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Arthropoda Selecta 16 (4): 215236

ї ARTHROPODA SELECTA, 2007

The spider genus Micaria Westring, 1851 in the Crimea (Aranei: Gnaphosidae) Пауки рода Micaria Westring, 1851 Крыма (Aranei: Gnaphosidae) Mykola M. Kovblyuk, Anton A. Nadolny Н.М. Ковблюк, А.А. Надольный
Zoology Department, National Taurida V.I. Vernadsky University, Yaltinskaya street 4 , Simferopol 95007 Ukraine. E -mail: kovblyuk@mail.ru Кафедра зоологии Таврического национального университета им. В.И. Вернадского, ул. Ялтинская 4, Симферополь 95007 Украина.

KEY WORDS: spiders, Micaria, redescription, new species, new record, phenology, spatial distribution, the Crimea. КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: пауки, Micaria, переописания, новые виды, новые находки, фенология, ландшафтное распределение, Крым.

ABSTRACT: Six species of the genus Micaria are recorded from the Crimea: Micaria albovittata (Lucas, 1846); M. blicki sp.n.; M. bosmansi sp.n.; M. coarctata (Lucas, 1846); M. dives (Lucas, 1846); and M. rossica Thorell, 1875. M. coarctata is new for the Crimea, and hence new to Ukraine. Earlier records of M. formicaria (Sundevall, 1831), M. guttulata (C.L. Koch, 1839) and M. pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) from the Crimea were based on misidentifications and actually belong to M. albovittata, M. bosmansi sp.n. and M. blicki sp.n., respectively. For all species diagnostic drawings, distribution, spatial distribution and phenology are provided. РЕЗЮМЕ: Шесть видов рода Micaria отмечено в Крыму: Micaria albovittata (Lucas, 1846), M. blicki sp.n., M. bosmansi sp.n., M. coarctata (Lucas, 1846), M. dives (Lucas, 1846) и M. rossica Thorell, 1875. Вид M. coarctata впервые отмечается для Крыма и Украины. Имеющиеся в литературе указания M. formicaria (Sundevall, 1831), M. guttulata (C.L. Koch, 1839) и M. pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) из Крыма основаны на ошибочных определениях и на самом деле относятся к M. albovittata, M. bosmansi sp.n. и M. blicki sp.n. соответственно. Для всех видов приведены диагностические рисунки, географическое распространение, распределение по ландшафтным зонам в Крыму и фенология.

1979], Crete [Chatzaki et al., 2002], Israel [Levy, 2002], Middle Asia [Mikhailov, 1987], Urals [Tuneva, 2007] and Siberia [Mikhailov, 1987; Danilov, 1993, 1996; Mikhailov & Marusik, 1996]. Therefore, it was surprising to discover that species identification of the Crimean Micaria was quite difficult, and that two new species are present in the peninsula. This paper aims to resolve this problem by describing and illustrating all of the Crimean Micaria species.

Material and Methods
Specimens for this study were recently collected in the Crimea by the first author (the other collectors are mentioned in the text below), mostly by pitfall traps. Some specimens used as comparative material were received for examination from several personal collections. All specimens were returned to, or deposited in, the following collections: CRB personal collection of R. Bosmans, Gent, Belgium; EMZ personal collection of E.M. Zhukovets, Minsk, Belarus; TNU Zoology Department, V.I. Vernadsky Taurida National University, Simferopol, Ukraine, M.M. Kovblyuk; ZMMU Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, K.G. Mikhailov. The following abbreviations are used in the text: a apical; d dorsal; pl prolateral; rl retrolateral; s.p. same place; v ventral. Most of the terms and abbreviations for genital descriptions are adopted from Tuneva [2006] with some additions: AEM anterior epigynal margin; CO copulatory opening; D spermathecal duct; DTP distal tegular projection; E embolus; FD fertilization duct; G spermathecal gland; MA median apophysis; P epigynal pocket; R spermathecal reservoir; T tibial apophysis; TO tegular outgrowth.

