colleges, Oxford. 1464. b. In Scottish universities: the holder of one of the higher offices. 1522. c. The acting head, and president of the administrative body, in continental universities. 1548 (The Shorter Oxford) **. ** - 1. . , , , . 1685. . . , . . 2. , . . 1482. 3. , . (. ). - - . .-. 4. : . , , ( ). . 1464. . : . 1522. . , . 1548.

- . , , , . , , - , - , - , , , , - , , . : , , . - : 1948-1953 , . , , . - , , . , ,

93


, , , , , ,

. - , -. , , «», , ( ) ( ), , . - , . « » . , , , . , , . , , , . , , , . , . , . : , , , , - - . , : , , .



1 2

. . - ­ // , 1998, 18. . . , . . , . . , . . . .: . . . . . . ., 1988, . 107. , . 21. .. . . ., 2000, . 94. .. . . .,1976, . 260. . . , . . . . ., 1990, . 51. . . . . ., -, .

. , 1989, . 75.
3 4 5 6 7 8

1978, . 56.
9

, . . . . . .: . . , . . . . ., . 38-110. 11 , 1996, 16 (146). 12 . . . ., 1985, . 349.
10 13

. . . // plus (), 1997, 12.

, 1969, 4, .79-80.
14 15 16

, 20.11.1997. . . // IX . , . . 2. , 1999, . 184-185. 17 A. Makine. Le testament franÃais. [Paris], Mercure de France, 1997, p. 43-44. 18 Ibid., p. 65-66. 19 Ibid., p. 112. 20 Ibid., p. 113-114. 21 . . . , 1974, . 212. 22 . . // , 1981, 6, . 45.
23 24 25 26

. . . ., 1956, .6. . . . ., . 45-46. . . // , 1981, 6, . 140. . . . . . « ». . ., . . , . . , . . , . . . . ., . A. A. Mazrui. The Political Sociology of the English Language. Mouton - the Hague, . .: . . .

1980, . 158-159.
27

140-141.
28

1975, p. 81.
29

// IX , , 1999 .

95


. , 1999, . 352-353.
30

, . 356.


2.
§ 1. . , , , ( ), , , . : , , , . , , . : «, , , , : . - . ! - . , , : . : » 1. , . « , ». , , . « » : «,,!" ,, ?" ,,... ". ,, ! , "». : ? , ? , , . : ( , , ) , , . .
97
2

, ,


§ 2. . . , . , , . , , , , , , - «». . , , , , , , , , . , , , "" "" , , . 40 , 1959 , « » , , , , « » - , ». «, , - , - , , , , ,," , , ,,", ,," ,,"» 3. 1998 . . , , : « , XIX ». : «, , , ,. , , - . , ».


« , , , » 4. , , . , , . , , , , , . ( ) . , , , , , . , , . , . , , , . , . : 1. - , , - , . : , , , , , , , , , , . 2. - , : (), (), ( : , ), (), ( ), ( ), ( ), (). 3. , : (,

99


), (, ), (, ), ( ), (, ). ( ) , , , . , , « » `, ':
-. . , . , .

$ ( $), - `'. « » ` , ', `, ' (, , , ). , :
. , .

:
, ; , ; . ! , , , , .

­ ; , : , . - `, , ' (.). , . , (.). - , , , :
.

`, '. , (


`'), , «.» () `, , ':
, ! , , ; , , .

, - . ` ' . . « »:
; , , , , , - , , , .

4. , , , , . , , , , (shared code), . «» - , , , , , , , . :
, ... , . , . , , .

101


, , .

« » - . « » : , - , , , 5. , «, » , , , . « », « » ( IV ) «-». , , , «-» - , , , , -, . , : - , , , - 6.
, , , . ............................. ; -, , . : , ! , , , , ...

« » :
! , :


, , , , , - .

, « » - 7. , :
! ! ! !







-



, , , . , , -. , , «» :
, .

« » . . , , - , . - , . , , : 8. , , , , . , : , , , ( « ») , . 5. , , « », , , , , . « », («»):

103


, , ; ; ; - ... .

: «lit. ,,unreaped millet", i. e. stolen from the fields [. ,, ", . . ]» 9. « », « », . , , « », . « » « » , «» , . , , , 10. «» : « , , ». « » , : 11. E : « , ». « » : «This sentence obviously refers to a personal recollection: the unpleasant experience had happened to Pushkin himself at a dinner given by Strekalov, the military governor of Tiflis, during a journey made by the poet to the Caucasus in 1829, therefore a year before he wrote ,,The Stationmaster". The incident is mentioned in ,, ", Ch. 2 [ : , , 1829 , , ,, ". ,, ", . 2]» 12. 6. , - , « ».


, . « »: , « , ». , , , , , . - « ». :
, , - ; ...

, 13, . « »: ­ 14.

