Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://www.philol.msu.ru/~sidorova/files/conlangs.pdf
Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Sun Jul 15 19:26:48 2007
Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Tue Oct 2 10:49:53 2012
Êîäèðîâêà:
Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: california nebula

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.. ..

-:

«1989.»
2006

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881.161.1:004.738.5 81.2 -5 34

.., ..
34 -: . ., «1989.», 2006, .184.
«-» . ? ? ? ? - ? , , ? ? .

ISBN 5-98789-005-5

© . , . 2006 © «-»

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1
, , , , ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 () . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 , D'ni , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 , . . . . 27

2
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . . . . 36 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 « » . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3
, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 (Kelen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

4
-, . . . . . . . . . . . . «» -, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 74 80 90 94

5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

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1. : , , , ; , , , , , . « . , !» -- . 2. VÍat nÁrdjen AlÍsa ghurim zaudenos zilnui hÁloi shØmjen telor, orcenosta khauran saunoeth; thovÁlat dØlasain nÁrdØ ra prÒthØ vÔn, do baugharat groen zilnas, mabarnaxa khÒl gintØsan hum ka?guilen hÁchen vÔn; nhÉrax' AlÍsa: voirun tÁrakhÔ proth vÁrath, gintØsnos ka?guilenØsta khoil? , , . « » -- : , , , 250 . , , , 500 . [ 2001]; ArÉndron Uschoeran Atragam, , , (Michael S. Repton), , . , , , , , , ArÉndron , . , . , , , , , , , ? , , -, , , - ? , , , , . , , . , : , «» , . «4

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», «» , .. , . *** : , , , , . , . , « » . , . ( «» ), , , . , , -- () , . , « » ( 1999 20 000 ). () langmaker.com 1 500 (. 1). , , , , , , . . , , , , , « », , , . .. , , . « » () (, conlangs) (auxlangs) , , .. , « », « » () , : « » « » (personal languages), , «

5

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6

» -- -, . « » , , , (, , «Star Trek», «Myst») , , , . , ) ; ) . , , , . , , ( ) . , . , da , da, . , . - , , . : , ( ) . , «», « »: , , . , . , . , . , , , , , . . : ( -

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, , , , , , , «» , ) , [ 2005] [ 2005]. - , , . , , , . , , , ( ). « » , , , , . « » -- . , , , «» «». , . , . : . , , « » .

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1
, , , , ...
, . . , , . , , (, , ..) . -- / (Lojban). , , , . , , , , , , . . conlang.com, 773 , ( 28 2005 ): 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 8 9 11 15 28 45 27 34 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 44 58 66 121 132 132 43

8

? ? ? . , , , -

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. , , , . (Sindarin, Quenya, Nandorin, Telerin, Valarin ), , , , . , , «» . (Klingon) , «Star Trek» . Paramount Pictures. - . , , « » « » (http://anton2ov.spb.ru http://glos.net.ru/). (., , http://home.netcom.com/~sylvia1/Kelen). , « » -- . , , , , - . . : 1) , , : , , ; , () , ..; 2) ; 3) : ; 4) : , ; 5) , ; 6) (http://www.rickharrison.com/language/faq.txt).
9

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, , , .

()
. , , « + », . : conlangs , conlangers ( ), artlangs ( ), , : auxlangs ( , ): auxlanger- , . , -, , . , : « , . « » « », «-» « ». , , . , , . , , , , - , .. , , , , ( )»1 (http://www.rickharrison.com/language/faq.txt)
1 An artificial language is a language that has been deliberately designed by one person or a small group of people over a relatively short period of time. Synonyms for the term artificial language include planned language, constructed language, model language, and invented language. Artificial languages designed for specific purposes are also known by an array of other terms. Those used in works of fiction are called imaginary languages or fictional languages. Those designed to facilitate global communications are called universal languages, auxiliary languages (auxlangs), interlanguages or interlinguas, international languages, etc. The realm of artificial languages also includes logical languages, number languages, symbolic languages a.k.a. icon(ic) languages, and pasimologies (gesture languages).

10

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. 1. Auxlangs. . , , , : , , . ( ) . , , , ., , [ 1991] [ 1998]. 2. () . 2.1. Artlangs. , , . : 2.1.1. , , , : , ( «Star Trek»), D'ni «Myst»; 2.1.2. , «» . 2.2. ersonal languages. , , , « ». « ». . , , , , , , , , . , , «-». , , . , , , . . , , ( ) . . , . , ; « ». , : , ,

11

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, , , , . . - . , , , , , . . . , (structure) (purpose). . -- ; ; . «model languages», « , », - . stra.teg.ru « »: « , « , » [ 1984;151]. , ( « » , ), « » « ». , «» , , «» . , , , , ». . «-. » ( I, . 3, 1 , 1995 -- conlang.com) - , . , - , « » (naming language), , . , « », 2. « », , 2

12

, , «» , .

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, . , , . - , . -: « », 3, , , .

, , , . . . « »stra.teg.ru ( ) : « , . , . . , / : , , (, : ornamento, satiro, linio .); , (, «» : febac, ferap, debab .)». , « , : (, iu `-', `'), (, , : Buraga ``, Burajo `', Burale `', Burevo `' . ., )» [ ]. « », « » (., . ). .. , , , , 3 -, : , , -? , , ?

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, : « , : , , , ; , () , » [ ]. . , langmaker.com . -- Dublex -- 5 000 , 6 . / .. «- » « » « » ( ). .. . ( .. -- -- . -- . .) , / , : 1. 1.1. 1.1.1. 1.1.2. 1.1.3. 1. 2. 1.2.1. 1.2.2. 1.3. 1.4. , 1.4.1. -() 1.4.1.1. 1.4.1. 2. 1.4.1. 3. - 1.4.1.4. 1.4.1.5. 1.4.2. 1.4.3. - 1.4.4. - 1.4.5. - - 1.4.6. 1.5. , 1.5.1. 1.5.2. /

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2. 2.1. 2.1.1. ( ) 2.1.2. (, ) 2.1.3. - 2.2. 2.2.1. ( ) 2.2.2. 2.2.3. ( ) 2.2.4. . -- (Roberto Capuzzo; http://www.geocities.com/ robocaps_tower_of_babel/Agora-011.htm): 1. ( ) 1.1. ( ) 1.1.1. ( ) 1.1.2. (, ) 1.1.3. (, ) 1.1.4. ( , , , , ) 1.1.5. 1.2. ( , , , Lingua franca4) 1.2.1. ( , ) 1.2.2. ( , ) 1.2.3. ( ) 1.2.4. 2. 2.1. « » ( ), , : ) , , ) , 2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3. , 2.1.4. 2.1.5.
4

, , , -- -- .

15

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2.2. , ( ) 2.2.1. ( ) 2.2.2. ( ) 2.2.3. 2.3. ( , ) 2.3.1. - ( , ) 2.3.2. (, ) 2.3.3. 2.3.4. «» ( ) 2.3.5. 2.4. ( ) 2.4.1. 2.4.2. (, ) 2.4.3. 2.5. , http://web.hku.hk/~antonioc/conLang/class.htm : , , . -. 4 : () ( «1984» ); «», , , , , -, (, , ); , , , (, ), ; Z ( , ). , - SVO.

, , ..; , . ) ; ) , ;

16

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) ( ) . , , . , « - -». , , , , . , , 1901 , , Auli. « »: 1) , ; 2) «»; 3) , .. ; 4) , , , ; 5) , , , [Jacob 1947;45]. (. [Jespersen 1928] [Jespersen1931]). , , : ; ; ( ?); ; ; . , . ( . « »). . , , 1931 . «: » , , , , . .

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, , . ? , , : to cut / a cut, to help / to give help ..? , . . : , , . , (a cut on the hand ) , . , : - «give a person a shove» or «a push», «give him a move» «a drop». , , .: to help: help to obey: obedience to grow: growth to drown: drowning. helping, growing .. , . . , , «to put» «to get»? . . , . . , , , , . . . , , . , , . , , , . , . , , , , . . . : « -

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, , , , , , ». , , , , ness, , (smallness, opaqueness), . width, wideness; beauty, beautifulness. « , ». , « ». , , , « » , « ». , , , , « ». «» , , , , , . , . , , . , , . , , -- , -- , , . , : ; , , , « », . . , , , , , , , . «», «». , , , «» . -

19

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: , 4, , , , . , : ) ; ) , , ; ) , , , , ( , S V O , ..). , , , . , « , (private languages)», « » (1931) . : « , . , ...» [Tolkien 1931; 91]. , , : « , , : , , , « » . , : , , , , . , . , , , ( ) »5.
5 «Some of us have embarked on the study of Elvish, perhaps with somewhat the same attitude as people enjoying a well-made crossword puzzle: The very fact that no real Elvish grammars written by Tolkien have been published makes it a fascinating challenge to "break the code". Or it may be pure romanticism, a special form of literary immersion: by studying the Eldarin languages, you try to get closer to - indeed into the heads of - the immortal Elves, fair and wise, the Firstborn of Eru Ilvatar, teachers of mankind in its youth. Or, less romantically, you want to study the constructions of a talented linguist and the creative process of a genius engaged in his work of love. nd many simply enjoy the Elvish languages as one might enjoy music, as elaborate and (according to the taste of many) gloriously successful experiments in euphony».

20

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, , , .. , « » « » [ 1984;245].

, . -, , . . -, , , . -, , . -, , « », , . , , , : «» , , , . , .. : « , . , , , , . , . . , . , . : , , , , . » [ 1998; 204]. « » ( ), . , , . -

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. , «», , , , . , , , , « ». « » , , . . . , , , «» , ( ). , . . , , , , , , . - , « » , - , , - , . , , « » ( ), , , , .

, D'ni ,
Nobody believes me when I say that my long book [The Lord of the Rings .., ..] is an attempt to create a world in which a form of language agreeable to my personal aesthetic might seem real. But it is true. An enquirer (among many) asked what the L.R. was all about, and whether it was an allegory. And I said it was an effort to create a situation in which a common greeting would be elen si-'la lu-'menn omentielmo [`A star shines on the hour of our meeting'], and that the phrase long antedated the book. . .. , 21 , 1958

22

1. . .. , . . , «»

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- - . , -- . (Quenya) ; (Sindarin) ; (Adunaic) , (. ); (Westron) , ; , ; ( , .) -- 6; (Telerin) ; (Doriathrin) ; (Nndorin) () ; (Sindarin) ; « » (Ilkorin); (Avarin); (Khuzdul) , « » : « ! -!»; ; « » (the Black Speech , , ); (Valarin) , ; (Primitive Elvish). ( ) . , , , « ». . . (Animalic), (Nevbosh) (Naffarin). 6

, « "" " " , , , (). "" , , . . , , , , (, , ..), . (, ) , - » [stra.teg.ru; 2002].

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, . , , «» , , . , , , , , . , , , , -, , -- Ardalambion http://www.uib.no/ People/hnohf/index.html -- ( , , ) . 1970- , . - « » (An Introduction to Elvish) . (1978) « » (Basic Quenya) . (1984). . , . . . , , , . , 1990- : « » (A Working Tolkien Glossary) 7 ( . . ) « » (Dictionnaire des langues elfiques] . . .

24

«» «Star Trek», , , , 30 (http: //www.startrek.com/ trekkies/funfacts.html ). , , OVS « ». , , ; (, , , , , -- ). , . , -

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. , , . . 1967 , . (James Doohan). «Star Trek» , Paramount . 1992 , (http://www.kli.org/). , , . «HolQeD», . , (ISSN 1061-2327) (Modern Language Association). (., , http://us.geocities.com/ judith_hh). , 7. 8, . , , , . , , 1995 . «Star Trek» 30 , , . , , http://www.asahinet.or.jp/~VZ4S-KUBC/tlhindex.html#divihol, (Shin'ichirou Koubuchi). , . . : , , , , «, , » http://donh.best.vwh.net/Esperanto/EBook/chap03.html#klingon. , , , , , . ., , . (Glen F. Proechel) « : ?» http://donh.best.vwh.net/Languages/klingon.html. 8 http://www.geocities.com/Athens/8853/index.html «» , .
7

25

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(- ). , , : , , . , «» , . : «pIqaD» -- « ». , , , , .

26

D'ni D'ni «Myst» Cyan Worlds . . , , . (, , ), . «» D'ni , , . , . - D'ni. D'ni, , , . , : , , «» , , . . http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/D%27ni_grammar:Foreword. , D'ni . : , , , , .. , D'ni. , ., : http:// www.eldalamberon.com/dni_dict.htm, http://linguists.riedl.org/old/ linguists.htm, http://linguists.bahro.com/. D'ni «» ( ), , , «», D'ni . ,

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«» (Ultima) , «», , , , , D'ni, «» .

,
, , 9, , , . , , , . . 1985 . - . (M. Yaguello) « » ( -- «Lunatic Lovers of Language: Imaginary Languages and Their Creators», translated by Catherine Slater, 1991, London). : « , ! , , , . , . , , , : , ». ( « », 1668 ) , «, ». , , . «» 9 « , , : , « »: , , , . , , : , , » [ http://miresperanto.narod.ru/ esperantologio/tipologija.htm ].

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, . . , , , « -»,10 «» . , , . (J. Schnapp), «» ( ) , . , « », . , , . . , , , « », , , ( «impoverishments of the natural languages»). -, -- conlang.com (. ), . , «-». , - , . , , , , .. -. , , , , «», , , . «, -- , -- «», , . . , , , ». : - .

28

10 , XIX XX . «» . , . . . , , , « » « », , . , , , . , , , , « »: http://www.survivalafterdeath.org/ mediums/smith.htm - . ; http://www.survivalafterdeath.org/articles/ cifali/martian.htm - . « : ». .

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. (Sarah L. Higley) «, » , , , «» , , , , , . , , , , . . , , « », . , « », , . , . : , . . . , . , : «, , « » , « ». - ?» : , , , . . : ? , ? «» , ? , , , . «» , . , «» , . : , . . « » (http://www.rickharrison.com/ language/farewell.html) [Harrison 1997]. , , , , , . : 1) : 29

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, « », « » , . , , . : , , «», , «», . « , , - », -- . , « », «»11 , «». 2) , , -- . , , , . , , , , ( ) ( ). , , , . , - -, . , , auxlanger- , , . , , , . uxlanger- . . auxlanger-, « » , , -- «», . 3) ( «» -- artlangs, « , ») . « , . 11

30

, .

