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Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
NovAtel's complete line of precise positioning engines, enclosures, antennas and sof tware is developed to meet a wide range of accuracy and cost requirements for all satellite navigational systems. GALILEO
The emerging Galileo system, sponsored by the European Union and managedbytheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA),launchedtheGIOVE-A testsatelliteonDecember28,2005.Fulloperationaldeploymentofthe constellationisexpectedby2012.Aground-basedcontrolsystemwill also be developed and deployed, similar to the GPS Control Segment. In addition to controlling the satellites, the Galileo Ground Mission SegmentwillalsogenerateintegrityinformationforSafetyofLifeusers similar to the US FAA Wide Area Augmentation System. 30 satellites will be organized into three orbital planes consisting of 9 satellites and one spare with an inclination of 56 degrees, making a complete orbit in approximately 14 hours, 21 minutes. Satellites will broadcast using spread-spectrum modulation on E1, E5A, E5B and E6 frequencies. Consult www.esa.int/esaNA/galileo.html for exact development statusoftheGalileoconstellationanditscapabilities.OnJuly26,2007, an agreement was announced between the European Union and the United States to create interoperable E1/L1 signals.The information shown here reflects all public information with respect to those common signals.

GPS
Declaredfullyoperationalin1995,theGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS) constellation in 2007 consists of 30 satellites in Full Operation Capability (FOC) status. The satellites are organized into six orbital planes with an inclination of 55 degrees, making a complete orbit in approximately 11 hours, 58 minutes. All satellites are dual-frequency and broadcast on L1 and L2 using spread-spectrum modulation. L5 is currently broadcast from aWAAS geostationary satellite. As of November 2007, four satellites are broadcastingL2C.TheGPSModernizationprogramwilldeployL2Cand L5 capability on a new generation of Block IIF, Block IIR-M and Block III satellites, as well as deploying the new M-code signals on L1 and L2 for exclusive US military use. Consult www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps for exact operational status of the GPS constellation and its capabilities.

GLONASS
The Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) constellation is operated for the Russian government by the Russian Space Forces. The constellation had dwindled to 7 operational satellites in 2001. As of mid-2007, there are now 14 satellites declared operational, with plans announced to increase this total to 18 by the end of 2007. Thesatellitesareorganizedintothreeorbitalplaneswithaninclination of 64.8 degrees, making a complete orbit in approximately 11 hours, 15 minutes. Each satellite broadcasts L1 and L2 signals on unique frequency channels (see below). Plans have been announced for an L3 signal at 1201.5 MHz. A decision will be made at the end of 2007 whether this signal will be modulated with CDMA (similar to GPS) or FDMA (similar to GLONASS L1 and L2). Consult www.glonass-ianc-rsa.ru for exact operational status of the GLONASS constellation and its capabilities.

Fundamental frequency (Fo) RF Carrier
L1 Frequency (GPS) (154 * Fo) L2 frequency (GPS) (120 * Fo) L1C frequency (154 * Fo)

10.23 MHz
1575.42 MHz 1227.6 MHz 1575.42 MHz 1227.6 MHz 1176.45 MHz

Fundamental frequency (Fo) RF Carrier
L1 frequency (GLONASS) for Fk Channel spacing = 562.5 kHz L2 frequency (GLONASS) for Fk Channel spacing = 437.5 kHz
= 0,

10.23 MHz
1602.000 MHz (k = 0) 1246.000 MHz (k = 0)

K = (-7 to +13) K = (-7 to +13)

Fundamental frequency (Fo) RF Carrier
E1 frequency (Galileo) E5A frequency (Galileo) (115 * Fo) ALT BOC signal covers the bandwidth of both E5A and E5B (116.5 * Fo) E5B frequency (Galileo) (118 * Fo) E6 frequency (Galileo) (125 * Fo)

10.23 MHz
1575.42 MHz 1176.45 MHz 1191.795 MHz (centre frequency) 1207.14 MHz 1278.75 MHz

= 0,

L2C frequency (120 * Fo) L5 frequency (115 * Fo)

C/A code chip
L1 standard accuracy code chip (GLONASS) Frequency L1 high accuracy code chip (GLONASS) Frequency This number only applies for the center frequency andwillchangedependingontheGLONASSsatellite being tracked L2 standard accuracy code chip (GLONASS) Frequency L2 high accuracy code chip (GLONASS) Frequency 3135.03 cycles / chip 0.511 MHz 313.503 cycles / chip 5.11 MHz

Code chip
L1 C/A code chip (Fo / 10 = 1.023 MHz) L1C code chip (Fo / 10 = 1.023 MHz) L1 P-code chip (Fo = 10.23 MHz) 1540 L1 cycles / chip 1540 L1 cycles / chip 154 L1 cycles / chip 120 L2 cycles / chip (L2-CM) first half of period of 1.955 usec (L2-CL) second half of period of 1.955 usec 115 L5 cycles / chip

Code chip
E1 code chip (Galileo A channel) (Fo / 4) Frequency E1 code chip (Galileo B&C channel) (Fo / 10) Frequency E5A code chip (Galileo) (Fo) E5B code chip (Galileo) (Fo) Frequency E6A E6 B/C code chip (Galileo) (Fo) Frequency Alt-BOC code chip (Galileo) (Fo) Frequency 616 L1 cycles / chip 2.5575 MHz 1540 cycles / chip 1.023 MHz 115 E5a cycles / chip 10.23 MHz 118 E5b cycles / chip 10.23 MHz Not published 250 E6 cycles / chip 5.115 MHz N/A cycles / chip 10.23 MHz