§ 3. , , , , , , . « », , : 1. (Three Tales by Pushkin. Translated by R.T. Curral. London, 1945); 2. (A.S. Pushkin. Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin. Oxford, 1947); 3. , « » (.. . . ., 1975; 4. (A. Pushkin. Complete Prose Fiction. Translated by P. Debreczeny. California, 1983). , : , , , . . « », : , , . , , 15. , , «» ,
105


. , , , , , . , « », , , , «», , «», . , , . - , . , , «» , , , , . London, 1945: The battle which was fought at Borodino on August 24-26, 1812. The Russian lost 50 thousand killed and wounded, but the engagement was not fought to a finish, and Napoleon understood that the war with Russia was only beginning [ 24-26 1812 . 50 , , , ]. Oxford, 1947: The Battle of Borodino was fought on 7-th September, 1812 (according to the Russian calendar, 26-th August) [ 7 1812 ( , 26 )]. Moscow, 1975: On the 26-th of August, 1812, a most important battle of the Patriotic War was fought between the Russian and the French armies at the village of Borodino (approx. 69 mi. from Moscow) [26 1812 ( 69 )]. . , . , , , , , , , -


, , . . , . , . , , . , , : 1. ( ); 2. - ( , ). , , (« » - «»), , , , . London, 1945: Tula is the capital of the government of the same name in Central Russia. It is famous for the manufacture of hardware (iron and silver) [ - . ( )]. Oxford, 1947: So called because of the town of Tula famous for its metal-work [ , ]. Moscow, 1975: A seal made in the town of Tula, which was famous for its hardware (iron and silver) [ , ( )]. , «» : «, , , ». London, 1945: Artemisia. Queen of the city of Halicarnassus in Caria renowned in history for extraordinary grief of the death of the husband (fourth century B. C.) [, , , (IV . .)]. Oxford, 1947: Artemisia 2 (4-th century . .), queen of Halicarnassus in Asia Minor who erected in memory of her husband Mausolus a magnificent monument therefore called Mausoleum, which was considered one of the seven wonders of the world [Ap 2 (IV .

107


.), , , , « »]. Moscow, 1975: Artemisia (4-th cent. . .), a legendary queen of Halicarnassus, Asia Minor, known for her boundless devotion to her husband, King Mausolus. After the King's death she had a magnificent tomb (the Mausoleum) built in his memory. One of the wonders of the World [ (IV . .), , , . () . « »]. California, 1983: Artemisia (350 d. ca. B. .) bereft widow of Mausolus, King of Caria (d. ca. 353 . .) erected a tomb (Mausoleum) in his memory in Halicamassus [A (350 . . .), , ( 353 . . .), () ]. : , , , , « » ( ), «»: - . - . ( , ). -, , , . ( «») : «the name of square in Moscow [ ]». , ( , , ) ­ «a quarter in Moscow», : «close to the smannaya where Adrian used to live [ , ]». , «» (« , »), , ( , ) , 3 ( ), ,


- -, -, ( ). . («»), « », , « » (1824) ( , 1787-1836) - , , ( ). : -, I (1796-1801), , : «, , , ». - -

- «»: « , 1797 , , ». 1797 , : «resigned his commission in early 1797, i. e. after the death of Catherine II and the accession of Paul I, who took a hostile attitude to Catherine's Guard and started reorganising the Russian army in the Prussian manner [ 1797 , . . II I, ]. , , , : «Berestov, therefore, belonged to those officers, fairly large number, who did not hold with the reorganisation of the rmy undertaken by Paul I and had left the service in 1797 [ , , , I, 1797 ]». , , - , ( , ), ,

109


, : «After the death of Catherine II in November, 1796, her successor Paul I dismissed many of the l, especially officers of the Guards who had surrounded her [ II 1796 I , , ]». , I, . , : , , , , -, ,

. , , , , , , , , , , , , . . « » , , . . , , .

§ 4. , , , , , , , , . ., , , , , , . , - ( « » ), , .


1917 , - , . « . »
15

.

. . . , :
! !

, . , . , - . : , - , . - . , , , , , : , , , , , ,. ,
17

(,

,

),

,

,

.

«.» «.» , , , . - , ( - ) ( ). , - , - . . , . - , . . , , . - , , - - ( , , - « », «», «», «», - -

111


). . , , (, ). ( ) , . . 1977 - , ( ), 1917 . . , , (, , ) : « , - ! - ». : , ... , XXI , . - revolution - , , ... , . - . , , , . , « », , . «», (, , . .) . , - , . «» «» , «!». .. 2002 . « !». «//» - . «». - , 27 2003 , :


« !» ­ -
18



­

«-». « » « ». , - . -: , , , . : . , , , : , , . - «» « ». : - ? . - () . . - . - , . , , . , , , , ( , ), , , , , , , . « », « », , , , , , , ( ) . , , -, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ( « » . , , : ?! ), . . - . . , « » (« », 19.02.1993) :
113


, - , , . , . , , , , , « », . , , , «», «», «», «»... , , . , , , , . . , . , - - , . «», . , , . , , ? , : «», «», « », «», «», «», «-».

, . « » (1993, 1, ) - :
. « » «». «», «», « », - , , .

- :
, . , - : «», «», «», « »... , : «- St. Petersburg».

, 1998 , . «» (« », 1998, 139) :
. « », « », « »... , , ... , , , «», , « », - - 1, .

, « » ( . ). - , «» - , « » « ». - , ... , , .


: . , . - ... : « . ». - . , «-», « » : , :
, . , , ! , : , , . , . , ... , (, , , ) - . : - ! : , « » , . , , , , - !

, 2003 , , ­ , , , , , . . , . , « , -», , , . , , 1. : « , , ­ - , ­ , ... , », ­ 2. 3. , , , ». : « . ». : « ». ( 2003. 450 . . 16­17).
115


: , , ? . « »: « , " ", , , , »? ( 2003. 450 . . 21). « ( ) ? , , 50 , «with a pinch of salt». ? , , , , . , , , , , , : ( ), , -, - .. , 1998 :
ATTENTION « »! ------- , () , , .