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, », -- . Auxlanger , . , « ». . , , , : « , , , . , , ». uxlanger-, , . , , , , , uxlanger-. « » . uxlanger- , , . , , , . auxlanger- , , , . . ( , «») , , . - , - , . , , , . , , . , , [ ]. , , , « », . , (Suzette Haden Elgin). 1936 , -

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. 1980 . , , ( ). « » (LÀadan), 1988 . , , « ». (http:// www. sfwa.org/members/elgin/SiteMap.html) , . «The Language Imperative» , , , . «Can language be owned?» , , . : Basic English, . , , , , , , , -- , Star Trek . «» , (, , ) , , - . , . : , . , . «», , «» . , . « », . (Jack Vance) « ». , , , «» (, , , ..). , . , , ,

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. , «» ( « ») , : , , . , , , «, », , , . . , « », , , - «» . , «The Linguistics & Science Fiction Sampler» (1994) . . , . , , , , . , , , . « » . ? , «do things with words» , , . , , « », -- `athad': «When you look at another person, what do you see? Two arms, two legs, a face, an assortment of parts. Am I right? Now, there is a continuous surface of the body, a space that begins with the inside flesh of the fingers and continues over the palm of the hand and up the inner side of the arm to the bend of the elbow. Everyone has that surface; in fact, everyone has two of them. I will name that the `athad' of the person. Imagine the athad, please. See it clearly in your mind -- perceive, here are my own two athads, the left one and the right one. And there are both of your athads, very nice ones. Where there was no athad before, there will always be one now, because you will perceive the athad of every person you look at, as you perceive their nose and their hair. From now on.... Now it exists.» « » (positive linguistic refocusing). (negative linguistic refocusing): « , , , ,

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, , , , . , «firing employees» «letting people go» ( , ) «shedding employees» ( , , )». . , , « ». , -- , , , -, , -, , , , , «» , , - . , , , « , ...»

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2
,
Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world. .

. . , , , , World Builders , - (California State University, Los Angeles) http://www.world-builders.org/ . , , , , , . , : , , , «-» « » (., , http:// www.seventhsanctum.com/www/wwwfull.html http:// hiddenway.tripod.com/world/ ) . , , , , . : . , : , , , , ( ), «--». , , , , ; , , , . , . , , , , , , , , , , , - , . «, ». , , ( ) .

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« » , «» . « » (, , « ») «» , .

-- , « » [ 1972; 25]. , , , , . , , , , , . (, , , ), [ 2002]. XX , . , : 1. ( , ) ? 2. ( ) ? 3. ? 4. / ? 5. ? 6. - , ? 7. ? 8. ? 9. ? 10. ? 11. ? 12. «»? : , ( ), , , , (, , , ..), , ,

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(, , ), , , , , , , , . (. http://www2.truman.edu/~mshapiro/ lingcon.html) , « » . , « -- , » [ 2001; 48], , 200 , , : , , , [ ]. , , . . «- » [ 2002]. . , . , , -- . . , . . -, , . « , , », -- . «-17» . : « . - , ,» : « , , : , , . « ». , , , . . , , , , . «», : «..., , 98,6 ; ; , , , , -

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38

...» . , «» , ». « . « -2» . , , . «», «», «», «», «», «» . . «-17» , «». , , , , - . «», «, ». « -2» « » , , , » [ ]. «» -- « , , «17», . «» , , , . , » [Meyers 1980]. . , , . « , , , «»» [ 1993]. « » , «» «» . , : « , , «» «», -- . -- . ». , « » . , . , . « , , « » «-» . « ». . , , -

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, » [ 2002]12. . « ,» . «». «, « », -- , . , , , » [ 1988]. , , (speedtalk), , « , , , » (. ). , , , .. « : » (Walter E. Meyers, «Aliens and Linguists: Language Study and Science Fiction», 1980). , , . , «», «», , . , . . , , , . , - , «» , , . « », , . , , , « ». ,
12

, , , , , , .

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. (, , , «» , , , , .. "Someone's following us", said Kelia in Wessisc, Kelia lowered her voice and whispered in Wessisc, "Someone's following us.") , (http://fmwriters.com/ Visionback/Issue%202/LanguageDamon.htm).

,
«... , , , . . <...> , , , , , » [ 1993; 260, 265]. . : «» «» ; ; .

« »
, . .

40

« » . «» «». , , . - « ».

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« » . « 1 , , , . « » , «» , , , , . - , «/ », «/», «/» , , , , » [ 2002]. , , , , , «» «». , . , . « » , «» «», . « » ( ) « » ( ). , , , (), -- . . « » , , , . (, , , , , ) , «» ( ), «»,

41

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42

, - , «» [ 1997] [ 2002]. , «» , , «» , , , «» .. «-» - «»; : «» , , «» « », «» [ ]. , () «», , . . , , , - . , , . « » , , : « , ( -- ) , . , , , , . , . , , , -- -- . -- -- , , , ( , , . .) -- -- ...» [ 2002]. . . , , «» « ». « , ,

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, . » [ 2001; 52]. , , , , - , , « » -- , . , : «1) , 2) , 3) , » -- / / - . « «» /, » [ 1999]. - , , . « , [, .., ..] (herausspinnt) , (einspinnt) ; , , , , . ; , » [ 2000]. « » « », . , , , - « , , , » [ 2002]. « , ». : - ( ); (« »); ( «» «») [ 2002]. «» -- . « , , », «», -

43

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« », , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , - . , . , , « », . : - - [ 1995]. , , , . , , , , : « . , . , » [ 1995].

44

. : « . -- , , , , . , , , , , -- , , , -- , -- , ... -- , . ,

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. » [ 2000]. , «» . , . , , . , . , . , , , , . . . «No logo» (« ») , ( ) [ 2002]. , , , , . , . , . « »: , «» ( ), . « », « » .. (., , http:// www.artofimagination.org/Pages/AboutUs.html -- « » . http://www.laetusinpraesens.org/). . , . . . , 13. . , , , : « 13

« , - , , , » [ 1935; 287]. « , , , , , , , » [ ; 242].

45

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, , » [ . 1978]. , (., .. ). ( -- ) , () (). . ( .. ) , (. , . ). (. ), , , . . , , , . , , , . . , , , , , «» , .

46

-- . (, , , .., ., , [ 1994] [ 1997]), . «... , «» , . , , «» , « », « », « », « » « » « » .. , , , , . «» » [ 1999]. -- http://www.membrana.ru/themes/vr/ -- -

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, , 14. « , , , » [ 2000; 52]. (. . http://www.internet.ru/index.php?itemid=12796 ). , , , , «» -- . [Baudrillard 1994]. , : «» ( ); (, . «» « » -- , ). : «... , , . , - , , , » [ 1999]. , , , , [ 1994]. , -, , , , , , . , 14

: « . , . [ , ]. ? , » « , . ! . " " (Straw-like User Interface -- SUI) (Inami Laboratory) (University of Electro-Communications). . , , , , , ? , , ; , , , ».

47

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, , «» [ 1999]. : , -- The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (., , 2, . 3 «Computer Simulation in Anthropology» http:// jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/2/3/contents.html «Epistemological Perspectives on Simulation» 8, . 4 http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/ JASSS.html). . , , , ( . [ 2001]). , , - . « , , , , , (, ) », -- .. , [ 2002; 27-28]. . , , , , , . : , - , -. : , . , , .

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3
, ,
, , , . , , , , , .. , . , - . : 1 1 . , . , , , , , , . , : , 2005 2006, .

1. (Kelen)
, , (KÈlen) 15. , , . , , , , -. , , «-» . . - , , . , . . . 15

home.netcom.com/~sylvia1/Kelen, , , , http://www.terjemar.net/kelen.php.

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(relationals), . . . LA - , , - : - : la jace a ¯l LA bowl(N.sg.) 'There exists a bowl' 'There is the/a bowl'; - : la jace a la jane a ¯l ¯l LA bowl(N.sg.) red(N.sg.) 'There exists a bowl, a red thing' 'The bowl is red'; - : la jace a su jate a ¯l ¯ ¯w LA bowl(N.sg.) on table(N.sg.) 'There exists a bowl on the/a table' 'The/a bowl is on the/a table'. NI , ( - ) (): orra n jacela jahu a ¯ ¯i ¯ ¯w completed NI bowl(N.sg.) broken(N.sg.) 'The bowl broke'. ni , . a. ¯ to: orra namma ana a esi anma mi to jaca a ¯ ¯ ¯m ¯ ¯ ¯t completed NI+3p.sg.agent ants(N.co.) flat(N.co.) TO shoe(N.sg.) 'She flattened ants with a shoe.' SE , , / . , , ke ( , ), to ( , , ), , mo (). : selre anla ¯si SE+1p.sg.src/2p.sg.goal greetings 'From me to you, greetings', 'I give you greetings', 'I greet you'; anelnirne jamira ¯ SE(prog.)+1p.pauc.src/2p.pauc.goal fright 'From us(few) to you(few), a fright', 'We are giving you a fright', 'We are frightening you'; temme jaco ¯ßa SE(past)+3p.sg.src/3p.sg.goal kiss

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'From her to him, a kiss', 'She gave him a kiss', 'She kissed him'. . , PA , . pa , , : pa ank¯ anc¯ eji ora PA whole part PA sky blueness 'The sky is blue' (The sky has blueness); pa s¯ aen anl¯ al or¯ PA whole part PA 3p.sg. sorrow 'She is sad' (She has sorrow); pa li¯ ank¯ len ans¯ p¯ en e ori e PA whole part part PA 1p.sg. KÈlen words few `I don't speak KÈlen well' (I have few words of KÈlen). , , . , LA , : la ; an ; te ; reha , "will be, must be"; heja , , "should be", "ought to be"; hie - , "could be", "might be"; wa , - "is not". NI , . , . : orra ßalla ¯ jac¯ la jah¯ e uwa completed NI+1p.sg.agent bowl(N.sg.) broken(N.sg.) 'I made the bowl break' 'I broke the bowl'. ni, se. SE , . , SE, LA, : s(e) - ; an ; t(e) ; reh ; hej - , ; hi(e) , ; w¯ a : temme jac¯ a wa oß ¯

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SE(past)+3p.sg.src/3p.sg.goal kiss (neg.) 'From her to him, a kiss, not', 'She didn't give him a kiss' , 'She didn't kiss him'. pa . , , , ke , mo .., . , , , , «». , . ? , ? , , , , . : ( ) , , . . «», «», «» . : «»; «»; «»; « » ( , ; 6 : - ; l¯ , k¯ , ci , a eß ¯ k¯ , w¯ ); « » ( a e , orra , , clausal modifiers: ¯ luhaßen = used to, w¯ .); « a » ( « », ); » ( : , , -). , : 1) , ( ); 2) ( ); 3) ( ); 4) .

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. . : ma- ~ m- ; ja- ~ j- ; an- . : -a ~ -e ~ -0 . , -i . , -ien - (, various «»). : , (, , ) , , . «the greater plural» - «» ( , , ). : makÌra ( .) mÀlne ( .) anÀlne ( .) makÌri ( .) mÀlni ( .) makkÌrien ( .) , mÀlnien ( .) ankÌri ( .) anÀlni ( .) anakkÌrien ( .) : , , , , . , . , : / ( ); (), . ( , ), . . , , : . , , .

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- : . . . ja-N-a ma-N-a . ja-N-i ma-N-i . an-N-i . ja-N-ien ma-N-ien : jat¯ ura , mat¯ ura , jat¯ i ur , , mat¯ uri , , ant¯ i ur , , jatt¯ urien , , matt¯ urien , , -, . (ane i) ¯ , . , . «» , , . iraßi, . ¯¯ , , : , , - iraßi ¯¯ . , jat¯ mse . u , mat¯ mse. mal¯ u o , , , jal¯ . o , : hi ¯ja ßi jap¯ xte e ake ¯ r¯ c¯ a i; FUT.possible NI stranger(N.INAN.SG.) that.far RA CI 'May that stranger leave!'

54

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map¯ exte ('stranger', ) (jap¯ xte): e . , , / , , . , . . . (-on, ¯ , -¯ , ) (-anen, el -aron, -non). : , . . . , , , : 1 le 2 ri 3 ma (.) ja (.)16 , : , , (paucal, ) . , , , ( ) ( ) : liÈn riÈn sÀen liÈnne liÈr riÈnne sÀenne lÈim Èim rÈim sÀim liÈ ßiÈ riÈ sÀe

1 2 3

16 / 3 . a ma . « » ja, , . , , : , . , ja .

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, le - ci so. Ci «, , le», ; so le, myself /ourselves. , , . , 4 , . . , , , . , 4 , : ( ), ( (/) ). , , . , , - , , / . , some/any-body/thing etc. 4 (, , , ). . . , , . , , . «» , . , . , . . , : « , , . , : ke-, mo-, to-». : « -

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, , , . , , . , , , , , ». , , ( « ») . , . http://www.terjemar.net/ phono.php . , , , . 5 : /p/ p /t/ t /s/ s ( ) /c/ c /k/ k 5 : /w/ w () // ( th thin) /sh/ x ( sh shoe) /y/ j ( ch ich) /h/ h ( ch ach) , . 4 , : /m/ /mm/ m mm /n/ /nn/ n nn /ß/ /ßß/ ß ßß // // N NN 2 , , : /l/ /ll/ / / l ll L /r/ /rr/ /rj/ r rr rj 5 , : /i/ i Ì /e/ e È /a/ a À /o/ o Ñ /u/ u Ç 3 , : /ae/ ae Àe /ao/ ao Ào /ie/ ie iÈ y

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, , , , : «/ao/ /ao/ /au/. /ie/ /ie/ ¯ ¯ /ye/ /yet/ ». . . , , , , , . , , , , , . , . , . , , , , . 12 43 . , / / (/th/) /sh/ /t/ /s/, . , , . . http://www.terjemar.net/saying.php ¯ , « Attarein, , », http://www.terjemar.net/lajathin.php , 21 . http://www.terjemar.net/dict0.php , 512 1312 , . , , , . . . , -ak-: saka [. .] - -, , ¯ ¯ ; laka [. .] - ; raka [. ] - ¯ ¯ ; anaki [] - , ¯ «»; anaka [] - « », «finger-ness». ¯ , , , , . , . «» , , (. 2, (

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) ). , , , . , . , . , , , , . «» , . , , , . , . «» . pa , . , pa, , la ( ) pa ( ): la ank¯ ji pa anc¯ e ora LA sky PA blueness 'The sky is blue' ( , ); la s¯ en pa anl¯ al a or¯ LA 3p.sg. PA sorrow 'She is sad' ( , ); la li¯ anen ank¯ len pa ans¯ p¯ en ¯ e ori e LA 1p.sg. with Kelen PA words few ¯ I don't speak Kelen well ( , ). ¯ , : 1) , , , . , . , , ; 2) . , ( ), ( ) ( ); 3) : , -

59

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( , , ..) ; 4) . 2005 2006 . , , . .