Introduction
The genus Micaria contains 100 described species [Platnick, 2008]. The genus has been well revised for North America [Platnick & Shadab, 1988], North Africa [Bosmans & Blick, 2000], Europe [Wunderlich,
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1 tibial apophysis (2 in M. formicaria see: Tuneva, 2007: Figs 3638), by ratio length/width of carapace about 1.51.6 (about 1.81.9 in M. formicaria after Bosmans & Blick, 2000: 451). Females of M. albovittata can be distinguished by the shape of the anterior epigynal margin [for comparison with M. formicaria see Tuneva, 2007: Figs 3435]. M. albovittata can be distinguished from all other Micaria species by the presence and shape of peculiar tegular outgrowth of the bulbus. DESCRIPTION. Measurements ( / ): total length 4.5 / 6.5; carapace 2.1 / 2.5 long, 1.3 / 1.6 wide. Length of leg segments (male / female):
I II III IV femur 1.5/1.7 1.4/1.7 1.3/1.5 1.9/2.4 patella 0.7/0.8 0.6/0.7 0.6/0.7 0.7/0,9 tibia 1.3/1.3 1.2/1.3 1.0/1.1 1.6/2.0 metatarsus 1.2/1.3 1.1/1.2 1.1/1.2 1.8/2.3 tarsus 1.0/1.1 1.0/1.1 0.9/0.9 1.2/1.3

Coloration was described from specimens preserved in 75% ethanol/water solution with added glycerin (9:1 by volume). Legs and palpal segments were measured after separation from the cephalothorax. All measurements are in mm. All scale bars are equal 0.1 mm. Because some new synonymies were established recently, the better known name for some species is provided in brackets. Below each species heading a reference to appropriate illustrations of this species is given in square brackets []. Ranges of species have been characterized sensu K.B. Gorodkov [1984].

Survey of species
Micaria albovittata (Lucas, 1846) (= M. romana L. Koch, 1866) Figs 110.
[Miller, 1967: tab. 9, fig. 2 (); Wunderlich, 1979: 260, f. 9a c, 20ad, 42af (); Mikhailov, 1991: 78, fig. 1 (); Heimer, Nentwig, 1991: 436, f. 1148.13, 5 (); Bosmans & Blick, 2000: 451, f. 1316 (); Chatzaki et al., 2002: 580, f. 30, 3738 (); Levy, 2002: 113, f. 17 ()]. For a complete list of references see Platnick [2008].

MATERIAL. UKRAINE, THE CRIMEA. Lenin Distr.: 1 (TNU), Kerch Peninsula, env. Verhnezamorskoe, 13.06.1997; 1 (EMZ), Kerch Peninsula, env. Ptashkino, 9.06.1999; 1 (TNU1711/1), Opuk Mt., sweeping, 3.06.2002, M.V. Onchurov. Saky Distr.: 1 (EMZ), env. Pribrezhnaya railway station, 27.06.1999; 1 (TNU-1680/8), s.p., pitfalls, 28.05.8.06.2000. Simferopol Distr.: 1 (TNU), Krasnolesye, 20.05.1997, R. Slushaenko; 1 (TNU), 2 km N of Pionerskoe, in tent, 10.06.1998; 2 (TNU), near Lozovoe-2, terraced slope, pitfalls, 23.06.26.07.2000; 3 , 1 (TNU-986/15, 987/18), Simferopol water reservoir, Zmeinyi Bay, Phragmites communis, pitfalls, 14.05.6.06.2000; 5 , 1 (TNU-1835/25/1, 1838/9, 1759/25, 1856/13, 1857/4, 1787/10/1), env. Skvortsovo, pitfalls, 9.05.10.07.2002; 2 (TNU-1911/8), Chatyr-Dag Yaila Mt., pitfalls, 20.05.1.06.2000; 2 (TNU1201/15), Crimean State Nature Reserve, 2 km NW of kordon Zeleny Gay, Alma River bank, sweeping, 15.06.2000. Sudak Distr.: 1 (TNU), between Shelkovichnoe and Veseloe, 30.05.1998, M.V. Onchurov. Yalta Distr.: 1 (TNU-1488/7), Crimean State Nature Reserve, Nikitskaya Yaila, ~ 1200 m a.s.l., pitfalls, 23.06. 3.07.2001. COMPARATIVE MATERIAL. UKRAINE. KHERSON AREA: 2 (TNU), Golopristansky Distr., Zhelezny Port Town, Chernomorsky Nature Reserve, 25.05.1990, N.Yu. Polchaninova. AZERBAIJAN: 2 (TNU), Ismaillinsky Reserve, 1500 m a.s.l., 12.07.2001, E.F. Guseinov.