. . XVIII , ­ XIX , , . , , , , , . . . - , , . , 1917 19. « », , , , «» , « » « ». , , « ». , , , , , (!) ,


. , . -, , . . . , « » . , , , , , . ( ) , . « » : «, , , , , , . - » 20. , « » « » «» :
, . . . ( . ­ . .).

. . , , , « » , . .
21

, . «,

, . . - , , ( ), ,," , , , , » 22. . . , « ,, " , . , ... - , , , - » 23. «» «» . « » (« », 1996, 31):
? ( ), ( ), (), ( ). , ( ), , (

117


) (), () - , ( ) ( ). (, , ), ( ) ( ) (). - - , . ( ), ( ) - () ( ). , ( ), (, ), - () (). . « , - , - !» ( ; , ). , , . - , - . . : «, !» : « ».

. . « » (Cosmopolitan, 1997 . : 1997, ...), , :
Cosmo-! - - «». , , . , , , , «». - , ! «» - . 72- Sabbath , T. Rex, . NME Maker, 70- PISTOLS - . . 81- «» , . , -- , . , - , , ... , . ! - , . «» - . - . , , . , , , . . , «» XX


! «» - . . 1972 , ( 1980-) . . . 1995 . «». ., . . (« », «», «Toshiba», «») -. : , «» . ! «»? , , ? ? ! ! , «». . , , . «», , , . « », , . To cut a long story short: 212-8506, . ! ( . «»). : ! ­ « , ». ­ « , »... ! , - «» «», . «» . , . , - , -. : , . «» : - ! ! ? , -! Greatest Hits. ... , . . ! «» . , , . : (, ), (, ), ( ?...) , , . , . , ,

119


. «» , ! - . . .

§ 5. : 1992-1999 , , , «» , , ( .: . II, . 1, § 1). , , , 90- , . , , 1992 . . I , , , , : 1) , 2) . 200 16-23 . . , , , « » (, « ») , , , , , : - . - 1992 - . , smile `'. (, , ) 1992 , , , , . , , . 1. , ( , ): 1. Smile [] (27%).


2. Freedom [] (20%). 3. Rich [], money [] (13%). 4. Skyscraper [] (12%). 5. Business [], Hollywood [], Statue of Liberty [ ] (11%). 6. Cars [], pragmatism [] (10%). 7. Dollar [], President [], friendly [], cheerful [] (9%). 8. New-York [-], uninhibited [ ], great/large [/], loud [] (8%). 9. Kind [], domineering [, ] (7%). 10. White House [ ], independence [], comfort [], supermarket [], health [], hospitable [] (6%). . 2. : 1. Smiling []. 2. Pragmatic [], business-like []. 3. Friendly [], cheerful [], joyful []. 4. Uninhibited [ ], loud []. 5. Kind [], domineering [, ]. 6. Hospitable [], gregarious [], sociable []. 7. Unceremonious [], poorly unintellectual [ [], wonderful uneducated [], read ],

[], nice []. 8. Superficial [], self-confident [ ], boastful [], energetic [], interesting []. 9. Strange [], different [], crazy [], like Russians [ ], hard working [], patriotic [], family-loving [ ], naive [], childish []. 10. Brave [], open [], health-concerned/obsessed [ ], travel-minded [ ], scientific [], logical [], insincere [], cruel/merciless [/], fat [], greedy [], self-indulgent [], bright []. 3. C : 1. Freedom []. 2. Wealth [], money []. 3. Business []. 4. Cars [].

121


5. Dollar [], President []. 6. Independence [], supermarket [], chewing-gum [ ]. 7. Power [], democracy [], advertisements []. 8. Justice [], prosperity [], immigrants [], elections [], universities [], popcorn [-], Big Mac [ ], Coca-Cola [-]. 9. Job [], houses [], music [], contrasts [], native Americans [, ], farmers [], hamburger [], beer [], orange juice [ ], home video [ ]. 10. Banjo [], suburbs [ , ]. 4. , : 1. Skyscrapers []. 2. Ocean []. 3. World []. 4. Highways [], motorways []. 5. National Parks [ ]. 5. C : 1. Hollywood [], Statue of Liberty [ ]. 2. New-York [-]. 3. While House [ ]. 4. Disneyland [«»], Washington []. 5. Los Angeles [-], California []. 6. San Francisco [-], Marlboro [«»], Colorado []. 7. Boston [], Pentagon [], Broadway [], Harlem []. 8. Central Park [ ], Long Island [-], Yale University [ ]. 9. McDonald's [], Bush [], Mark Twain [ ]. 10. Clinton [], O'Henry ['], Hemingway [], Harvard University [ ]. 11. Salinger [], Chicago Bulls [« »], MTV [], Bruce Springsteen [ ], NBA [], Michael Jackson [ ]. 12. Monroe [], Jane Fonda [ ], New York Rangers [«- »]. , , , , , (, ) . , , ,






.