2.
: - -, ; - -, ; - -, : , , , , , , . , , , « » , , . « », , - , . « » 17, (, , ) . , , : « ( ') . , . . , , .
17

60

2

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-, , , , . , , . -- . , , , , . -- , . - , . , , , . , , ( , ). , , , , (, , ) . , , , , . , , , , . , , » (http://laedel.chat.ru/lingua.htm). , , , , . , , , . , , . , . , -, : , « , , », (« , ») , , . , , , . (. ). - ( 1300 ), «» -

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, «» , , . , . , 2005 , « »: « ». . , , - , « » - : « , , . -- larimin -- , larime ''. , , . , , , , , , . , , , , ( , ) . , , , , , . , . . . , . , , . , , , , . , , - , -

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, , . , , . , , -- ( , , ). , , . , . , . ( ), , , . , , , , ( , ) . . , , , , , , . , , , , Quenya , , , . , , , , . , , . , , , ( ) , , . , , , , , . , , , ».

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, , , . 1) , , , , . 2) , « ». , . , , . 3) « », : « , ». 4) : , , , « , , , , », «». . . , . 5) : , , ; «» . , , . . , , , , . , . , , . , , ( ?) , , . :
, , ,

, ,

64

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-- () ( ) , , : - « »: , . : : ,

, () , - ( ) - , , ( ) , -

. . . : 1) : « ». -

65

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, . 2) , , : «, , , . , ». 3) «» «», : «- -- au, . , , , , au ». , , . . , «speaker», . . , , , . 4) , , - : « . -- , ». «», «», , . , , (. 2). 5) . , . «» «» , «». , . , , . 3 : 1) ; 2) , ; 3) . .

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, , , , , . « » ( ) « » (« (, , , ) (, ) , , » - , - ..,.), , . . : « , , ». , , , , , ( : ). « » « », , , . « » , , « » , , , . . . , «» «» . , . . , , , . . , - , , , . «, , ». , «», , . , « » , , : , , , «» ,

67

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. . «» 6. , : ) : , , , ..; ) , , , : « . -- , , .. , . . -- , , . . , , , . «» , , .. , »; ) , : , , . , . . . 1) . ( ) , . , , , ( ) / . 2) , - : . - (« (, , , , , , ) , /. -- « »), , . , , .

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, , . «», « , , »: « , , , . , . , , (, , ). , ». 3) , , , . , , . , , . , , , . . , , . «» : , , «» , «» . , (. ). 4) , .. . , . , --. 5) : , , (. «» 6 ) . . .

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6) 4 : (), , (, ) , . . , , «» . , , : « , -- , -- . "+" , , , , , , ». , , , - . ( , ), ( ). , « ...», « ...» .. . , ( ), . . 7) , « » .. , .. , .. , - , , . 8) , . , . , . « «» «», «» «», «» «» ( , )». . , , , , ( , .): « , . , , , .. , . , -

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. ... : amallonau palalte rimi : . ( ) , . :-( ...ossaulpau -- ; lohettauntau -- '' ; lohettarbau -- '' , ; jelmaulau -- ». . . 9) , . ( ). , : (, , ), (, ), ( ). «, ». , ( , , « , , , , , », ( ). , . , . , « , »? , , , , , , , / . 10) , , . . , ( - ) ( ). 11) , . , , , , .

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12) , ( , ). - , , , . , , , - . -, , , : isp- -- , , ; ips- -- , ; ipseisc- -- ( ); ist- -- - ; isc- -- ; iss- -- , ; isy- -- , ; isty- -- . , , -. : berongie -- ''; isceberongie -- ', '; isteberongie -- ''; ispeberongie -- ' " "'; isseberongie -- '[] '; istyeberongie -- ''. , . : -ilw- ( ); -irw- ( ); -inw- ; -il- ( ); -iny- ; -iry- ( ); -ily- ( ). : -ildw- , ; -irdw- , ; -indw- , ; -ild- , ; -indy- , ; -irdy- , ; -ildy- , . . , (- - ) . , , , -

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, , , « »: -iv+ , ; -af+ , , - ; -ew+ , ; -es+ , . (+ ) 56 - . « , , , , », - . berongie '': berongailwi -- ' (- )'; berongaivilwi -- ', (- )'; berongaafilwi -- ' (- )'; berongaesilwi -- ' (- )'; berongaewilwi -- ', (- )'; berongainyi -- ' (-, )'; berongaesinyi -- ' (-, )' .. , , , . 13) «» . , . , , , . , , . «». « + » : - erel lanwa. , ( « », ) : ' ' -- sileme rillailwa ( -ilw- ). ' ' -- aline foarfailya ( -ily- ). - mari ', ' ( ): - erel mari lennalanwe. : , «».

73

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4
-,
«» -, , , , , .

«» -,
, - . , , ( ) . . , , , - . « », . , -- . , ., , , « », . , . [Higley 2000], , conlang.com ( . ) « », «», . 1. onlang.com langmaker.com Conlang.com -- , . , 1995 . , , , - . , , , , . 40000 conlang.com ,

74

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, , , . «» langmaker.com. , , . / , , . . , . , . « » -- , . - , . , , , . langmaker.com , . , , , , , , (): Uplift War, The The Uplift Saga, Book 3 Brin, David Toronto : Bantam, 1987 (1993 printing) 1987 ISBN ISSN 553279718 / Galactic 1-10; Anglic; Neo-Dolphin; Tymbrimi Brin, David

75

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langmaker.com , , , -, , , , , ( ), : Atarel Seiji Suenaga 2004 Atarel . Atarel atarashii, «» - , , Weyo ra vilu na heim iru. Tes ra cata herna esu. . . [] [] . [ It] [] . 142 Seiji Suenaga 03 , 2004 Seiji Suenaga 28 , 2004 , . , 15 . , , , 12 , , , , .

76

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2. Wikipedia, , , « », , , .,http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/ Wikibooks:Languages_bookshelf#Constructed. , , D'ni Baxilic, , , - , . . Baxilic- , , : . D'ni ( «» « »). . . 3. http://www.rickharrison.com/language/index.html Artificial Language Lab -- . : Damin Esperanto sen Fleksio Glaugnea Lingua Ignota Interglossa Spocanian Suma & Inga Taneraic UNI Universala Lingva Kodo VolapÝk Revised Vorlin , (. 1 ), « » . 4. (http://www2.cmp.uea.ac.uk/~jrk/ conlang.html) , «» , 312 , «» «», , . , , . -

77

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. , , , ( ). , : (), « » (, Nanigani), (Loglan, Lojban, AllNoun), - (), jeux d'esprit (Ahua). . 5. . [] (stra.teg.ru) -- , , , . : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; . - , , , , ; . , .. , . . . - . -- (http://anton2ov.spb.ru/) (http://poliglos.info/). , , . , « ». , ( , ), . . . , « », , , , , , . « » ( , , ) http:// espada.org.ru/_fant.php: globaledo; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; -

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; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; -; . , , . , , , « », , , . : , , , , - , , . , , -, , . , . «» : « -- , . , . -- , . . , ...» , , . http://katori.pochta.ru/ling_inter. html, . , : « -- , .. . ,» -- . , . - .

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, .. 18, . . , . «» . : , , , , ; , , , , « », . , , , . , . , , , , , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , . , , ( )
18

80

- . , , . . , , . , , .. . , . [ 1991]. , , , , -- , .

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, , , , : , ; , . , . 1) « » (Mark Rosenfelder's Language Construction Kit http://web.archive.org/web/20010606152249/www.zompist.com/kit.html). , , , , «How to create a language» . (Pablo D. Flores) , http://linguistica.sula.ru/art_kit.htm. « , , ». , . , , , . :

« itelÀn mu cum pÈn vea en er mÊsan so Sannam», « , », ( th then; , ). , ; ; ; ; , ; .

81

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82

, , . , , , . , . , , , : , , , , , , , . . , : . , , , , . , , , , . : Bernard Comrie, The World's Major Languages Anatole Lyovin, An Introduction to the Languages of the World. . , : , , , , . , - , , , . : J.C. Catford, A Practical Introduction to Phonetics, Roger Lass, Phonology David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. , , , . « » , , , «» . , . . , (, ). , . «», , , , , , -- .

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, . : , . , . , , , . , , , , , -- . , . . . . , : , . «» ? , . , , . , . : Geoffrey Sampson, Writing Systems, Kenneth Katzer, Languages of the World, Daniels Bright, The World's Writing Systems. , , , . / . , , , , «» ( - , ). , -- . (. ). . -- . , (. , , ). . , «» : ,

83

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, , , (, «» , arm hand), , , (, ), - , , . , : Palmer, Semantics, Lakoff Johnson, Metaphors We Live By, Takao Suzuki, Japanese and the Japanese: Words in Culture. . ; . : , ; ( , ); , , ( , ); , , , , (, ), , .., ) ( , ) ) ; , -- 19;
19 : , , /, /, , / , () . , , , ( ). , / . , .

84

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( 10 - , 20, , ); , ; , , , .; ; /; (, , , , ) (SVO, SOV, VSO, OVS, OSV, VOS), , ; : , ( , , , ) , ( , ), . , : , , , , , , , , , , . , , / , . . , , , , ( , , ..). - . , , : , , , , : Th. Bynon, Historical Linguistics, H.H. Hock, Principles of Historical Linguistics. (. ). (, , 20

'forty-three' : forty three; four three; forty with three; three and forty; four tens and three; eight fives and three; fifty less seven; twice twenty and three. three forty three on forty.

85

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86

, , ). .. , , , , (http:// web.archive.org/web/20010405225316/www.geocities.com/finis_ stellae/ng/lng/how/index.html). « ()» « ()». - . -, . , - «- , », , , , , , . 2) «» , , Dungeons & Dragons -- « » («Language creation» http://www.langservices.net/language_creation.html). , . , , , . , , , , ( - 600 ), , ( ) topic related language. (, «»). ( 300 ), , . , , , , , , , , , .. , . ) , ) ) , . , -

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. , , , . , , , , , , . « , », -- . , , . « , , , , ». . , , -- , . , , . , , , , . , , , , . «» . , ) , ; ) , . , , ( ) . , ( , , -- , , ). , , -- . , « » , , , . , . , . , , , , , , , . « , , , , . , 1200 ,

87

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... , , , , , ». , , . , , . , . «» . , , , . , ; , . , : , , , , . , , . KICKS Academy Course http://feminafelis.tripod.com/ . «» , , , , . , «-» (Model Languages), , . , , , «?» , «?» , , , , . . , « » [Henning 1995], , , , , . silly , = blessed, , «innocent», ;

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priest , - « »; place « » «»; bug «» « » . , , , , : , , . , , -. , . , , , . : I won't use words again They don't mean what I meant They don't say what I said They're just the crust of the meaning With realms underneath Never touched Never stirred Never even moved through If language were liquid It would be rushing in21 , , -, - . , , , « » . ,
21

, , , ( )

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, , . , - brother , 5 . « » ( naming language) http://www.langmaker.com/ml0103a.htm . , , , , . , . , , , , «» , . .

, , . , . , , , : 1) (IPA Zounds, Sound Change Applier, On-Line Sound Changer, Phoneme Inventory Creator, UPSID MacProlog Interface, Drift); 2) (Azgen, Conlang Dictionary Maker, Dublex Compound Interest Word-Joining Spreadsheet, KZod, On-Line Word Generator, On-Line Word Maker, PHPWordGen, Text Manipulation Tools, Word Creator, WordGen, Word Generator Scripts, WordSynth.pl, Drift); 3) (Alphabet Synthesis Machine, Glyph Maker); 4) , , (Carabao Do-It-Yourself Machine Translation Kit, dMof Elvish translator, Universal Translator Assistant Project);

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5) , (Font Creator Program); 6) (Inspiration Pad Pro, Planetary Creation and Linguistic Database (PCALD), World Creator). , , . , . 1), 2) 3). , . , . 6), . 1. UCLA -- UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database (UPSID) (, : http://alphabet.tmema.org/applet.html). . (http://www.langmaker.com/kalisise.htm): «Kelu supaka-sunu ke sese kane ke Kali-sise pi nalike se. Four vowels and six consonants Kalisise has. . , - , , . , , 19 20 . , , UPSID, 317 , ». UPSID, , . . (M. Smith) UPSID Phoneme Inventory Creator, . , . : http://web.archive.org/web/20020916011636/www.bol.ucla.edu/~sm ithma/Random/random.html. 2. . Word

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Creator Java (http:// www.cs.pdx.edu/~kenstcyr/wordsynth.html) -- WordSynth Perl, , , . WordSynth GDW's Traveller language generation system. , . , . , . . . , , . http://www.fantasist.net/namegen.shtml . , , . , -- ConLang Generator, . . , ( , , ). - . : lector doctor focus jocus districtus civitatem adoptare opera secundus V=aeiou C=ptcqbdgmnlrhs F=ie B=ou S=ptc Z=bdg s//_# m//# e//Vr_# v//V_V u/o/_# gn/nh/ S/Z/V_V c/i/F_t c/u/B_t p//V_t ii/i/_ e//C_rV

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: leitor doutor fogo jogo distrito cidade adotar obra segundo - : x/y/z, , , -- , z , ( ). , c/g/V_V g ; gn/nh/_ -- gn nh . # : u/o/_# u . ( ) , s//_#. , s . : -- , . : , F = `ie' ( ) c/i/F_t ( i t; S = `ptc' Z = `bdg' S/Z/V_V ( ptc ). , , opera p/b/V_V e/ /C_rV ( obera r obra). «» -- : u/Ý/_C(C)F -- u Ý « ». . , . , , , : ph/f/_ Sound Change Applier (. Zompist.com), Lingua::SoundChange CPAN module. 3. . , http://alphabet. tmema.org/applet.html Alphabet Synthesis Machine. . ,

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. , , , , «» . , . , 20 2005:

, , . . . , , , , «», . , , . , , . , , .