2438.36 L2 cycles / chip 0.511 MHz 243.836 L2 cycles / chip 5.11 MHz

L2 P-code chip (Fo = 10.23 MHz) L2C code chip; L2-CM = civil-moderate; L2-CL = civil long Time multiplexed; resulting in apparent chipping rate of 511.5 kbps L5 code chip (Fo = 10.23 MHz)

C/A pseudorandom noise sequence
GLONASS L1 standard accuracy pseudorandom noise sequence GLONASS L2 standard accuracy pseudorandom noise sequence Length = 511 code chips Period = 1 msec Length = 511 code chips Period = 1 msec

Pseudorandom noise (PRN) sequence
L1 C/A code pseudorandom noise sequence L1 P-code pseudorandom noise sequence sequence L1C pseudorandom noise sequence for data (L1Cd) BOC(1,1) Length = 1023 C/A chips Period = 1 msec Length = 6.187 X 1012 chips Period = 1 week Length = 10,230 code chips Period = 10 msec Length = 10,230 code chips Period = 10 msec

Nav bit
GLONASS Navigation Bit 1 bit length (1 data bit is made up of two meander bits) GLONASS Navigation String (applicable for L1 and L2 on M-class satellites only) 20 PRN sequences per data bit 100bps(meander)/50bps(data) String length 85 data bits @ 50 bps +30 bits time mark @ 100 bps String data rate 0.5 Hz per string

Pseudorandom noise (PRN) sequence
E1A channel (PRS) BOCcos(15, 2.5) Subscript cos implies a cosine-shaped subcarrier, otherwise a sine-shaped subcarrier relationship is implied E1B channel pseudorandom noise sequenceCBOC(6,1,1/11) Length Primary code period Secondary code length E1C channel pseudorandom noise sequenceCBOC(6,1,1/11) Length Primary code period Secondary code length E5A I channel pseudorandom noise sequence BPSK(10) Primary code length Primary code period Secondary code length E5A Q channel pseudorandom noise sequence BPSK(10) Primary code length Primary code period Secondary code length E5B I channel pseudorandom noise sequence Primary code length Primary code period Secondary code length BPSK(10) 10230E5Bcodechips 1 msec 4 chips 10230E5Bcodechips 1 msec 100 chips Not published - PRS 5115 E6B code chips 1 msec 100 chips 5115 E6B code chips 1 msec 100 chips Not published

4092 E1B code chips 4 msec N/A 4092 E1C code chips 4 msec 25 chips 10230E5Acodechips 1 msec 20 chips 10230E5Acodechips 1 msec 100 chips

L1C pseudorandom noise sequence for pilot (L1Cp) = TMBOC AllsymbolsareBOC(1,1)exceptthoseBOC(6,1)symbols that occur in the ith location of 10230 chip sequence (i=0,4,6,29,33,37,39,62....101897,10201,10203,10226) L2 P-code pseudorandom noise sequence L2-CM pseudorandom noise sequence L2-CL pseudorandom noise sequence L5 pseudorandom noise sequences for data (L5-I) BPSK(10) L5 pseudorandom noise sequences for pilot (L5-Q) BPSK(10)

Length = 6.187 X 1012 chips Period = 1 week Length = 10,230 chips Period = 20 msec Length = 767,250 chips Period = 1500 msec Length = 10,230 chips Period = 1 msec Length = 10,230 chips Period = 1 msec

COMPASS
COMPASS is a GNSS system announced by the People's Republic of China that is currently in the development stage. ITU filings for radio navigationfrequencyallocationindicatethatthesystemwilltransmit on 1589.74 MHz, 1561.1 MHz, 1268.52 MHz, 1207.14 MHz. These frequencies correspond to Galileo E1, E2, E6 and E5a, respectively.Solutionstotheinteroperabilityof COMPASS withother GNSS systems and non-interfering compatibility with those systems remain unpublished.

Nav bit
GPS L1 Navigation bit Bitlength=20PRNsequences of L1 50 bits / sec Unpublished Symbollength=1PRNsequence of L1C 100 symbols / sec Pilot: Secondary overlay code sequence of 1800 bits, 18 second period is modulo-2 added to the pilot Symbollength=1PRNsequence of L2C = 1.955 usec 100 symbols / sec after half-rate coding of 50 symbols / sec Unpublished Thesymbolsofthedatacodeare aligned to the symbols of the secondary code and have the same period per symbol as the complete secondary code of the data signal (10 ms or 100 symbols / sec)

GPS L1P navigation bit GPS L1C (data)

E5B Q channel pseudorandom noise sequence BPSK(10) Primary code length Primary code period Secondary code length E6A channel pseudorandom noise sequenceBOCcos (10,5) E6B channel pseudorandom noise sequence Secondary code length E6C channel pseudorandom noise sequence Secondary code length BPSK(5) BPSK(5)

GPS L2-CM navigation bit

GPS L2P Navigation bit GPS L5 navigation bit (L5-I) L5-I signal: secondary code of 10 bits (1 L5 PRN sequence / bit) L5-Q signal: secondary code of 20 bits (1 L5 PRN sequence / bit)

Nav bit
Open Service data Safety of Life Service data Commercial Service data (E5A-I channel) (E1B and E5B-I channels) (E6B channel) 50 symbols / second 250symbols/second 1000symbols/second

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SPAN

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