-



,

,

, , , , , , , . . , , ( : « , ...»). . - : , , . , , , . . . 1. : 1. Great [], vast [], huge [], large [] (26%). 2. Motherland [], patriotism [] (24%). 3. Culture [], history [], mess [], chaos [], vodka [] (23%). 4. Mysterious [], strange [], soul [] (18%). 5. Home [], mother [], friends [] (15%). 6. Moscow [], Orthodox Church [ ] (19%). 7. Dirty [], grey [] (12%). 8. The Kremlin [] (10%). 9. Poor [], hope [], potentials [ ], great future [ ] (9%). 10. Red Square [ ], gentle [], kind [], crisis [], fools [], stupid [] (7%). 2. : 1. Friendly [], intelligent []. 2. Gentle [], kind [], foolish [], stupid []. 3. Rude [], gloomy [], talkative [], hospitable []. 4. Worried [], sad [], unhappy [], serious [], patient [], resourceful [ ]. 5. Healthy [], beautiful [], charitable []. 6. Sense of humour [ ], cheerful [], unsmiling []. 7. Big and strong [ ], powerful [], wicked

123


[], crooks []. 8. Trustful [], deep [], coarse [], dull [], brave [], nice [], generous []. 9. Wonderful [], reckless [], interesting []. 3. : 1. Mess [], chaos [], vodka []. 2. Poverty [], lines (queues) [], hope []. 3. Crisis []. 4. Market [], Communism [], civil war [ ]. 5. Inflation [], instability [], difficulties [], masochism [], children []. 6. Violence [], democrats [], pension [], food [], President [], parliament [], rouble []. 7. Begging army [ ], three-colour flag [ ]. 8. Survival [], debates [], trolley-buses []. 4. , : 1. Roads []. 2. Forest []. 3. Birch-trees []. 4. Steppe []. 5. Villages []. 6. Rivers []. 7. Big cemeteries [ ]. 5. : 1. Moscow []. 2. The Kremlin []. 3. Red Square [ ]. 4. Moscow State University [ ]. 5. Ivan [], Leningrad [], Tchaikovsky [], Dostoevsky [], Siberia [], Yeltsin [], Gorbachev []. 6. St. Petersburg [-], Arbat [], Bolshoi Theatre [ ], St. Basil's Cathedral [ ]. 7. The Volga [], Pushkin [], Lenin []. 8. Suvorov [], Dmitry Donskoy [ ], Moscow suburbs [, ]. 1995 , , I .


: 1992 ( ) 1. Smile [] (27%). 2. Freedom [] (20%). (21%). 3. Rich [], money [] (13%). 3. Smile [] (19%). 4. Skyscrapers [] (12%). 5. Business [], Hollywood [], Statue of Liberty [ ]. 6. Cars [], pragmatism [] (10%). 7. Dollar [], President [], friendly [], cheerful [] (9%). 8. New York [-], uninhibited [ ], great/large [/], loud [] (8%). 9. Kind [], domineering [] (7%). 10. White House [ ], independence [], comfort [], supermarket [], health [], hospitable [] (6%). , , , , . , 1992 , McDonalds [], Bill Clinton [ ], Washington [], baseball [], cowboys [], Disneyland [«»], talkative [], drugs []. , , ,
125

1995 1. Hollywood [] (26%). 2. Statue of Liberty [ ]

4. New York [-]. (16%). 5. Dollar [], McDonalds [] (13%). 6. Bill Clinton [ ] (11%). 7. Freedom [], Washington [], rich [] (10%). 8. Skyscrapers [], business [], uninhibited [ ], baseball [] (9%). 9. White House [ ], cowboys [], Disneyland [«»] (8%). 10. Talkative [], drugs [] (6%).


. , cars [], pragmatism [], friendly [], cheerful [], great/large [/], loud [], kind [], domineering [], comfort [], supermarket [], health [], hospitable [], independence []. : . , ( ) . , , . ( , ) . , . 1995 : 2. : 1992 ( ) 1. Smiling []. like []. 3. 4. 5. Friendly [], [ [], joyful []. Uninhibited Kind 4. Easy-going []. domineering 5. Crazy [], energetic [], open ], [], noisy ], loud []. [], []. [], sociable [], optimistic people punctual hardworking enterprising straightforward 1995 1. Smile []. Uninhibited [ ]. cheerful 3. Talkative [].

2. Pragmatic [], business- 2.

[], [ 6. Hospitable [], 6. Proud

[], cheerful []. gregarious [], sociable [], [],

[]. 7. Unceremonious

[], patriotic []. [], 7. Lazy [], loud []. unintellectual [],

uneducated [], poorly read [ ], wonderful


[], nice []. 8. Superficial [], self- 8. [], energetic [], interesting []. 9. Strange [], different 9. Smart []. crazy Vulgar [], relaxed confident [ ], boastful [].

[],

[], like Russians [ ], hard working [ ], [], childish []. patriotic family-loving

[ ], naive [],

10. Brave [], open [, 10. Cold []. ], health-concerned/obsessed [ minded scientific cruel/merciless [/], [], indulgent []. 3. : 1992 ( ) 1. Freedom []. 2. Wealth [], money []. 3. Business []. 4. Cars []. 5. 6. Dollar [], []. Independence [], 6. Drugs []. supermarket [], chewing1995 1. Dollar []. 2. Freedom []. 3. Business []. 4. Baseball []. President 5. Cowboys []. greedy [], [], fat selfbright ], travellogical [ ],

[],

[], insincere [],

127


gum [ ]. 7. Power [], democracy 7. Fast food [ (-)], advertisements Coca-Cola [-], Halloween [ ], immigrants []. 8. Justice [], prosperity 8. Different nations [ ], [], [], universities elections immigrants hamburgers popcorn gum [], Indians sex[], [], football [], chewing [ ], [], [].