,
: , , , . -

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, (., , 3), , , , . , . http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ conlang/ messages : ; ; , ( , , , : , ?); , ( ? ? ?); ; .. http://www.artlangs.com/index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file= viewforum&f=18 : ; ; ; ; ; ; . , , , , . , . , (, , factitive , , ), . . -

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, , , , . 1. « » (Chovur, J. J. Fatula, -- http://timshak.tripod.com/lang/chovur.html). : 1) , , : , , VSO-, SVO; 2) , , -, , , : The sky is blue. Se angqar bairokat. The horse is fast. Se senga nechatat. Grass is green. Se shazak oigukat. The horse eats grass. Kosich senga shazaken. A man eats meat. Kosich tumeq bayaren. : The horse is blue. ??? The man is fast. ??? Grass eats the sky. ??? ??? Se angqar oigukat. ??? Kosich angqar tumeqen. Kosich tumeq senganen. ??? . . -, . , . 3) . , «» «», : , , , . , , -- , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , 22.
22

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Lipu'onai: http://lipuweb.sphosting.com . : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

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. «» , . , , (., , ervenian, http://www.artlangs.com/index.php? name=PNphpBB2&file=viewtopic&t=300 ). , , , «/» . 2. , . . , , (., , http://www.langmaker.com/babeltexts.htm, http://randyb.byu.edu/alioth/hanbab.html; http://randyb.byu.edu/alioth/kiffbab.html; http://randyb.byu.edu/alioth/sotobab.html). «» « »23 (., , http://www.artlangs.com/index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=viewtopic& t=173 ), . « », . . , , - .24 , , « », VII .. (http://www.io.com/ ~hmiller/lang/Tirelat/swallow-song.html). , , : Three Rings for the Elven Kings under the sky, Seven for the Dwarf Lords in their halls of stone, Nine for mortal Men doomed to die, One for the Dark Lord on His dark throne One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find Them One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind Them. 24 Je gantang, viranun egeish chanun jeng ara Ængaren a sengatuken, guirun senga tsevuril dÆm chÆyÆren, basagun senga dÆm idmuken, ka basagun senga tumeqen nechat. Dalun egeish sengatukang, "Janat viratse makilka tumeq sengatuken, chantse izaken Ægh teil chemurang." Dalun sengatuk, "Kaitetevarazh egeish, chantse izaken Ægh tetukil chemurur janat viratse yartanen: kuchar tumeq terjinat egeishil Ængaren jÆldÆ chertabang tsevang. Ka chan egeish ara Ængaren." Janat kaitege yartanen, kobirun egeish Ægh venchenang.
23

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( ) . , Elatoi , : STE VAETATI AMON VORAGYS The Treaty Amon Bhorag-of 1. ethos ste ostur amaoiys up-until-now the history human-of gentes kosvokemilei gentesar tribe has-fought tribe od regemi kosvokemilei regemar and kingdom has-fought kingdom od emevellui kosvokemilei emevelluar and empire has-fought empire stui sosoi odunuve delriys avaeys vutaeys unueys vonutatiys desatiys. because-of reasons andlist land-of wealth-of faith-of honor-of power-of glory-of 2. nons ste regemoi sonudemuntesys Now the kingdoms continental kosdeselnelleis stusas stile sumoal have-decided to stand together velvu vemselle ste vurearoi drieinisys in-order-to vanquish the forces tyranny-of stusi andensyvuseis amnar. that would-subdue everyone. 3. istonuiliman stun asituear stusas sothuvule We-are-given an opportunity to undertake stun mitumavatar emeukatis en ostur an enterprise unparalleled in history stun asituear stusas restile sonutesulstas an opportunity to remain in-a-state-of-unity vastduin ste endosti viusentes kosetulei after-even the current crisis passes,

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stusas evudratoselle stun euvar nivatis visys od usuluis. to usher-in a new era peace-of and cooperation-of. 4. isvavasiliman es deselni stusas samevlese es euvar nivatis ud We-are-faced-with this decision to embrace this era new or stusas radethentelle ste velvutui od ste dusktui ste viudelludatiys. to descend-into-again the mistrust and the chaos the past-of. 5. issonudregiliman os emvudas ste roemisi ars vavasilys Gathered here, among the ruins Ars Vapasila-of, stuati res vaemalilei delrar soati od vavolatar soati od vudarduin soati whose king sacrificed lands his, people his, and life-even his stusas deventelle ste regemaroi oreintes sonudri ste astisoi luvelludatys to defend the kingdoms east-of against the enemies freedom-of, nis evasidatoi ste regemoiys mintumatis sonudemuntesys ovusuliman deselnar nistas. we representatives the kingdoms-of great continental accomplish decision our. 6. dellactiliman visar. We-choose peace. , , . : For eons the peoples of the continent fought each other for dominance. . , : . : «I Can Eat Glass» ( « , -- «I can eat glass, it doesn't hurt me») «The dog ate my homework» (« »). UCLA . , « » ("Inventing language"). . http://web.archive.org/web/20020819231958/www. linguistics.ucla.edu/people/grads/jforeman/collegium/resource.htm . « », « »:

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100

, , . , ( ) / , . , , . . , , , / . , , Uafilaidu «Concerning the Stars». ( ): (Cenlatorre) Dasse se lathirith «About Stars»; (Rhean) Ora Zvisim «About Stars»; (Narethanaal) nehhlet ziathaa preend «About Conventional Stars»; (Obrenje) Vin ny lire folinje «About Conventional Stars»; (GÈarthnuns) Chauk latursaud wÌreraud Èsh «On Common Stars»; (Megdevi) wi mejl&Z SejIf&Z fagil&Z «Concerning Some Common Stars»; (Ebisedian) ni 3bis33'du fww't3 d3 3Kal33'ri «[Concerning the] Ekakeri Seen by People»; (Hattic) Is spÄchurd zraf hirmu orsa «Fountains as Seen by People»; (Skuodian) Jaako kaaldeke viid'uonti liudi «How People See Wells»; (EvÌendadhail) IlcwÀ ÌdwilÌ Ì ÌdanwÌ is «How the Wells and People See»; (Zhyler) iZb2l.ej.vet.ejet zixMvitetnem mattakka «By Means of Which Well a Person Sees»; (Tirelat) Tlizhalhazan vjaki tai mikvidu zhu zharh? «Does One See With Wells and a Person?»; (Kash) Aka Mitikas Casini? «Do We See the Source?»; (Tunu) Time ikakami apone kite paho? «Can We See the Source?»; (Ibran) PÞlhime veir l'huint? «Can We See the Source?»; (Kar Marinam) «Can We See the Source?»; (Rav Zarruvo) Va_ng va_ zÞlzÞn bÍ WÒzÞw'Çng rÀ vo_? «Can the Creator Be Seen By Us?»; (Uatakassi) Panailassipasnikibu tiNglii? «Will we be able to see the Creator?» : (Teonaht) Rinil Tilvan «About the Stars»; (Ini) Kap tu kunitunaka «About the Stars»; (Lojban) sera'a lo tarci «Concerning the Stars»; (Verdurian) Eta soÍ curulÍ «About the Stars»; (Kelen) xien-jÈ anlÇÀni «Concerning Stars»; (Ilaini) Lazene lay «About the Stars»;

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(Zitwbata) t'uno «In the Stars»; (Kamakawi) Poinivie «Concerning Stars»; (Yivrian) Ela luneni «Concerning Stars»; (Nindic) Luinos Eluid «Concerning the Stars»; (Askaic) sufer ardes «About the Stars»; (Sturnan) Eti Kovaki «About Stars»; (Kayasanoda) Hi Dada Lahatsomanide «About the Stars»; (`Yemls) CTop: gjUOj «Concerning Stars»; (Vaior) Rul Raierul «Regarding the Star(s)»; (Graavgaaln) JhØn DÉrn «Of Stars»; (Nesheti) Buda Fitarilik «About Stars»; (Tasratal) Ilazar Ylysto «Categories of Stars»; (Rokbeigalmki) ^Reng^gamnuhm-a «The Order of the Stars». 3. . 1) , «» , . 2) . 3) , : («») , . . , «» , , , / . ( ): « (Manadi Ellem) Ku'Lajin. , , (Haemon) . (the Great Aidomatir), . , , , , Ku'Lajin. , 16 , . . « » , Ku'Lajin <...> . (the Old Rules), , . « » , 32 . 8 , . ^ ^

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, (the Holy Book), ». , . « », . : The Great War marked the end of æhna's reign As the rains fell upon the bodies of the slain And the war machines obliterated the land And turned the green forests into sand The pillar that had once stood tall Broke under the weapon's wrath and hath fall As the unlistening fell and wept Their Greatest King had stepped And pleaded he, with Reijinai So that his people may lie And sleep their terrible pain away For this is what he had to say... Ku'Lajin , . . , .., , «» . . 4) , , , «-» . «-», , , . -- , , . , : , , - . , ( , , ), , , , . - , , , ( , , ), «» . 4. , . « »: ,

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, . . « » -- . , , ( . ) Conlang Evolution Experiment. , - . , . , ( -), , -, , -, , , , . - , , (Kingifa). -- ( , ): · Ixa si aku mituku faku yi kingifa ka uxi nafufa. (Kingifa, -) · Shes gu mitku fok yi kingfa ka fi loffa. (Kingfa, 1) · Gu medku fokadsho yish kingfam ka fi loffamgak. (Kinfa, 1.1) · KÛ mÈy fhyÑ fhÑ kÈng yË lÞ yu lÄ fhi lÞ. (Khikeng, 1.1.1) · KÛ shÌmÈy fÀefÀesÌng kÇpÇ ËlÞ kÞethyÕ kÀe fhËfhËlÞ lÎ^rlÀ (KhÌkÈng, 1.1.1.1) · Shes gu mitp fok yi kimva ka fi loffaloffa. (Kimva, 1.2) · Shes wu mirp haho yish ikimwa ka fi ififishshye. (Kimwa lilyeho, 1.2.1) · Shes Ø mil Áo Ís kimma ga shisshena. (Kimma, 1.2.1.1) · 'ixashi miru'u 'aku faku wifi wi kingiwa yupi wifi 'uy nafusa. (Kingiwa 'awiwasa, 2) · Miru a'uh xashi faha'urin wiwi 'ingiwa yu way nahusa. (Aw'ingiwa, 2.1) · Miru ngoÓ'uu fÓÓ'okÔshin wii 'ingÔÔ yu wiÔ nÓÓsÓnguu. (Oingaeae, 2.1.1) · IxÞsh mirup hÅk fÅk wifiw kingewshiw jyp wifuj nafosshiw. (ßakiw pym wifiw KingewhÞwwas, 2.2) · Yexay si ape mitukol kafiexÁc akol yi kigniehÁc yi naÕhoufÁc. (Kigniehac, 3) 13 , , , , . , 2 ( , ) 25.
25 , , .

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104

, . 10 3 . : ptk fsx m n ng [] y [j] : iau : CV . : , . : . . , . : SVO, , (http://www.talideon.com/concultures/ wiki/?doc=Kingifa). ? (Kingfa), (21 , 5 ) . : p t ch [t] k b d g f s sh [] x v z m n ng [] w y [j] l (b d g v z) . : ieaou e o . : C(G)V(C), G w y. . : `' i, . - : `' `' yi, - gwi fi = `all+us' `' yish fi = `one+thing' (http://www.talideon.com/concultures/wiki/?doc=Kingfa). (Kinfa), (Kingfa). : p t ch [x] dh k q b d g f s sh [] v z m n ng [] mg w y [j] l ' [h] : ieaou e o .

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: C(G)V(C), G '[h] , y [j]. y s z, sh dh. : , «», h y. , : <-s> , , , , <-sh> ; <-m> -- , <-mg> . <-q> , <-k> . , . : -- <-sh> <-d> , ( ). , (?) , , . : 1) «»: faku fok [< faku] fok [fok] 2) «»: finuxi finxi [< finuxi] finchi [< finxi] 3) «»: kusaxa kusxa [< kusaxa] kush'a [< kusxa] 4) «, »: pumi pum [< pumi] pumg [< pum] «» , , , Kigniehac. , . , ( , 10 21) ( 3 5), ( 15) ( 7) . : p, b ( ) t k f s c[C] x h m n ng/gn [] (gn ) l r y [j] : i e Õ[E] a u o[O/o] Á [A]

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: ie Ái[Aj] au[aw] ou[ow] aÕ[aE] ue[we] : CV, . : , , , , . : -atÁc (, , , , : , ). kay (and) . . , «» - : - , ; - : u, o, e --> i, a, a / y(i); - «» f: f --> h ( u; ff f , , ), h --> ü / #, p --> f ; - : kw --> p; mw --> b; - ; - s --> r ( Á). 26 , , , -, , , , -. , . . , -- , . : - , , , , . - , , . , : , , , , . , .
26

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, , .

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5

. , : , , , . . , , , , . . , : , , . . , , , .

« , , , «»... ... [] ... -- , » [Henry 1967; 67]. , , ( , ) . 1. , , Mova atlantova « »: « , , , , . «», , «». , . , , , . , ( , ), -

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108

, , . , . -, , , , « ». , , . (- a ), , , . «- » . -- , -- . « » («») . . (az, tu, on, mi, vi, oni), . , moi, tvoi, evoi, moistva, tvoistva, evoistva ( moina, tvoina, evoina, moistvena, tvoistvena, evoistvena)» [ .., ..]. , . , . . 2. (Barsoomian) . , , , . 11 - .. ( ). , , , ( «

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»27). , , , , Barsoomian (, , ) , (- , , , , , ) « , , , , zode, , `e' ( lode), », -- . Langmaker.com , : ( , , ) ( , ) , , , «» . , , , . ( ) . 3. -- , . , , . , « » (http://randyb.byu.edu/alioth/sketch.html) Kiir Thenoo'i'rar, , , Spence Hill. « », , , : « ( ub An'ed, )
27 "This power [telepathy] is wonderfully developed in all Martians, and accounts largely for the simplicity of their language and the relatively few spoken words exchanged even in long conversations. It is the universal language of Mars, through the medium of which the higher and lower animals of this world of paradoxes are able to communicate to a greater or less extent, depending upon the intellectual sphere of the species and the development of the individual." "'In the name of my first ancestor, then,' she continued, 'where may you be from? You are like to my people, and yet so unlike. You speak my language, and yet I heard you tell Tars Tarkas that you had but learned it recently. All Barsoomians speak the same tongue from the iceclad south to the ice-clad north, though their written languages differ. Only in the valley Dor, where the river Iss empties into the lost sea of Korus, is there supposed to be a different language spoken, and, except in the legends of our ancestors, there is no record of a Barsoomian returning up the river Iss.'"

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, , , , ».28 4. , . , , : « (Tirelat) , 1999 . (Jarda) , . : 8 , , 2000 . , , , « » , . - (Czirehlat) «» . , , , . 2001 ( , (Gjarrda)), . 2002 , , , «È» «y». «» 2001 , , , . 2004 , , (Sangari) , (Zireen) [ -- .., ..]. (, )» http://www.io.com/ ~hmiller/lang/Tirelat/ . , , , . , , . , () : , «» .
28 The An'dorian Language (or ub An'ed as we call it, among ourselves) reflects much of the highly stratified class system, so firmly entrenched in the culture of An'dor, Piin'tel, Aad'hozh, Em'phur, and our colonies.

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5. , «» . , , , , . . , http://en.wikibooks.org/ wiki/Baxilic , , .. « », , , . « » , .

, , . , : « (dÎn, et, jjan, jer...) . -- , ». , , «» : , , . : « , , - [ .., ..], , , 29» ( ; «», , . «»). , , «» .

, , / , , . , , , , ,
29

It must be remembered that even if a noun does not feel, to you, like it fits into its class, it does to us, the natives of the Language.

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, . , , - , . , . , , . , , ( : / ), , . , ( , ) ( : , , , ), , -. « », : , , , . , . , , « , Sari Ambier -- », , ( ) , : « , , : Dzarin das athim athimi ambier Îs sari et fa zar atah ambier sari et aminbar , »; ( « »): «Bur mu faram Îd amber minem Ret ana ender adda bÎn zar ba darifen darif amit jama , ?» (« »). , , , . : , -

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, , , . «» , , , ( ); (, , , «», «» «») .. . , , . , , , , , , [ 1999; 1]. , . , , , .

