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Поисковые слова: transit

Occurrence of the markers -ld- and -lc- in Kalmyk

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In the Kalmyk language (Mongoli, Altaic) the meaning of plurality of participants can be expressed by verbal suffixes -ld- and -lc-. They can also have some additional meaning that depends on the type of context and properties of the verb. As the meaning of plurality and the additional meaning are often expressed by some other means (plural form of subject, reciprocal pronoun `each other' and others), suffixes -lc- and -ld- are used rather rarely. According to the grammar of Kalmyk [Sanzheev 1983: 202] the main meaning of the suffix -lc- is sociative. But according to the data the main (and for some speakers the sole) meaning of this marker is assistive. Suffix -lc- in this occasion increases valency of the verb. Assistive means that there is a person (agent) performs an action with someone else (assistee). En namd ge r shird -lc-nД. ( 1) This 1SG.DAT house paint-SOC-PRS `He helps me to paint the house'. ( 2) En ge r shird-nД. This house paint-PRS `He paints the house'. An important point is that the agent and the assistee do the same activities. Thus, sentences (1) and (2) differ in their meaning because of the presence of the suffix -lc-. In the sentence (2) only one participant performs the action, while in the sentence (1) the agent helps the assistee to perform a particular type of action. The assistee is expressed by a noun with the dative case marker. It seems that it is impossible to use another word with dative marker in sentences with such argument structure as in (1). For instance, the sentence `A mother helps her son to read a book to a girl' should be translated as ( 3) Ek kЖvЭ-n-d-Дn kЭЭk -n-d de gt r Mother boy-EXT-DAT-P.REFL girl-EXT-DAT book umsh-x nЖk d bol-dha-na. read-PC.FUT helper become-PROG-PRS but not as ( 4) * Ek kЖvЭ-n-d-Дn kЭЭk -n-d degt r umsh -lc-cha-na. Mother boy-EXT-DAT-P.REFL girl-EXT-DAT book read-SOC-PROG-PRS The assistive meaning can be expressed lexically by means of another verb (example (3)). What is more interesting, this assistive meaning can be expressed both lexically and grammatically in the same sentence: ( 5) En nand ge r shird -x-d nЖk d bol -lc -dha-na. this 1SG-DAT house paint-PC.FUT-DAT helper become-SOC-PROG-PRS She helps me to paint the house. This suffix may also have sociative meaning which is very close to assistive. But the assistee is expressed by a noun with comitative case marker: ( 6) Badma Bajrta-ta duul-lc-na / duul-na Badma Bajrta-with sing-SOC-PRS / sing-PRS `Badma sings with Bajrta'. The plurality of agents may be expressed by subject: ( 7) дmt -n inД-lc-nД / inД-nД People-EXT laugh-SOC-PRS / laugh-PRS `People are laughing'. Since the sociative meaning is also expressed by comitative case or by plural form, the suffix -lcbecomes optional. In Buryat and Khalkha-Mongol the similar suffix -lsa- can also express the so called "attendant" action: "...the agent performs action A alongside ("together") with action B" [Nedyalkov 2007: 1325]. This seems to be impossible in the case of the Kalmyk -lc-: The material is based on the data collected during the linguistic expedition to Kalmykia in 2007 organised by the Saint-Petersburg State University. The research is made with support of grant of Russian Foundation for Basic Research 07-06-00278.
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Qol or-xlarn xДlД-chk / * xДlД-lc -chk river enter-CV.SUCC.P.REFL look-PRF.TR / * look-SOC-PRF.TR mЖr -n t e nd bДД- nД. horse-EXT there be-PRS `When you walk to the river, see also if the horse is there'. The suffix -lc- can be also (but very occasionally) used in reciprocal meaning: ( 9) Bi ЭЭr-tДqДn bich g av -lc-na-v / * av-na-v. 1SG.NOM friend-with.P.REFL letter take-SOC-PRS-1SG / * take-PRS-1SG `I am in correspondence with my friend'. It seems that this suffix supposes some dynamic, not stative action: (10a) Ted n neg ne g- Дn med-nД. 3PL one one-P.REFL know-PRS `They know each other'. (10b) Ted n neg ne g- Дn med -lc-nД. 3PL one one-P.REFL know-SOC-PRS `They communicate with each other'.

The suffix -ld- can have the reciprocal meaning but if this reciprocal derives from a transitive verb. The derivatives from intransitive verbs have the sociative meaning, and this suffix becomes optional as the plurality of participants is expressed somehow in the subject: дmt n inД-ld-nД / inД-nД. ( 11) People laugh-RECP-PRS / laugh-PRS `People laugh'. The derivatives from transitive verbs can be both transitive and intransitive. Transitive derivatives have the sociative meaning. In this case -ld- is optional. ( 12) дmt -n noxa cok -ld-na. People-EXT dog hit-RECP-PRS `People hit the dog'. Intransitive derivatives have the reciprocal meaning. The marker -ld- is obligatory. (13) дmt -n cok -ld-na. People-EXT hit-RECP-PRS 'People are fighting'. It seems that this suffix can't be used with mental verbs. Derivatives from such verbs get the meaning of controlled action. (14a) Mad n neg ne g- Дn Эz-dhД-nД-vid n / * Эz -ld-dhД-nД-vid n. 1PL one one-P.REFL see-PROG-PRS-1PL / * see-RECP-PROG-PRS-1PL `We see each other'. (14b) Mad n (neg neg -n-tД-qДn) Эz -ld-Э-vid n. 1PL (one one-EXT-with-P.REFL) see-RECP-PST-1PL `We met (each other)'. Thus, the suffixes -lc- and -ld- have the meaning of plurality of participants and can have some additional meaning. The marker -lc- is used mostly in the assistive meaning and supposes dynamic action. The marker -ld- is often used in sociative or reciprocal meaning. References Sanzheev, G.D. (ed.) (1983) "Grammatika kalmyckogo jazyka. Fonetika i morfologija". Elista. Nedjalkov, V.P., E.K. Skribnik, E.A. Kuzmenkov, N.S. Yakhontova (2007) "Reciprocal, sociative, comitative, and assistive constructions in Buryat and Khalkha-Mongol". In: Nedjalkov, V.P. (ed.) "Typology of reciprocal constructions". Amsterdam: Benjamins.