[],

[-], Big Mac [ ], Coca- revolution [ ]. Cola [-]. 9. Job [], houses [], music 9. Films [], police [], [], contrasts [], native wealth ], farmers [], free enterprise Americans [, [ ],

[], dirty streets [ ], music

hamburger [], beer [], [], violence []. orange juice [ ], home video [ ]. 10. Banjo [], suburbs [ 10. Sport shoes [ ], school bus [ ], casino , ]. [], rugby [], drivers license from 15, 16 years old [ 15-16 ]. 4. , : 1992 ( ) 1. Skyscrapers []. 2. Ocean []. 3. World []. 4. Highways [], motorways []. 5. National Parks [ ]. 1995 1. Skyscrapers []. 2. Lakes []. 3. Large [], beautiful [], heat []. 4. Highway [].

5. :


1992 ( ) 1995 1. Hollywood [], Statue of Liberty [ ]. 2. New-York [-]. 3. White House [ ]. 4. Disneyland [«»], Washington []. 5. Los Angeles [-], California []. 6. San Francisco [Marlboro Colorado

1. Hollywood []. 2. The Statue of Liberty [ ]. 3. New York [-], 4. McDonalds []. 5. Bill Clinton [ ]. 6. Washington [].

], [«»], []. 7. Boston [],

7. White House [ ], Pentagon Broadway Disneyland Marlboro Michael ]. 8. Harvard [], [«»], [«»], Jackson [], Harley [ USA

[],

[], Harlem []. 8. Central Park [ ], Long Island [], Yale University [ ]. 9. McDonald's [], Bush [], Mark Twain [ ].

Davidson

[« »]. 9. Broadway [.. []. [], Los

Angeles [-], LA (-)], Ontario [], Colorado

10. Clinton [], O'Henry ['], [], University ]. Hemingway Harvard [ 10. Las Vegas [-], State [ Roosevelt [Montana ], San 11. Salinger Chicago "], Bruce MTV [], Bulls Springsteen [« [], [ Francisco

[], Denver [], ], Ford [].

129


], Michael ].

NBA

[ ], [

Jackson

12. Monroe [], Jane Fonda [ ], New York Rangers »]. [«-

: l. : 1992 ( ) 1. Great [], vast [], 1. huge [], large [] (26%). 2. Motherland [], patriotism 2. [] (24%). 3. Culture [], history [], 3. mess [], chaos [], vodka [] (23%). 4. Mysterious [], strange 4. [], soul [] (18%). 5. Home [], mother [], friends 5. [] (15%). 6. Moscow [], Orthodox Church 6. [ ] (13%). 7. Dirty [], grey [] (12%). 7.

1995 Red Square [ ] (31%). Moscow [] (29%). Kremlin [] (27%). Vodka [] (20%). Hospitable [] (16%). Winter [] (14%).

Churches [], beautiful nature [ ] (10%). 8. Kremlin [] (10%). 8. MSU (Moscow State University) [ ( )] (9%). 9. Poor [], hope [], 9. Boris Yeltsin [ ], forests potentials [ ], great [], Lenin [] (7%). future [ ] (9%). 10. Red Square [ ], gentle 10. New Russians [ ], home [], kind [], crisis [], great persons [ ], [], fools [], stupid dirty streets [ ] (6%). [] (7%). (1992-1995) Red Square [ ] . Moscow [] Kremlin [] . Vodka [] , New Russians [ ], beautiful nature [ ], Boris Yeltsin [ ], hospitable []. , , mess [], chaos


[], fools [], stupid [], crisis []. culture [], history [], hope [], potentials [ ], great future [ ]. : 2. : 1992 ( ) 1. Friendly [], intelligent []. 2. Gentle [], 3. Rude [], [], kind foolish 3. gloomy talkative hospitable Honest [], patient [], rude [], religious [], sense of humour [ ], open []. 4. Educated [], open-hearted [], simple []. 1995 1. Hospitable []. 2. Lazy [], [].

kind

[], stupid []. [], [], []. 4. Worried [], sad [], [], [], unhappy serious patient

5.

[], resourceful [ ]. 5. Healthy [], beautiful [], charitable []. 6. Sense of humour [ ], [], []. 7. Big and strong [ ], [], [], []. 7. Trustful [], deep [], coarse [], dull [], brave [], nice [], generous powerful wicked crooks cheerful unsmiling

Cheerful [], sensitive [], enduring []. 6. Dangerous []. 7. Respect to other nations [ ], unpredictable [], crazy []. 8. Angry people [ ], alcoholics [].

9. Friendly [], poor [], uneducated []. 10. Nationalistic [], unsmiling [].

131


[]. 8. Wonderful reckless [], [],

interesting [].

3. C : 1992 ( ) 1995 1. Mess [], chaos [], vodka []. 2. Poverty (queues) []. 3. Crisis []. [], [], lines hope

1. Vodka []. 2. Winter [], []. churches

4. Market [], communism [], civil war [ ].

3. New Russians [ ], dirty streets [ ]. 4. Drunkards [], communism [], perestroyka [], political changes [ ], difficult life [ ], mafia [], balalaika [], samovar [], pretty girls [ ]. 5. Bread and salt [-], national songs [ ], troubles [], revolution []. 6. Bath-house [], customs [], traditions [].

5. Inflation instability difficulties masochism children [].

[], [], [], [],

6. Violence [], democrats [], [], pension parliament [], food [], President [], rouble [].

7. Pancakes [], pelmeni [], borshch []. 8. New capitalism [ ], rich culture [ ], writers [], good literature [ ], very great culture [ ], music []. 9. Hockey [], high prices

7. Begging

army

[


], three-colour flag [ ]. 8. Survival debates [], [], trolley-

buses [].