: . , . [Higley 2000] , , , (), , , , , , , . . -- , -- , , , , : « , . . , -- , , , , -- , -- » (http://espada.org.ru/lingva/atl.php ).

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, , , . . 1. , . , , , , . , . , , . , . 2. . , , . 3. - . , , -, « ». , , - , , , , . ., , ( ): ir, bÎn, ut, avun, umun, Ätun irem, bÎnem, utem, avuni, umuni, Ätuni adda , , da dÎn , , bur dÎn adda () dani ender adda , jama 4. , , . . ., , « ». , -

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, : «... . , . «i i;», - -- « i zz». , , : « ii ii i izz i z z i -- , , ». (, -, , . , ). 5. , . , , , , , , . « ?», , . 6. , , , , , . , , - - , . , .

, , , , . ( « ») , (« , Y») . , 30,
30

. () (http://www.ling.uni-konstanz.de/pages/proj/sprachbau.htm) 2000 . 1600 , , .

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, .. [ 1998] . [Greenberg 1963]. , .. : « » ( « ...»). «» . : « <> , , », -- . , , , , , . . - . , , , -, , . : « ». ( , ) : ( , , ) ( ). , , . . , , (). . , . «» -- «» « » ( « ») . . . , «» , . . , , , . , 12 , --,

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- , 7, 5 . , . , « , » « , ». , , (, , , , ). , , , , . « », . « »: « [ .., ..] , , , ; , , » [ 1974; 104]. , , , . , : « «», . , . . , , , , , , , » [ ]. , « » « », . , , , « » , ( , 3), : , , , .

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, , , , . , , , , , « », -, .

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6

, , , . : , , , , , , , , , ..

, , ,
1. , , , . , - , , . , . -- . 2. , : . . : , , - () .. , , , :

119

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Elatoi

Newahon

120

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, , -, . 3. - . , , , , . , . , . 1996 (. Easton D., «Dean's Conlang Page» http://www.geocities.com/Athens/ Acropolis/9219/index.html). « » -- «sung language» -- - : «... , (-) . , , ...» « «» -- 2 ; -- 15 ( -- F, F#, G, G#, A, Bb, B, C, C#, D, D#, E, f, f#, g, g#; ). «« (. «» ) ( 240 ). , -- (4/4), (2/4) (1/4), 160 (andante, ). -- , ( ) ( , )» [stra.teg.ru]. : F+F- p -Bb-D+ r -C+E-G-A- r -D-D-E+A+G-Ab-A-f+ r + (+ ; p -- ; r -- ). : « (, )- ». (. . Kore wa watashi no sensei desu)

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: -- -- «» + «» -- -- «» -- «» -- -- . « , -- , (, , -)» [ ]. 4. , , , , . . Fith: « , , . , ... : (I) V (F) H, I = (); V = ; F = (); H = , , , ». 5. «» , , . , D'ni : (head), (base) (accent). , , , -- , , . , , : «As it seems from the Riven actors, the re- prefix isn't stressed (re-vAt), possessive adjective suffixes are stressed (tah-Om), the silent sound of the apostroph is stressed (t-UH-rekhoy D-UH-ni) and verbs are stressed to their first tense prefix (bO-dona) or to their stem, not adjective suffix (kEn-en)... generally the words seem to be stressed on their last or second to last syllable...»

1. , , . , ,

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« » . , , . , . : . D'ni. -ec : vog `' > vog-ec `' -th : gica `' > gica-th `' sÆgi `' > sÆgi-th `' -tav : tÊgan `' re-tÊgan-tav `' cav `' re-cav-tav `' -tan : re-tÊgan-tan `' -sh : kera `' > kera-sh `' (http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/D%27ni_grammar:Derivations) 2. , , - , . , 3 , . 1. : : «... , , , «» , , , , , ( ) , . : liahne -- `' liahni -- `, ' liahna -- `' liahnu -- `'. , , ( 4 ) «». , 1-2 , .

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2. « »: « -- , ». 31, . 3. . , , . . « -- , , . «a». , , , , , , . , «a» --. -, « -- «»»: , , , , . «e». , ; «e» , , , , «e». «o». , , (), , -. -- , , (), . , , , «_+». , , ; , , ». : sorammaliabla -- `' ( soram- , liabl- , ), foarfapalalte -- ` ' ( foarf- `', palalt- `').
31 , , , , .. .

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: ohrlelina -- `' ( ohrl- `, ', lin- -- `, '). : palaltoye -- `' ( -y- ), liablona -- `' ( -n- ). 4. , , , : , . , , . -, , . , , ( ): « (, ..) ; , ( ..), , ; ». , (, « »), ( , ) () , , , . , : «... , ; , , . , . -- . : ((((1 <== 2) <== 3) <== 4) <== 5)» -, : «... , , ( ) , . , , , , . , «», . «i», «u» «uh», , ( , «a», «e» «o» ). «i» -

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( ), «u» . «» ( ). , , : ((1 <== 2) <==( (3 <== 4) <== 5)<== 6) «»: 1 & 2 i& 3 & 4 & 5 u & 6 @ «&» «a», «e» «o», «@» -- . : ( (1 <== 2) <==( (3 <== 4) <== 5) ) «»: 1 & 2 i& 3 & 4 & 5 @ «uh» ( , «uha», «uhe» «uho»), , « ». , «i», -- «u». «uh» . , , , : ((1 <== 2) <==( 3 <== 4)<== 5) , «»: 1 & 2 i& 3 & 4u& 5 @, «»: 1 & 2 & 3 uh& 4 & 5 @ . , -- ». : velge -- `' ( ) velg- e ` velgaalanfe -- `, ' velg- ( -a-) alanf- ( , ) e `velgaalanfamorone -- `' velgaalanf- -moron- `'.

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: tarri acontonje -- `' tar- `', cont- `', nj- `' : `<==(<==_)' -- « ». i, .. tarracontonje, tarri acontonje, : `(<==)<==_' -- , « ». -contonje- , -a-, , -- o; numendi asulloni -- `' numend`', -sul- `, ', -n- ` '. , -sul- -n-, «-», «-, », « , » (.. -sullon-, , , -n- ). : numendasuli ( -i- -o-n-) `', ` '. «» , -i- -uh- : numendasulluhoni numendiasulloni, tarriacontonje tarracontuhonje -- (http://laedel.chat.ru/lingua/grammatica.htm.)

, « », / «» . - , , , , , , , , . , , , , . 1. : . , . (. 3). : Newahon 4 , , . , , . «, «I eat», «I do a meal». , «I ride a horse», «I do a

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journey on a horse» «I go by horse». Newahon , , , («action») », -- . . : ender et (), ender jjerit (), ender asanit ()32 et, jjerit, asanit afar, jjerafar, asamfar amfun, jjeramfun, asamfun amut, jjeramut, asammut afun, jjerafun, asnafun afuran, jjerafuran, asnafuran amun, jjeramun, asnamun a! ha jjera! ha asna! ender + (ender et amber irem afa tarum adda ir Î jjan amiem dzarin das ender et , ) in + -ibar (asanibar ) -ambar (jjerambar , asanambar ) -aminbar (jjeraminbar , asamminbar ) -ibar naÎzu (asanibar naÎzu ; zuasanbar, zuasanbrin) -ambar naÎzu (asanambar naÎzu , ) -aminbar naÎzu (asamminbar naÎzu , ) , : Ir samit ender irem afaribar ba minar ala bÎn ala jjan , ; Jjamin taramfun ender utem jeribar ala mu jjamin ba ambier minem , ; ender adda narin bÎnem zinur das ajjanit jama? Ata jjan samit ender utem ajjanibar fa jjaniÄn ender utem asadibar ba jjan asumiÄ das ? , -- . : . , , - 32

128

: « . "ut birit ender ut asanit" " , "».

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, , , , , . , , , : «», . . 2. «Women, Fire and Dangerous Things» , , . , , . [Lakoff 1987] «, ». , 8 : , , , , , , . , , , . , (beekh), (voot), (thiing) (lav) «» , , «». « » , . 3. «» , 4, «, », , . : (, , , , .. ), : ( ) 8 . .

, , , , , , ..: The most common parting is Song ke duun, «Friend the go-away-with-the-intention-ofreturning» = «The friend departs but will come again». , , . - . -

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(, , , «»). «» , , . , , . : . , , , ( ), , , . , , .

conlang.com ( , , ): 1 -- 100 101 -- 200 201 -- 300 301 -- 400 401 -- 500 501 -- 600 601 -- 700 701 -- 800 801 -- 900 901 -- 1,000 1001 -- 1,100 1101 -- 1,200 1201 -- 1,300 1301 -- 1,400 1401 -- 1,500 1501 -- 1,600 1601 -- 1,700 1701 -- 1,800 1801 -- 1,900 1901 -- 2,000 2001 -- 2,100 2101 -- 2,200 2201 -- 2,300 2301 -- 2,400 2401 -- 2,500 2501 -- 2,600 2601 -- 2,700 2701 -- 2,800 2801 -- 2,900 147 79 44 20 31 16 12 10 11 16 6 14 6 8 18 19 0 3 2 22 1 4 3 4 10 0 1 2 4

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2901 -- 3,000 3,001 -- 4,000 4,001 -- 5,000 5,001 -- 6,000 6,001 -- 7,000 7,001 -- 8,000 8,001 -- 9,000 9,001 -- 10,000 10,000 -- 19,999 20,000 -- 29,999 30,000 -- 39,999 40,000 -- 49,999 50,000 -- 59,999 60,000 -- 69,999 70,000 -- 79,999 80,000 -- 89,999 90,000 -- 99,999 100,000 -- 100,000

22 11 9 7 2 2 0 5 13 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

1724 , 100 000. , , , . , , . . : ( , , , ); ; : , , ( ) - ; : , , .. -- Fith. 1) 4 , , : Tsho Ming Sun Do -- Do, Sun Ming Tsho. , , , , , 4 . , -

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, . , . (, , , ) (144 ). 2) 144. 0 144 33, 144 mang 144, , mangkyuunh = 1 x 144 + 2 = 146, mangmang an =144 x 144 + 1 = 20 737. . - tshon, «of», « » `lu hong kyuunh tshon vilh = «I man two of saw» 3) , , . u-, , , . (. 2). - http://www.langmaker.com/ml0106b.htm.

, , . 1. S V O , , , , -- . [Greenberg 1963]. : : SOV ( ); Newahon : VSO ( -- ): A mahami ka le u maikoi. (Travel = verb) (I = subject) (horse = object) SOV: Le u maikoi a mahami ka? (I = subject) (horse = object) (travel = verb)
33

132

1. 2. 3. 4.

0. sing an kyuunh tshun noengh

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

nguß staimh mrongh tloumn meengh

10. hliem 11. vwuunm 12. hlemnh ...

140. 141. 142. 143. 144.

femh dzhloimnh syienm zhluumh mang

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( « »): SVO. « : , , un . , , la. Os un vera viktor t no unit os la it posibel assa never , ». 2. - , , / «» ( ). Newahon: « »; : « , , »; D'ni: , , reprad vogec = `therock natural' (re ). D'ni «» ga : , , , , , . (http://en.wikibooks.org/ wiki/D%27ni_grammar:Idioms)

, , 3-4 . , , (. ), . -- , . , , D'ni. , - full-stop, full-start , , : . . . . (http:// en.wikibooks.org/wiki/D%27ni_grammar:Alphabet_and_Phonology). , . , . , ( ) . , : « , , . . -

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, , , , , ( , )».

« » , , , , -: «Blessed be your ancestors for this meeting»; «In the name of the Ninth Ray!»; «Only our first ancestor knows»; «A warrior may change his metal, but not his heart»; «Blessed be the shell of thy first ancestor»,. «May my ancestors have mercy on me», «The intellects of our ancestors are with us» . . : ( , ) / .

, , . , . , «» -- , , , , . , , . . , , , , , . , , , « , , » « ». , , , « » « »: « . , . , ... -

134

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( ). , «j», «l»,»c/», «jj/dz(z)» «v/w»» (http://espada.org.ru/lingva/ali.php ). , , . « » . . , . 1. : 1133-1179 . ( =144 ). : b v. 2. : 1179-1250 . -- (). 1200 . -- «» ( ) -- , . 1200-1250 . -- ( ) . . 3. . (). : th s. 4. -- 1496 . . 5. . . 6. . . : -, -, -; , () «/» (). , ( , , ). . , . ( ): , , , , .. . , , .

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, , , , , . , . , , «», .. . , , , . , , , . . « » , . , . , -, , « » « »; , , .. , , . 1. , , -- , . , , ( ) / ( ). «», « », « » . 2. . , , , : , , ( , , , ..). .

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, , , , . , «», . 3. , , . -, : . -, : , , . 4. . , . , , , . , , , . - . , , . 5. , , , , / , , / . , , , . 6. , . . . 7. , . 8. , . , , . - , , . , , , ,

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138

. , , . «» -- , . . 9. , « -- -- » , . , . , -- -- . , -- . 10. -- «» . , , , , (, , , , , ). - », , , . 11. . . 12. . . , . , , , « , , ». . , . 13. , , , , , . , , - .

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14. . : , , , , , , , (, , ), ( «» «-», ..). 15. . , . , , , , . , , , , . «» , , . -, , . -, «», . , , , . , « ». « » , , , , « », , , , , , , . , , . , , . - , . , , , «», . ( ) ( , ), ( , , ).

139

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-, . , « » ( , «» ) . . , , , 34. , , , : , , . , 35. , -, , -. , , , , , . , , . ( ) , , . , , , , ., , , , . : , , , . - , , , .
34

« , , , »; « , (, , , , , et cetera)» (« »).

140

35 «... - ( ) , , , ... , . , , » (« »).

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, , , , . . « », - : « . . , , . , , , , ( ) . , , ; , , , , ; , ; , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , » [ 1960].