[ ]. 10. No opportunities for young people [ ], no laws [ ], crowded transport [ ], imitation of the West [ ], chaos [].

4. , : 1992 ( ) 1. Roads []. 2. Forest []. 3. Birch-trees []. 4. Steppe [].

1995 1. 2. ] 3. 4. ]. 5. Winter []. Beautiful nature [ . Forests []. Cold weather [

Long distances [ ], bear [], 5. Villages []. villages [], large area [ ], birch []. 6. Architecture []. 7. Fields []. 8. Great valleys [ ]. 6. Rivers []. 1. Taiga [], golden domes 7. Big cemeteries [ [ ]. 2. Roads [], fields [], ]. beautiful country [ ].

1. Red Square [ ]. 2. The Kremlin []. 2. Moscow []. 3. Red Square [ 3. Kremlin []. ]. 4. MSU (Moscow State University) [ 4. Moscow State University ( [ )]. 5. Boris Yeltsin [ ], ]. Lenin [].

5. : 1992 ( ) 1. Moscow [].

1995

133


5. Ivan

[],

Leningrad Tchaikovsky Dostoevsky Siberia 6. Saint Petersburg ]. [-

[], [], [],

[], Yeltsin [], Gorbachev []. 6. St. Petersburg Theatre [[ ], Arbat [], Bolshoi ], St. Basil's Cathedral [ ]. 7. The Volga [], Pushkin [], Lenin []. 8. Suvorov Moscow [, ]. [], Dmitry suburbs Donskoy [ ],

7. Siberia [], [].

Pushkin

8. Stalin [], Arbat [], Dostoevsky [], the Bolshoi Theatre [ ], Peter the First [ ]. 9. Moscow [], Alexander Nevsky [ ], Dmitry Donskoy [ ]. 10. Tolstoy [], GUM [], «Zhiguli» (a car) [«» ()], USSR [], Chechnya [].

1998 : 1. : 1. New York [-] (35%). 2. The Statue of Liberty [ ] (33%). 3. Bill Clinton [ ] (27%). 4. Smile [], Hollywood [] (22%). 5. McDonalds [] (19%). 6. Freedom [] (18%). 7. Washington D.C. [ ()] (11%). 8. Skyscrapers [], business [] (10%). 9. George Washington [ ], friendly [], dollars [], hamburgers [], Coca-Cola [-] (8,5%). 10. White House [ ], baseball [], basketball [], Disney and Disneyland [ «»] (6,5%). 1998 : 2. :


1. Smiling []. 2. Friendly []. 3. Democratic [], proud [], self-confident [ ], patriotic []. 4. Funny [], happy [], stupid [], healthy [], long [], noisy []. 5. Proud [], self-important [], greedy [], fussy [], communicative []. 6. Warm [], rude [], quick []. 7. Unfriendly [], cheerful [], good-natured [ ]. 8. Hypocrisy [], racism []. 9. Militant [], overworking [ ], borrowing brains [ ], angry []. 3. : 1. Freedom []. 2. Business []. 3. Coca-Cola [-], hamburgers [], dollars []. 4. Basketball [], baseball [], cowboys []. 5. Fast food [ (-)], football [], jeans [], cars [], hot dogs [-]. 6. President [], money [], popcorn [-], music [], states [], Independence Day [ ]. 7. Pop culture [-], NBA (National Basketball Association) [ ( )], films [], film stars [], different nations [ ], American dream [ ], independence [], black people [], fat people []. 8. Junk food [, ], Indians [], bikers [], teenagers [], green card [« »], divorce [], industry [], lack of culture [ ], education []. 9. Supermarkets [], pizza [], drugs [], very expensive medicines [ ], drugs [], bank [], traffic [ ], universities []. 10. Beer [], turkey [], cheeseburgers [], chewing gum [ ], mess [], prosperity [], sex [], discrimination [], a possibility to earn money honestly [ ], farmers [], t-shirts [], free style of clothes

135


[ ]. 4. , : 1. Skyscrapers []. 2. Ocean []. 3. Highways []. 4. Tornado []. 5. Big avenues [ ], large streets [ ]. 6. Green grass [ ]. 7. National parks [ ]. 5. : 1. New York [-]. 2. Statue of Liberty [ ]. 3. Bill Clinton [ ]. 4. Hollywood []. 5. McDonalds []. 6. Washington []. 7. George Washington [ ]. 8. White House [ ], Disney and Disneyland [ «»]. 9. Columbus [], Abraham Lincoln [ ], John Kennedy [ ], Michael Jackson [ ], California []. 10. Elvis Presley [ ], Madonna [], Los Angeles []. 11. Alaska [], Chicago [], Stealth F-117 A [ -117 ], Ronald Reagan [ ], Yale University [ ], Martin Luther King [ ], Broadway [], Vietnam [], Pentagon [], Michael Jordan [ ], Jack London [ ], Julia Roberts [ ], Mickey Mouse [ ], Budweiser [«»]. 12. Theodor Roosevelt [ ], Hilary Clinton [ ], Uncle Sam [ ], Theodor Dreiser [ ], Hemingway [], J. F. Cooper [. . ], «Mayflower» [«» ( )], Forrest Gump [ ], Kevin Kostner [ ], Texas [], Niagara Falls [ ], Miamy Beach [ ], Las Vegas [-], Manhattan []. 1998 : 1. : 1. Poverty [] (35%). 2. Moscow [] (32%).


3. Soul [], vodka [] (20%). 4. Birch-trees [] (18%). 5. Kremlin [], Pushkin [] (16%). 6. Rouble [], caviar [], crisis [] (15%). 7. Winter [], snow [] (14%). 8. Motherland [], culture [] (12%). 9. Mafia [], no good roads [], songs [], puzzling [], unpredictable [] (10%). 10. Villages [], chastushkas [] (8%). 2. : 1. The national spirit [ ], Russian soul [ ]. 2. Love for Motherland [ ]. 3. Emotinal [], sentimental []. 4. Patient [], generous [], hospitable []. 5. Talkative [], open [], kind []. 6. Puzzling [], unpredictable []. 7. Fools [], wicked [], narrow-minded []. 8. Gloomy [], fussy [], the mentality of a mob [ ]. 9. Unaggressive [], kind []. 10. Melancholy [], inaccurate [], light-minded []. 3. : 1. Poverty []. 2. Vodka []. 3. Rouble [], caviar [], crisis []. 4. Culture [], museums []. 5. Mafia [], no good roads [], songs []. 6. Chastushkas [], no laws [ ]. 7. A great potential [ ], communists [], hope [], friends [], homeland native culture [ ], arts [], history [], roots []. 8. Dirt [], mess [], family [], hopelessness [], uncertain future [ ], fear [], politics []. 9. Misery [], darkness [], humour [], books [], parliament []. 10. Balalaika [], dustbins [], unemployment [], ruins [], dirty shoes [ ], matryoshka []. 4. , :

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1. Birch-trees []. 2. Vastness []. 3. Snow [], cold [], winter [], frost []. 4. Greenery []. 5. Rich [], beautiful nature [ ]. 6. Villages [], fields []. 5. : 1. Moscow []. 2. Pushkin [], Kremlin []. 3. Siberia []. 4. Ivan the Fool [-]. 5. Christ the Saviour Cathedral [ ]. 6. Zagorsk []. 7. «Zhiguli» (a car) [«» ()]. 8. «The Siberian Barber» (a film) [« » ()]. 9. Kiev []. 10. Sakharov []. 1992-1998 . : 1992 1. Smile [] (27%). 2. Freedom 1995 1998 1. Hollywood [] 1. New York [-] (35%). (26%).

(20%). 3. Rich [], money 3. Smile [] (19%).

[] 2. Statue of Liberty [ 2. The Statue of Liberty [ ] (33%). ] (21%). 3. Bill Clinton [ ] (27%).

[] (13%). 4. Skyscrapers 4. New York [-] 4. Smile [], Hollywood [] [] (12%). (16%). (22%). 5. Business [], 5. Dollar [], 5. McDonalds Hollywood [], McDonalds [] [] (19%). Statue of Liberty [ (13%). ]. 6. Cars (10%). 7. Dollar [], 6. Bill Clinton [ 6. Freedom [] (18%).

pragmatism [] ] (11%). [], 7. Freedom

[], 7. Washington D.C. President [], Washington [], [ ()] (11%). riendly [], rich [] (10%). cheerful [] (9%).


8. New York [-], 8.

Skyscrapers 8. Skyscrapers uninhibited [ [], business [], business [] (10%). ], [], uninhibited [ great/large [/], ], loud baseball [] (9%).

[] (8%). 9. Kind [], 9. White House [ 9. George Washington domineering ], cowboys [], [ ], Friendly [], [] (7%). Disneyland dollars [], [«»] (8%). hamburgers [], Coca-Cola [-] (8,5%). 10. White House [ 10. Talkative 10. White House [ ], [], [], [], independence [], comfort [] (6%). health hospitable supermarket drugs ], baseball [], basketball Disney (6,5%). and [], Disneyland [],

[ «»]

[] (6%). : 1992 1. Great [], vast [], huge [], large [] (26%). 2. Motherland [], patriotism [] (24%). 3. Culture [], history [], mess [], chaos [], vodka [] (23%). 4. Mysterious [], strange [], soul [] (18%). 5. Home [], mother [], friends [] (15%). 6. Moscow [], Orthodox Church [ ] (13%). 7. Dirty [], grey [] (12%). 1995 1998 1. Red Square [ 1. Poverty [] (35%). ] (31%). 2. Moscow [] (29%). 3. Kremlin [] (27%). 2. Moscow [] (32%). 3. Soul [], [] (20%). vodka

4. Vodka [] (20%).

4. Birch-trees [] (18%).

5. Hospitable 5. Kremlin [], [] (16%). Pushkin [] (16%). 6. Winter [] (14%). 6. Rouble [], caviar [], crisis [] (15%). snow

7. Churches [], 7. Winter [], beautiful nature [ [] (14%).

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] (10%). 8. MSU (Moscow State University) [ ( ] (9%). 9. Poor [], hope 9. Boris Yeltsin [ [], potentials ], forests [], [ ], Lenin [] (7%). great future [ ] (9%). 8. Kremlin [] (10%).