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1

1. langmaker.com
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Dapnant, Darale, Darkovan, Darmakke, Darmok, Darseni, Darynese, Dashul, DÉbiua, Degaspregos, Dekavurian, DEL, Delason, Delendian, Dementian, Demonic/Alorian, Demua, Denden, Dendrix, Denisian, Den'Ksie, Dermensin, Derrae, Desa Chat, Descubrala, Deseret, Detbap, Deviasew, Deweg, Deymual, Dha-Patu, Dhemonh'ka, Di'aleka, Diallic, Diarenye, Digor, Dilhok, DiLingo, DingwÁ, Dinosaur Language, Diom, Diudisk, Divine Language, The, D'lateequ, D'ni, Doraya, Doriathrin, Dosian, Double Dutch, Dozhu:n, Draconian, Draconic (#1), Draconic (#2), Draconic (Lovarin), Draqa, DraselÈq, Dren, Drhaqa, Drow, Drydic, Dublex, DuirÇn, Dundein Vega, Dunia, Dunnek, Dununmi, Durdekors, Dutton Speedwords, Dwarfin, Dwarven Pidgin, DwÉxÉg e2, Eaiea, Early RÐnic, Earth Language, Earth Minimal, Eastern, Eastern Drydic, Eastron, EbisÈdian, Ebubo, Ecriture Universelle, EDA, E Dashul, édhchirriad, ÉõÊe, Egaeic, Egren, ehmay ghee chah, Ehxduxadiikootu, Eilig, Eklektu 96, Ekspreso, Elatoi, Eleiar, Elephant's Memory, Elet Anta, Elheg, Elkarl, Ellandh, Elleya, Eloi, Eloram, Eloshtan, Elven, Elvish, Emeni, Emterz, Enochian, Entish, Epiq, E-Prime, Eretas, Erog, Erone, Esata, Esei, EseshtÈ-basÑ, Esiterato, Eskimo, EspanzÊ, Esperando, Esperanto, Esperanto de DLT, Esperanto sen Fleksio, Esreverian, Essential World English, Ethire, Etrer'aous, Etwu, Eunoia, Eurana, Euransi, EuroEnglish, Eurolang, Eurolengo, Europan, Europanto, Europeano, EurÇn, EvÌendadhail, Exorian, EyahwÀnsi FampÑnd, Farlingo, Fasile, Fegiartische, Feianovedo, Feorran, Ferengi, Fergiartisch, Ferismonlaren, Finglish, Finnstek, Fith, Fjinnjikulla, Flaidish, Flestrin, Florish, Folkiske, Folkspraak, Folksstem, Fonymfin, Forendar, Fortunatian, Frater, Frater 2, Frionske, Fukhian, Fungarr, Furbish, Futurese GaciÃa, Gaelish, GÄlyr, G'amah, Gamyar, Ganh, gÀ'rDÊMy, Gargish, GÈarthuns, Gelveasar, Genistien, Geoglot, Germanech, Gevey, Giak, Gilish, Gilo, Gjarrda, Gladilatian, Glaugnea, Gleeb, Glide, Globish (Globish English), Glosa, Goblin, Goesk, Golal Natkali, Golic Vulcan, Gomain, Gquim, Gothic, Graatska, Graavgaaln, Graod, Grooiman, Guask, gua!spi, Gutisk, Gweydr, Gwr, gzb Hadwan, Hallon, Hallowese, Hambhukringki, Hamdi, HÄnÄthlÍÉr, Hani, Hansu, han-taj-tUl-hUt, Hapoish, Harajelata, Harry Potter Magic Language, Hattic, HeanasjacÀel, Hebret, HeratÎ, Herlanian, Hieroglyfic, Highland Zein, High Speech, Himmaswa, Huttese, HyiltÈ, Hystudian iaPil, Ibraang, Ibran, Idjana, Ido, Idrani, Igmerind, Igrejan, Ii42hah32reh12man41, Iju Puna, Ikanirae Seru, Iksto, Ilaini, Ilathid'hi, IlianÑre, Ilish, Iljanore, Ilkorin, IllanÎ, Illfillin, IltÁrer, Ilythirri Alurl, Imuttan, Inagalasi, Inda, Indika, Indo-Nugimian, Ini, inif Xeuivteles, Inklische, înlici, Inrilan, Intal, Inter Celtic, Inter-esperanto, Intergermansk, Interglossa, InterLang, Interlingua, Interlingue, Intermythic English, International Sign Language (ISL), Intero, îpetas, Ipsilikhthar, Iqalu, Irecepte, Irsawa, Isirian, Islandian, Islet, Islic Wood Elvish, Ismain, Isotype, it-Cejdijtung, Ctung, Ithkuil, Itlani, Ivrien J'ÔkatÀ, Jafo, Jakelimotu, Jamalinask, Jameld, Japanglish, Jasminese, ,, Jaueqao myys, Javifo, Jechoire, Jelbazech, Jezik Slovianaja, Jigwa, Jirit, jiVoqu, Jleer, Jlin, Jovian, Juvenilia, Jylsk, JynmØ

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Nabel, Nadsat, Naffarin, NahÈla, Nakiltipkaspimak, ßakiw pym wifiw kingewhÞwwas, Nalona, Nalonin, Nalosya, Namarin, Namek, Nandorin, Nanigani, Nanon, Naqu, Naracze, Naranis, NarbonÑsc, Nari, Narish, Nartrean, Nassian, Natu-Khuzdul, NedertÔl, Neelan, Neitetar, Nemeritvie, Neo, Neo-Dalmatian, Neove, Nesupian, Nevbosh, Nevokanyi, Newahon, New Avaeran, New English, Newspeak, Ngetsu, NGL, Ngolopalnec, `Ngwei-koo `Lei, Nickish, Nietarenska, Nihilosk, Niline lale, Nimyad, Nirdaen, Niw Englisc, Njaama, Noceltaeh, NÒmÌk SprÜk, Noraan, NordÀlien, NÑrdicg, Nordien, Northern Griffin Script, Nova, Nova Anglica, Novial, Novial 98, NovIALA, Novial Pro, Nowapan, Noxilo, NÑyahtowa, NÑyanla, Nrit, Nuatic, Nu Aves Khara-Ansha, Nuirn, Nunihongo, NÝreqio, Nuspic, Nyofa Obrenje, Occidental, Octrin, Oda Zginzgala, ODODU, Odonien, Oetadh, Ó'ingÔÔ, Ok, Okaikiar, Oktaan, Olaetian, Old Albic, Old Dwarvish, Old Hyksos, Old Kandar, Old Rashurish, Old Sindarin, Old Southern, Old Tongue, O'lelic, Olijad, Olvardeth, Omnesian, Omnial, Oneirien, Ongaki, Ook!, Oopee, Oou, Opus-2, Oraq, Orcish, Oro Mpaa, Ose, Ossers/Nashi, Otg, Ouranian-Barbaric, Oz, Ozay Pacarian, Paiodd, Pakitani, Pakuni, Pala-kalloejna, Paleneo, Palli, Pamrul, Pamryr, Pan-kel, Panovese Kal, Pantato, Parseltongue, Pasilalion, Pasilogia, Patrienish, P@x'ÞÖokxÀÖ, Paulic, P'bankian, PÈlÈnne, Pe'Ma'De, Penge lige, Penginijtunge, Perilo, Perio, Persevi, Phaleran, phonetic picture-writing, Piat, Pictban, Picture Language, Pig Elvish, Pig Latin, Pikachu, Pikutu, Pil'koska, Pisina, pjaukra, Plan B, Plan C, Platio, Plefande, Pokemon, Poliespo, po'P'kp, Poi, Prajiiast, P'Ren, Primal, Prime Lexicon, Primitive Elvish, Progressiva, Projet d'une langue universelle presente a la convention nationale, Proslava, Proto-Dalurian, Proto-Drem, Proto-East-Arakhelian, Proto-Eastern, Proto-Hambah, Proto-Kesk'an, Proto-Liotan, Prototype Worlds, PsharÀdi (Modern Tsaran), Ptokan, Ptx:f, Purdik, Pushakian, Pwpwpw Qa, Qatama, Qat'w, Qelvietu, Q'en|gÞi, Qenya, Qhalite, Qilmanian, Qtwyqp Qly, Quebh, Quenya, Quya, q~'u^pl! Rachovian, Radilu, Rahha, Ranamemi, Rap Lin Rie, Ravenloftish, Rav Zarruvo, Raxanakoa, Rayatako, RÕaniano, Regelluga, Regimonti, Reman, Reim, Retehitu, RÈziko, Rhan, Rhean, Rhyllan, Rigavie Sutanio, Rikchik, Rinya, Risan, Rivaansa, Rivertongue, Ro, Rodlox's Unnamed Conlang, Rokbeigalmki, Romana, Romanice, Romanico, Romanid, Romanova, Romula, Romulan, RÐnic, Ronnes, Rootian English, Rosakeat, Roxhai, Rrldha, R^tennin, RÇmeann, Rusakui, RÇvuk, R'yihdd Saakha, Safo, Saiwosh, Sakao, Sakatda Ka Kadomo, Salanjan, San Corrado Langue, Sap'e'o, Saphah, Saprutum, Sapuho Dejeru, Sarbleski, Sarjan, Sarkelean, Sarminath, SASXSEK, Sathir, Satritain, Saurian, Scallin, SCSL, Sea Elvish, SedoNeural, Seimi, Sekponh, SeMpaiton, Senelhian, Sen:esepera, Senu Yivokuchi, Senyecan, Serasraes, Sermo, Seversk, Sevorian, Seyekoneth, Shadebu, Shaelic, Shaleyan, Shan, Shaquelingua, ShariolÈh, Sheli, Shemdaoli, Sheng, Shilgne S'drawkab C'navdair, Shinoarnii, Shkanshej, Shoa, Shondan, Shotali, Sialy, Sidanjala, Sidonian, Signuno, Siidmak, Silarg, Silindion, Simlish,

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T

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1. Conlang Yellow Pages
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D'ni Don's unnamed conlang Doraya Doriathrin Draconian DraselÈq Drhaqa Drow Dunia Dunnek Dutton Speedwords Eaiea Earth language Earth Minimal Eklektu Elephant's Memory Elet Anta Eloshtan Elvish (Tolkien) Enochian Entish EronÈ Esperanto Esperanto sen Fleksio Essential World English Eunoia Eurish Eurolang Eurolengo Feorran Ferengi Frismonlarn Fith Fjinnjikulla Folkspraak Frater Frater 2

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Shaleyan Shavian Shelta (Shelter, Gammon) Shemdaoli Simpenga Sindarin Sitarwelas Sdmak Skandinaviska Solkar Solresol Sona Speedtalk Spocanian Star Trek languages Streich Suma Syldavian Taelons Tal-eglar Talossan Tamarian Taneraic tAruven Tazhai TÈkumel Telerin Teonaht Tepa Terran Thosk Toaliralolo languages Tokana Tomoulini Ganmaa Tolte Tomato Tominian Triparian

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TrQal (Trollish) TsÞlu Tunu Tutonish Tvern El Tydash Uhli Ukhik UNI UNL (Universal Networking Language) Universala Lingva Kodo Universal Picture Language ýqoi UTL (Universal Translation Language) Vabungula Vaior Valarin Valdyan Vendi Verdurian Vilani Vogu (Vogukadan) VolapÝk Voksigid Vorlin Voynich language Vranian Vulcan Waldzell conlang Watakass Wede:i Westron Wilkins' l anguage

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Xan, languages of Xt! Yf Rgalin Yiklamu Y-Irril Zegzolt Zengo Zharranh Zirienka Zoinx Zyem, languages of Aelya36 Casta Chanan Demua Deseret Emeni Erotica Etwu Glide iaPil Interglossa Keki

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2. . 38 :
Introduction KÈleßi are usually between 180 and 220 cm in height and 70 to 110 kg in weight. Their skin color ranges from dark brown through hazel to pale green. A few golden KÈlen is spoken by the KÈleßi, a humanoid species of the planet TÈrjemar. Adult -yellow skinned individuals appear from time to time. Hair color is usually black or dark green or pale green, though again golden-yellow is occasionally seen. Eye color is usually black, with green running through certain lineages, and purple and yellow showing up occasionally. The name KÈlen comes from the root -kÈl-, which refers to crafts and artistry. This could be taken as a reference to the guilds which are such an important part of KÈlen life. Or, it could refer to the creation myth wherein the KÈlen people are crafted by the local deities or by annÀra into what they are today. The KÈlen people are organized into clans, and each clan purports to have a different dialect. That said, the clans XÀmorte and àstaßa together with several other clans in the area known alternately as XÀmorte and ànnemÈthin, have more or less unified their dialects into a common language, known as XÀmorteKÈlen to outsiders who differentiate it from their own KÈlen. This sketch is primarily about XÀmorte-KÈlen, but will cover other dialects when they are of interest. Actual KÈlen words will appear italicized and green, while anglicized words will appear as regular text. For those who are interested, a short pronunciation guide is available here. The People The KÈleßi are not native to TÈrjemar. They came from elsewhere. They are humanoid, giving rise to theories that the KÈleßi are genetically modified humans. The KÈleßi, however, say that they are not human, thank you very much. The planet TÈrjemar is a terrestrial planet, slightly smaller than earth, orbiting a slightly hotter and brighter star. TÈrjemar has no moons, very little axial tilt, and takes approximately 20 Earth hours per rotation and 813 20-hour days per revolution. Society Traditionally KÈlen society is divided into four parts (four being the sacred number). These are: the clan, the church, the guilds, and the wanderers. The clans are matrilineal and often matriarchal. Allegiance to a clan is obligatory for all KÈlen on the grounds that everyone has a mother. Allegiance to the church or to a guild is optional, and not always permanent, though it is assumed to be longterm. Being a wanderer, on the other hand, is typically a short-term thing, indulged in by youth. There are, however, a small number of people considered to be permanent wanderers who are well respected by all members of society and often act as mediators between the various groups. The KÈlen clans and guilds control most economic activity, often sharing control of any given area. Guilds cover such wide areas as street and public park maintenance, civil defense, mining, hand-crafting of luxury items, etc. Oddly, the storytelling guild is not actually a considered a guild. Instead, it is seen as a loose conglomeration of Wanderers.
38 http://home .netcom.com./ ~sylvia1/kelen/intro.html.

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The church, on the other hand, mediates clan disputes and oversees the making of new clans. It also defends the groups and guilds from being controlled entirely by one clan. The clans usually number between 150 and 250 people all pooling their economic resources as well as child care needs. The clan is matrilineal, matrilocal and generally matriarchal, with a ruling council of old women and grandmothers. Often this council includes men, but sometimes the men have a separate council of their own. The clan takes care of the child raising for all of its members, leaving them free to do other things as necessary. Since all the children are raised together, the difference between a sister and a cousin is negligible. However, since the women stay in the clan and the men eventually leave, the difference between same-sex and opposite-sex siblings and cousins is important. The clan house is usually a large and varied structure with gardens and courtyards, receiving parlors for non-kin and areas where only blood-kin are allowed. Even in the cities, clans are clustered together and separated from other clans by public parks and market squares. Most of the gardens and parks are covered as well, if only partially, to provide protection from a native airborne predator. Each house and market square usually has a well or fountain. Some public ponds are stocked with an iridescent fish. These fountains and ponds are maintained by the Fountain Guild (jÀnnÀneran), which also maintains the public aqueducts and sewers. Public greenery is maintained by the Garden Guild (jÀxteran), the guild responsible for street and tree maintenance. The trellises and coverings over public spaces, however, are maintained by the Trellis Guild (jatÀßeran), which also organizes public defense against some of the large predators of TÈrjemar. Chimes are also common, and the Chime guild (jasÀlÌkeran) is responsible for a popular set of chimes that plays musical notes. Other guilds include the Light-maker Guild (jalÇÌkeran), responsible for public lighting and power, the Kitchen Guild (jahÑheran) which is responsible for all public restaurants and eateries, and the very important Beaders' Guild (janÌseran) which is the maker and distributer of the beads everyone wears in their hair to indicate status and fashion. Education is shared between the clans, the church, and the guilds. The clans provide elementary education during childhood. At a certain age, the girls are usually packed off the a church school for higher education. Some churches offer schools for boys as well. The guilds provide vocational training and education, sometimes far beyond the scope of what the guild officially does. The permanent wanderers will sometimes give tutoring in one or more of the four arts: ansÀla (storytelling and music), antennÀra (dance and motion), anÀlte (healing and touch), and ankeÌlke (visual design). These four arts are also taught in other places and in other ways. Religion The creation story has them coming to TÈrjemar in the form of seven sisters who fell from the stars. They were then found by a local power named ànenÀnte who taught them how to live properly and gave them various gifts, as well as an eighth sister named XÀmorta, who was the child of two other local powers known as KÌthje and NÀrelke. Some consider these local powers to

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have been individuals of the anattÈrjien , a semi-legendary race native to TÈrjemar. Some stories have only NÀrelke as native to TÈrjemar, and KÌthje in particular as «one of us». Needless to say, ànenÀnte has been deified, as well as KÌthje and NÀrelke. However, the most important deity is actually the Star Goddess LÇÀne. She is the one most KÈleßi pray to. She is also the visible form of annÀra, or the underlying order of the universe. Some say she is the mother of the universe and of anannÀrien. AnnÀra, in the form of one's genes and upbringing and history and the consequences of one's decisions and actions, is what makes a person a person and it is also what makes a person distinct and unique. It is closer in definition to «human nature» than to «fate», though it includes a degree of inevitability, though annÀra can be overcome. As it is partially self-defined, it also corresponds to such concepts as «honor» and «integrity». Groups, guilds, and clans also have annÀra -- theirs being made up of all the individual annÀra and the group history. This in turn becomes annÀra for the entire species of KÈleßi, which in turn is part of anannÀrien , or the underlying order of the universe. While annÀra is interlocking, it is not seen as hierarchical. It is rather seen as a substance spread around the universe of which everyone and everything has their piece. The pieces have the same nature as the whole, much in the same way as a small puddle of water has the same nature as a lake. AnnÀra is sometimes opposed by attÀLa or Chance. Some see attÀLa as hostile to anannÀrien, others see it as a necessary part of anannÀrien. The concept of balance or anxÀlÀe is important here. Balance is maintained by anaccÀnien, which is love or emotion. There is also the idea that the universe is a dynamic pattern that started with the beginning of time and will not finish until the end of time. One class of priestesses (males very rarely have this ability) claims to be able to see anannÀrien and how it exists in space and time. These are the marÑÀßi. Non-KÈleßi call them oracles. Aside from LÇÀne, the other important deities worshipped in the Great Temple of XÀmorte include: RÑÀn, the goddess of dreams and the patroness of the marÑÀßi; èmÀr, the earth goddess and the goddess of fertility; and àlre, the goddess of wisdom, trickery, and the four arts. KÌthje is also considered the god of the wilderness and of hunting, and ànenÀnte is considered the patron of wanderers and of the four arts. The only other male deity of note is MÀrenon who guards the Hall of Stars, where some say the ancestors dwell with the Star Goddess. The hero LÀjathin has also been deified, at least in ànnemÈthin, and makes the fourth of the male deities. Minor deities are HÀrthare, the sea-goddess; NÀrelke, the goddess of cold and ice; XÈjelke, the god of murder and assassination, NÀrelke's son; ThÌrien and àtaren, the goddess and god of the forest; HÀwenon, the patron of fishermen; and TÈonÈrja, the oldest of the anattÈrjien. Kinship The KÈleßi are matrilineal and matrilocal, and the kinship terms reflect this. They also have a tradition of adoption at any level of kinship, and as adopted kin are considered to be the equivalent of blood kin, there is little formal distinction

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between these sets of terms. There is also a tradition of named-kin, people who are accorded the politeness of kinship without many of the corresponding rights and responsibility. To start with an arbitrary generation, a person's same sex same generation sibling or cousin is one's matiÈ. The corresponding term for a person of the opposite sex is makÀja. So, a woman's sister is matiÈ and a woman's brother is makÀja. A man's sister is makÀja and a man's brother is matiÈ. This is because people are divided up into same generation same gender groups that stay intact throughout a person's life. So, a woman stays at home with her sisters, and a man and his brothers will leave home at the same time and possibly all get married en masse to a group of sisters. Any same gender and generation kin who are not close enough to stay with the speaker are referred to as makÌra. A person's special companion, perhaps a close sister or brother and/or lover is maxÀntie. A colleague in a guild is sometimes accorded the polite term matÈntie. In contrast, the word mamÀntie is sometimes used for clan kin. A woman's husband is mÀrÑn if she is formally married with a contract between clans. This type of marriage is antÈßßesÀci. These contracts often have an expiration date and detail what is to happen to the children and are essentially treaties (antÈßßi) between clans. Sometimes a woman will take up with someone she has fallen in love with and will adopt him or her into the clan. This is also maxÀntie, as it is considered a permanent bond. One's mother is mÀlmÀra, provided she is one's heart's mother as well as one's genetic mother. Otherwise the term mapÀra is used for both mothers and aunts (a mother 's matiÈ). The polite term for a woman of one's parent's generation but of a different clan is matÈmpara. One's legal father is mÀrÑn, and one's father 's co-husband is masÑwa. One's mother 's brother is mawÈsa. One's father 's sister is not your kin, as she is likely of a different clan, so one could use matÈmpara or the neutral term macÈna («woman»). A polite term for a man of the previous generation in a different clan is matÈmwesa. One's daughter is malÀca and one's son is mamÑÌß. Any female child of the clan is also malÀca. The neutral term for a child is mÌsa. Children are raised communally by the women of the clan. Orphan children partially taken in by the clan are matÈnisa. A grandchild is mÈlÌß. The descendants of the clan are usually referred to with the word malÀci. An infant, too young to mix with siblings, is macÌwa. One's mother 's mother is mÀrja. So is her sister. One's mother 's father is mamÀnsowa. One's father 's parents are technically not one's kin, though the polite terms matÈnarja and matÈnsowa are used. In clan's where one grandmother is the head of the clan and others are subordinate, the term mamÀnarja is used to refer to the other grandmothers. Calendar and Timekeeping The KÈlen year is 813 days long. Since there are no moons, there is no set division for months. As there is also little axial tilt, there is not as strong a variation in seasons. The only real celestial guide is the presence of a certain nebula, called jamÑlemae malÇÀne or LÇÀne's Womb. The earliest appearance of this nebula on the horizon marks the new year, and a day called jilrÇsa. This is followed by sixteen days of the new year called collectively the anilrÇsi. After these, the

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calendar counts another 48 days (in 3 sixteen-day increments) to the day called jaxÈloru. There is a calendar division every 64 days. There are also calendar divisions every 96 and 144 days, culminating in a day called jalÑnaßa. Thereafter are 237 days, divided into three increments, which mark the «dark» time of year when the nebula is not in the sky. Counting all 813 days, the midpoint of the year is celebrated as jawÌjilxien. A diagram, with the special days marked in red, appears below <...> 39 Each set of 16 days is called a jalÇla ends in a day marked with light blue. Several jalÇli make up each jÌlTawa. There are 17 of these, varying in length from 1 to 9 jalÇli. The days marked in darker blue mark the end of each 144 day division. There are 5 of these counting jalÑnaßa. The 96 day divisions are marked in orange, and the 64 day divisions are marked in lavender. The green days mark where the 96 and 64 day divisions overlap. As mentioned earlier, the important holidays are marked in red. Times of celebration are marked in light yellow, and the «dark» part of the year is marked in shades of grey. Altogether, a year is called jÌlxiÈn, and the KÈlen count the years starting from the day they supposedly landed on the planet. This puts them in the 957th year, or year 1675 under their Base 8 counting system. Each rotational period is divided into the day (jalÑna) period and the night (jaxÀel) period. These are further divided into 8 (4 each) periods called jahÑLi. Each jahÑLa is divided into 8 jÇsreni; each jÇsren is divided into 12 jÇsÌßi; and each jÇsÌß is divided into 64 jÌlÌßi. So, timekeeping consists of citing jahÑLa : jÇsren : jÇsÌß : jÌlÌß. However, since each jÌlÌß is approximately one and a half Earth-seconds long, those are often left off of the calculation. Indeed, the jÇsÌß at approximately one and a half Earth-minutes is also regularly disregarded. But, the nearly 19 Earth-minute jÇsren and the approximately 150 Earth-minute jahÑLa are used regularly. ìrÀßi and Humans There are two other species living on TÈrjemar: humans and ìrÀßi. Some would dispute that the ìrÀßi are a separate species from the KÈleßi, but the KÈleßi do not take that seriously. That said, ìrÀßi are probably genetically modified KÈleßi, the modification having taken place generations ago. The ìrÀßi generally speak the same language as the KÈleßi, with dialectal differences due to location and not to species. The humans on TÈrjemar are mostly confined to the space station LÀnorÀen and the port city of MircÀllan. Most of them speak some human language as their native language and only speak KÈlen as a secondary language if they speak it at all. The KÈleßi on the whole prefer their own company and don't like to mix with the other species. They consider themselves superior to other species, sometimes to the point of classifying ìrÀßi and Humans as animals.

39 - , http://home.netcom.com./~sylvia1/kelen./intro.html.

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3

A priori
Dalgarno Wilkins Leibniz Formosan Langue nouvelle Delormel RÈthy Letellier Sotos Ochando Solresol Reimann Verheggen Menct Spelin Bopal Maldant Eichhorn Balta Gurin Spokil VÆlkerverkehrssprache Pan-Arisch Ro aUI Babm suma Loglan Lojban Tanerai Lusane LÀadan Eaiea Roctegedda Liva Ibubo tiz fur zab a bo: baba ne pa marnu ba nede fa ba nte aco tez far (zac) e de: dia to re yabnu ce shin fb ce nta acu taz fir zad i fu: fua te ci cannu di boÑ fc di nto acy toz sur zaf o ga: goa fo vo meinu fo bim fd fo ntey ada tuz sar zak u ha: kea fe mu sunu gu sham fe gu ntei ade tij sir zal A zi: lai so xa yannu ma bath fg ha nteÍ adi tej xur zam E ke: mimi se ze ne um fh le nteu ado taj xar zan I le: nui vo bi pi nib fi ni ntay adu toj xir zar O mu: poi ve so so bud fj po ntai ady U a rei neni pano tu thab fla ru ntaÍ aga mituj fumpur siba redodo di ba bo ik en Ò ak ba da ba sibe vi de be ek de ob ek be de ge e sibi li fi bu ak te oc ik bi di di i sibo mi go do in fe od ok bo do vo o sibu ki shu de en ve of uk bu du mu u sibra resisi ri kÉ du an ge og Æk ja das fa Ä sibre ti la fo ip ce oj Ýk je des te Ê sibri ni me fe ep pe ok auk ji dis ki Ð sibro ji na fu ap ne ol aik jo dos po Þ sibru dÈ ban bos iks o oa akuli bas dus ha bÕ remimi refafa resolsol relala mimido mimire mimifa mimisol ba za a a co ze Ä e de zi o i ga zo Æ o ji l zu e u u zau Ê a: ma zÉ i e: ni zei u i: pa zeu Ý o: bu: vu da va poba ba taufb vH poba ca bogio ve pobe da charhe vo pobi fa kiorh vy pobo ga nokin vu pobgh ha dekie vai poby la meni vei pobigh ma thenio voi pobyi na sonio val pobal be kon

Zahlensprache a

auannu jaunnu

sautnu pou

170

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A posteriori
1. XIX
Gigli na Gerber en Communicationssprache una Pantos-DimouGlossa ono UniversalSprache Pirro un VolapÝk bal Weltsprache un Courtonne jun Pasilingua una Esperanto unu Mundolingue un Kosmos una Lingua Henderson un Mundolinco un Anglo-Franca un Myrana un Langue catholique un AntivolapÝk un Dil un Universala un Orba u Communia un Novilatiin uun Veltparl prim Nov Latin un Dilpok ja Langue bleue ven Idiom Neutral Panroman Mundelingva Perio Zakrzewski Pan-Kel Ido Parla Romanal Kovalev Uropi un un uno un un en un uns uni hen un vu dwoi dua dyo tre troi tria tro fe karoi quatra tetro fi penoi quina pento sse sesoi sesta ekso la to no deksoi setta epto otta okto nona nono dia deko

du tel du du dua du du dua du du du dui dve due tun du du dui due tven du dÄ dov du du duo tem du do du dus dui deut du

tri kil tres rÉ tria tri tri tria trÈ tres tre tre tre tre zan tri tre tri tre tril tre ze ter tri tre trio tir tri tri tri tres tri tri tri

quat fol cvart qat quadra kvar quar quadra quat cvarto quat quar quator kuatt fir kar kat quadri kvar kar quat fi far kuatr quar karo vor kar fir quar kvas quadri tetr kwer

quint lul cvint cin quinqua kvin quin quinqua quinc cvinto quinc quin quin sink bej kin hin quini kvin fiv quinq lÝ kel kuink quin kino kin kin fif kin kvis quinti pent pin

sex mÄl secs sis sexa ses sex sexa sex siso sex sex six siss siz ses sei sexi see seks sex su gab seks sex seto zek ses ha sis sis sexti hex ses

sept vel sept pÉ septa sep sept septa sept septo sept sib sept sett sib set set septi septe sev sept pÆ chep sept sept sito zip set sep sep ses septi hept sep

okt jÆl oct to octa ok oct octa oct octo oct och oct ott sek ok ot octi okte tam oct to lok okt okt oto ok ok ok ok ots octi ok oc

nov zÝl nov non nova nau nove nova nov nono novem nÆf nov noff nov nov neu noni non nov nov ny nif nov nov novo nop non no non nos noni ene nev

dec bals(deg) dec deka dek dece deca dec desem dec desh dece diss unez dek sen dezi dec primog dec jar dis des dez deko us dez de dek des deci dec des