8. Motherland [], culture [] (12%).

9. Mafia [], no good roads [], songs [], puzzling [], unpredictable [] (10%). 10. Red Square [ 10. New Russians [ 10. Villages [], ], entle [], ], home [], great chastushkas [] kind [], crisis [], fools [], persons [ ], (8%). dirty streets [ stupid [] (7%). ] (6%). 1992-1998 . : smile [], New York [-], State of Liberty [ ], Hollywood [], freedom [], skyscrapers [], dollar [], White House [ ]. 1998 , (1992 1995 ): rich [], uninhibited [ ], business [], : cowboys [], talkative [], [], cars [], pragmatism [], health cheerful [], hospitable great/large [/], loud [], supermarket [], comfort independence [], [], []. 1998 Coca-Cola [-], hamburgers [], basketball []. . Moscow [], Kremlin [], vodka []. B 1992 1995 Red Square [ ], home []. 1995 1998 winter []. 1992 1998 soul [], motherland [], culture [], poor/poverty [/], crisis []. , 1998 poverty [] (.: 1992 poor [] ). 1998 birch-trees [], Pushkin [], rouble [], caviar [], mafia [], no good roads [], songs [], puzzling [], unpredictable [],


villages [], chastushkas []. -, , 1995 1998 winter [], 1992 1998 ( ) , , , (poor/poverty [/], crisis []) : motherland [], culture [], soul [].

2002 .
1. : 1. - ­11% 2. ­7,8% 3. , ­4,4% 4. ­ 3,2% 5. -, ­2,5% 6. . ­ 2,1% 7. () ­ 1,8% 8. , , ­ 1,7% 9. , , -, , ­ 1,2% 10. , 11 , ­ 1,1% 2002 . : 2. ( , 2 ) 1. 2. 3. , , 4. , , , , 5. , 6. , 7. , 8. 9. , 10. , 3. 1. - 2. 3. () 4. ,

141


5. , 6. , , , , , 7. , , 8. 9. , 10. , , 4. , 1. 2. , 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 5. 1. 2. 3. - 4. . 5. 6. , 7. , 8. , , , -, -, 9. IMB, , - 10. , ,

2002 .
1. : 1. ­6,1% 2. , ­ 3,8% 3. ­3,2% 4. , 5. 6. , 7. , , , 8. , , , 9. ,


10. , , , , , 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. , , , 6. , , , , 7. , , 8. , 9. , 10. , 3. 1. 2. 3. , , 4. 5. 6. 7. , 8. , , 9. , , , , , , , 10. , , , , , , 4. , 1. 2. , , 3. 4. , , 5. 6. , , 7. , 8. 5. 1. 2. , , , , , , ,

143


3. 4. 5. - 6. 7. , 8. , 9. , , 10. , . 1992­2002 . . : , -, , , , , , . 1992 : , , . 1995 : , (uninhibited), . 1998 . , 1999 . 1995 , : 1995 1998 ­ 5 , 1999 . ­ 2 , 2002 ­ 1 , -. , 2002 , (), , 2002 , . . (1992­2002 .) 3 : , , . . 2002 . ; 3­4 1; . 1 ( 1998 . (9 , 10%). . .. . , , , .



1 2 3

. . . ., 1921, .32. . . . .,2000, . 49. . . . // , 1959, 6, . . . . , Theoretically at least, every Russian boyar who bore the title was descended

.?
4

XIX . ., 1998, . 6.
5

from Riurik the Varangian who, according to tradition, founded the Russian state around A. D. 862. His blood was therefore as noble as that of the ruling dynasty [ , , , , , , 862 . . , , ] (. . . . Bristol, 1995, p. 123)
6

Godunov was supposed to have been descended from a certain Tartar prince who came

to serve Ivan I («Kalita») in the first of the 14th century. The Godunovs had been for generations free servants of the Grand Dukes of Muscovy. But Boris was the first Godunov to be made a boyar. The Czarina, Mariia Godunova, was in fact the daughter of Grigory Luk'ianovich Skuratov-Bel'sky, nicknamed Maliuta, longtime favourite of Ivan IV and the most notorious of the oprichniki [, , I () XIV . . - , . , , -, , IV ] (Ibid., p. 123).
7

An allusion to Godunov's Tartar origin [ For the travels of low-ranking officials the State Treasury paid for only two horses (out

] (Ibid., p. 121).
8

of usual team of three) [ ( )] ( . . . . Oxford, 1947, p. 59).
9

. . . . London, 1962, p. 27. In the first edition the name of the stationmaster was given as Simeon Vyrin but the

10

mistake was immediately corrected in the list of printer's errors appended to the volume, showing that the original name, Samson, referring to the biblical hero deprived of his power by a woman, was important to Pushkin [
145


. , , , , , ( ), ] (A. Pushkin. Complete Prose Fiction. Translated by P. Debreczeny. California, 1983, p. 96).
11

The detail is autobiographical: like Silvio's young adversary, Pushkin was eating

cherries at the time of his duel in Kishinev with Zubov, a staff officer [ : , , ] (. . . . Oxford, 1947, p. 18).
12 13

.. . . London, 1962, p. 60. It is this kind of shocking vulgar language that caused the indignation of some of

Pushkin's early critics [ , , ] (. . . . Bristol, 1995, p. 116).
14

.: . . . . . . . . « ,

. ., 1996, . 363.
15

. , , » (. . . // Melbourne Slavonic Studies, 1971, 5-6, p. 52).
16 17

A. Sinyavsky. Soviet Civilization. A Cultural History. New York, 1988. . . . ,

. , , , : « ?!»
18 19 20 21

«», 49 (465), 2001 . A. Sinyavsky. Op. cit., p. 196-201. , 1994, 4.

« «», , » (. . , « » « » // , 1998, 10, .57). : . . . , ., 1994 (3- .: ., 1999); . .,1996; . . , . . , . . . . ., 1999. 22 . . . . ., . 57.
23

, . 58.