171

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Lips-Kith Interlingue Hom-Idyomo Lingvo Kommona Omo Una Novial Panedo Sintesal Mondyal Interglossa Olingo Auxilia Pikto Speedwords Esperantuisho Mundion Frater Interlingua Antro Unolok Axiom-Variant Ande Stipfone Glosa Unilingua Liberanto Frendo Zamalo Gloneo Eurolengo Unitario Dunia Eurolang Sen:espera Uni Etwu Eklektu Neo-Dalmatian Talossan Tundrian Nu Teutonish Anglic Euronord Earth Minimal

tun un uni una un een un mono un un mono unu un un u unu un uni un oin un un an Ýn mo un un una un un un una un uno unin UN Çn ek oin viens un een wun ein vaa

twi du du dua du du du bino du du bi du dwÈ du dos du dos bi duo du du dua pe dÝ bi du de dua dos du du dua du duo duin TO dÈ du doi douÁ dous tvo tuu tve du

tri tri tri tria tri tri tri trio tri tri tri tri trÈ tri tri tri tres tri tres tri tri tri ti trÉ tri tri tro tria tres tre tre troja tri tri tirin TI twu tri tra tres treis tri three tri traa

pes quar kwatri kara kvar quar quar katro cuar kuar tetra qar kwar dudu qar kvar quat kuadri quatro kuar kat kvart ke Îot tet quatre fer kua quatro qar fier kvarta kwar quator forin KA cut tcar kÀtru qator quatro fir for fyre fo

pen quin cinki senka kvin kin sink pio cuin cink penta qin kin handi fun kvin quin kuinti cinque penk pjart kvint fo panj pen cinque fey kuina cinqo qin fyf tzingkva kwin quinque fifin SI sink pent kÀinku simcÁ cinq fem fiev fif be

sek six sesi seza ses six six zesto sex sis hexa ses sis dutri ses sis six ses sex seks si sekst ju seÎ six six sey sesa seqs sit sis seksta heks six sesin SA sis hok si sex sÉix ses six six si

sep sett septi setta sep sep set sevo sept syet hepta sep set handu sep sept sem sep septe sep set sept bar hÕp seti sept sen septa sept sep seven septa septem septem sepin ET et sept shat seifet seut syv seven zeven staa

nok ott okti otta ok ok ot lioto oct oyt octa oq ox handtri otto ok ot okta octo ok ot okt del ot ok octo ey okta eqto ot oko otta ok octo ocin PO ot pat yoit vuit oito ot aet ackt ha

nik non noni neva nay nin nin dievo non nof nonnea non non handudu nyn nown noem nona nove neu nov nona gau nÆw nona nin nau nua nowe non nun nÆwa non novem enin NI nÈf nov nÑiva nouÁ nÒu ni nien nein na

tek deci deko unanta dek dess dek mero dec dez deca deq dis dec ty dek tan deka dece dek di decem ansii dÉz deka dec tin dela deq is dies diksi dek decem decin UNZE deg dik bisquinc dzeÃ ti ten ten vaano

2.

172

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Alannaic Jameld Paulic Breersh Ceqli Adelic Futurese Majar Novy Razg. Ladef New Prussian Sevorian Nashina Slovio Brithenig Breathanach Wessisc Celltiecc Degaspregos Palawa Kani Toki Pona Proto-Eldarin Qenya Quenya Noldorin Black Speech Amman-Iar Klingon Atlantean Vorlin Tepa Naqu Elet Anta Neelan DiLingo Maktalu Tha-TizÉ Southern+ Classic Sital+ WatakassÌ

ainas aunt eno wen han Ônne wÖ jeden ozizh yeden ai:ns iedÜn edÊt din yn u-n an enn oinos pama wan ere-, minimir mine min ash voron wa' dihn yun isi pii an taliet can ip lÈ dÕ dyx dexe tÀ

thoi tÎ owt sej du wÔ tsy dva zla dyo dwa:i dvaa deva dva dew dua-h day twah dau dwos paya tu atta, tat(a)at(t(a)) atta tad adha cha' doot dus kin sai ali bod twip shÈ tat tahik taixi kabÌ

threiËs thren eerth trej tri drÎ tri tri gchi tri tri:s trii trie tri trui tria-* pry tri tros luwa tu wan nÈl(ed)-

sethour vour ruof Huu for gwÜr foG chetiri regyche ned keture:i sÜtir cetire sxtir cathr cotar powr pedyr

simphe fÊfe evif How fai bimpe fÄev pet xjag' feyv penke:i pet pet pia cinc caonc pyf cug

hekse zix xis sis ce sekke sis shest femg' si usha:i sest sest sxes sei seis segh

hiphon tsÈbun neves saan cil sippe seeBm sedm mes' sem septine:i sedÜm sedm siem

thean ight thgie ej pal aa ed osm lomes' vocem astane:i osÜm osm vos

ainthean neÆn enin noon gau niif nÄ~Ô~ devet zeljag' nyfe newine:i devet devet dev

thoithean temz net sen hanzoi ekke tsÔ~ deset zemjag' ten dessimts deset deset des

3. -

4.
seth oeth noe deg seicht-n uacht-n nuaibh-n deich-n seggÔn agh negn ten oith noiv decc

chwech seith sweksos

5.
kwetworos penkwos wulya tu tu kÀnatmara luka lep (e.n k)lemin lempe lheben bili vagh shah lim maa tai cesef ved flip azi tÊt ases tÌ dakÌ septemos oktos newimos dekemos

6.
nana tura luka wan luka tu Ènekende enque eneg toner jav luk tor maanisi xoi iscwe ziw sip ushu ku xu ku mandÇ pula tali pama-(?) luka tu wan luka tu tu luka luka kaya.n r-

ot(o.s k)- tol-ot(h)- nÈterotso otso odog cedo Soch tohs zib mankin fii aram kit zynip ulÈ kut xu-dyx kudexe manduutÀ umna tolto toloth derod chorgh yah hog mannase vai hada pu'd i jip ulÀ kÆk xu-laxi kow katÌ

ole(e) nelde nelde canta neled(h) canad pored wej say san nase loi caro mos trip fi veth visi vethe slÌ ganad loS kut kad pun nii cord kay fip ash lal laz lÀ vandÇ

oline(t) lempe nerte cainen neder caer model Hut niht nev mampun zoi olni st dip ufi kÆk-dÕ xu-visi kow-dexe saslÌ laith wa'maH Eh-khep dek kimmaa piiqi tuca llad hip uze kÆk-tat xu-laz kow-taixi kÀz

173

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Arkian Hibernian Antapa ýqoi MCL Nova Cispa Jarrda Doraya Gladilatian DraselÈq Curco Leturian Arangothian SulekhÎ Kankonian D'ni Denden DanovÊn Minervan Mango Otg Rokbeigalmki Ciravesu Rahha Teonaht Melanian KÈlen Eleviial Toono vi bedla Mushroomese Fu Eloshtan Qested Muila Ozee Tilp Nepturian Vamela Sile DrÀeng Dublex Idhur Hallon Tev'Meckian I:lo:Örtrascu: Adinjo

paji pai Ìso jloohu bri na ik yu is zno det zet ned bed loth in fah beru tÎ monÕ jasi aai khada ocu zi uon she Àn dha ek nang min epe ane uin jog not tea yan tid van ost uma vuk Òno:s win

doju dout ufÀ maq'iigh cli mno ak ral ke fsut kladn cjan deg koith voth bam bree verai da dØl svid oum du tete ra tibro te Ènne de trago nee bwo kalok kene dar lon sendo loa pein pal duv mek dasu thub tava: larn

rax racht ÈlÈ zhobun dri bde tiirp jagh te hrnu murs mus sem merra toth em sehn kairi fÊ tØl druhi out thara quepa nu elen pe wÌjtÈ drex benki sham hÍ ralok vene ou bo korla loa ma tea leis tri ter gar taran zem diras jon

fol fel Ñqu vdes'i gli mi ciric kun keka srut rredn zen karp avot foth hol tor derni la qat haf on ribu tato le frem se wÌÑr lar bedla shee kanga razok kale kar bix sela loa ma loa kais ithir har inv vual shan sa:pwar lukhan

din din eda vdhazi pri bÇ kiiric rraz me wefe pieqs pjec gong isik both kyu vaht loroi ve sanq mihru eg khamsa enne he nibro ke Àmme xan zola vi bedla ha pen malak mane sim winni krat lima tare nadh pen fÊn vefa phej pe:emp korn

raji rai edi-Èk-[1] vithkhu sli nÇ kaish kov keta mu faqs fac teit umpso shoth sem vahgahfah srao kÆ sorc khoz et sejo quije sen ksykso le tÈ ze zola vi benki lÔk jila catak sase sat pu nona lima tea fish sia sis eki vech lep pumtses lumen

tid tid edi-Èk-[2] dhghoshui tri re zaric noash nao hzut dhuadn zan dxem tabba poth treil vahgahbree naru jÝ huÕ nongo alh shaastuh olle its tsabre ve Ñnne verd zola vi trago jÔth kÁka gitek hete heel pun hen lima loa kat pith sem kal vifim rug pumwe:a: chan

ini ini edi-Èk-[3] voshai vli gÇ saic rom da zo ÝnsÈdn ynsÈn koln sibba koth fur vahgahsehn terno ni ostte asi oil tei tautu its-ba-zi uyno ce ÀnÑr gad zola vek booth swen yorak yolte vaa bi sork lima [3] atso odh voct son shada khaz pume:ze: kosij

int int edi-Èk-[4] viiqeg zri bi saic-ik kor la hrhr kroqgn cjon lam pinquo zhoth hel vahgahtor apar ru nËnØl pavi ag niiyuh culce its-ba-ra temra re ÀrÌw ren zola kyo hÁta ragok lente nuok noc nab lima [4] shimme naui nen mat mem bras pumnawa: mu

lert lerti ukÌ spvvthaq clani ngÇ saic-ak yum kema mrut stadn san tud serx limokh zan nayvoo berai wa decØl zor yz drou ea its-ba-nu dleyn shene Ènnen dhos zola ek jep yita epemik aneme dou jogun nors loa lima ge deith des gret dima haj tam shak

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Elressie Jaueqaomys Ziotaki #4892 Liotan Proto-Liotan+ Machren Kadhrein Ivrien Genistien Castuvien Astarien Lemyzon Xara East Lemurian Proto-E.Lemurian+ Bronian Doxian Late Vautinese Allemonian Ilsanian Hopsturian Ilo Proto-Harnian+ Jano Degwanian

mre pyr pina emme meil mel mely melya mele mele meile mÈl tan

nyo ique tizya ruk suainn suaenn hoeny soinya syne suÈne syine swn ver

mao uch ronyo chu seaill sjaela cas cathe cathe cathe caitha qez gil

yu daut mazyau thamme diom-N djiam-N dyem dyima-N jiman dziman zima dÉm dor

mur bech sini panei dair-N daer-N dar darya-N daren daren daira der zal

pur ii'tei pelia fonei naib-N naep-N nav nave-N naven naben naiba nep fon

raol tiety pelyina iro niug-N njuc-N nyouq nyuqa-N nuqan nugan nuga nÇg xar

shan asej liati botu por-H por-H por pora pora pora pora por jun

lirr tiise pelyoro sachaso daoc-H deach-H deg dega deka deka deke dÞk sel

rram uiin liama ikh teaid tjaet tyaj tyaja ajde tsadze saidza tÈct min

mbi meb me ebon bii emb mbi embi neb

thwi dwi thwe dwi tii endwi thwi dwi thwi

kwyri kyr kwire kuri kur(ii) eggyr kwyyre xyre kwyyr

mwi mi mew muli myd(ii) emmud mut mul mut

phli bli phle feli fyl(ii) embul bule bule bul

qwi ki qwe gwi gii engqi wi i wu

nshi nesh nhe noshi shii enshi nshi enshi nesh

jeti dzhet ete churi jed(ii) enzri gede ged ged

xhedi shed qebe zhedi khed(ii) embe hed gedembi hed

keni ben bne ebkin bin endembul bni benne netwe

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[, 1956] . ., . . // . 1956, 6 [ 2002] .. . .1. ., 2002 [ 1977] .. // . 1997, 1. . 25-32 [ 2002] .. // . 2002, 6 [ 1974] . ( . .. ). ., 1974 [ 1992] .. . , 1992 [ 1998] . , : . , : . . -- ., 1998 [ 2002] . SACRUM PROFANUM. : // « «» «»» auditorium.ru [ 1994] . // . ., 1994, 3. . 33 36 [ 2000] . .., 2000 [ 1963] .. // .. . ., 1963. . 1. . 47-77 [ 1995] . // . . ., 1995. . 16-92 [ 1989] . . . . ., 1989 [ 1997] : . ., 1997 [ 2004] .. // . ., 2004. . 145-173 [ 1975] . . // . . VII. . ., 1975. . 182-198 [ 1960] . . . . . // . . ( 30- ). ., 1960 [ 1966] .. // . 1966, 1 [ 2000] . . ., 2000 [ 1996] .. : . . // - . ., 1996 [1998] .. . ., 1998 [ 1983] .. // . ., 1983. 2 [ 1994] . . // . - . ., 1994. . 32-86 [ 1995] .. XX // 20 . ., 1995. . 239320

176

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[ 2002] .. XXI // : . , 2002. .136-154 [ 1991] . . // . .,1991 [ 1999] .. . http://emeline.narod.ru/virtual.htm [ 1982] .. . ., , 1982 [ 1984] .. // . , 1984 [ 1991] . . (, , ) // . ., 1991 [ 1976] . . « ». . . 1976, . 35. . , 1 [ 2002] .. // « «» «»» auditorium.ru [ 2002] . «No Logo» ., 2002 [ 1998] . « »: // . . -, . . . . . , 1988. . 121 123 [ 1997] .. // : . ., 1997 [ 2001] .. // . - . 16 2001 , -. "Symposium". 11. ., 2001. . 48-53 [ 1983] .. . ... , . . 50-60-: . . ... . . . ., 1983 [ et al. 1970] . ., . ., . . // . , , . ., 1970 [ 1982] . . . ., 1982 [ 1984] . . . ., 1984 [ 1991] . . // . .,1991 [] . . //stra.teg.ru [ 2002] .. «» «» // « «» «»» auditorium.ru

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178

[ 1972] . «» «»// . 70- .-. . . . ., 1972 [ 2003] . M. : . ., 2003 [ 2002] . - // lecton.ru [ 2001] .. . ., 2001 [ 1996] . . . ., 1996 [ 2001] . ? // . , 2001, 1. . 12-16 [ 1988] .. ( - ). . . ... . . . ., 1988 [ 1994] .. . , 1994. .185-188 [ 1988] . . // : . ., 1988. . 8-69 [ 2002] .. // - «: «-2002» («Communication Across Differences»)».. 1. , 2002. . 19-21 [ 1987] .. // .. . .,1987. . 20-40 [ 2002] .. // « «» «»» auditorium.ru [ 1998] .. . . ., 1988 [ 1993] . // . . ., 1993. . 259-265 [ 2005] .. : // : . . ., 2005 [ 2004] .. // . ., 2004. . 438-444 [C 1977] . // . . ., 1977 [ 1999] .. . , 1999 [ 1988] .. // . ., 1988. . 173-204 [- 2000] - .. . ., 2000 [ 1997] . . .,1997 [ 1999] . . ., 1999 [ 2000] . . - // «» «» . , 2000. . 16-30 [] .. , , // stra.teg.ru

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