RECORDS FROM THE CRIMEA. As M. romana: Mikhailov, 1987, 1991, 1997, 1998, Kovblyuk, 2004. As M. formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) misidentifications: Thorell, 1875a; Spassky, 1927; Charitonov, 1932; Azheganova, 1968; Mikhailov, 1987, 1997; Kovblyuk, 2004. NOTE. The earlier record of M. formicaria from the Crimea was based on unknown sex and number specimens from Jekaterinoslaw (= Dnipropetrovsk, not in the Crimea!) and Jeny-Sala? [Thorell, 1875a: 80] and on 1 female from Yalta [Spassky, 1927: 15]. The females of M. albovittata and M. formicaria are very similar in epigynal structure. In our material from the Crimea M. formicaria is absent. It is reasonable to conclude that the earlier records M. formicaria from the Crimea were based on misidentifications of M. albovittata.

Male leg spination. Femur: I d 1-1, pl 1; II d 1-1, pl 1; III d 1-2, pl 1, rl 1; IV d 1-1, rl 1. Tibia: II v 11(a); III d 1, pl 1-1, rl 1-1, v 2-2-2(a); IV d 1, pl 1-1, rl 1-1, v 2-2-2(a). Metatarsus: III d 1-1, pl 1-1(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-2-4(a); IV d 1-1, pl 1-1(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-2-4(a). Female leg spination. Femur: I d 1, pl 1; II d 1-1, pl 1; III d 1-1, pl 1, rl 1; IV d 1, rl 1. Tibia: I v 2-2-1(a); II v 2-2-1(a); III dl 1, pl 1-1, rl 1-1, v 2-2-2(a); IV d 1, pl 1-1, rl 1-1, v 2-2-2(a). Metatarsus: III d 1, pl 1-1(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-2-4(a); IV d 1-1, pl 1-1(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-23(a). Carapace, sternum, legs and palps brown. Abdomen grey. General appearance: male Fig. 6; female Fig. 8. palp: Figs 13, 7; spermathecae: Fig. 45, 910. Tibia of male palp slightly shorter than cymbium. Tegulum with tegular outgrowth in base of embolus. Median apophysis well developed. Tibial apophysis of male palp robust. Epygine with well developed П-shaped anterior epigynal margin and epigynal pockets. Copulatory openings directed meso-anteriorly. VARIATION. Male carapace lengths (n=13) vary from 1.6 to 2.3; width from 1.0 to 1.5; female carapace lengths (n=9) vary from 2.0 to 2.5; width from 1.4 to 1.6. TYPE LOCALITY. Algeria [Bosmans & Blick, 2000: 451, neotype designated]. DISTRIBUTION. West-Central-Palaearctic nemoral-subtropical range: Algeria, Morocco, temperate and Mediterranean Europe, Israel, Caucasus, Turkmenistan [Bosmans & Blick, 2000; Levy, 2002]. HABITATS. In grass and under stones in steppes (Artemisia and Euphorbia steppe, Artemisia and Centaurea steppe, Stipa and Festuca steppe, Festuca and Rosa steppe, steppe with Spiraea hypericifolia), in fallow lands, in meadows, on river banks, in Phragmites communis. PHENOLOGY. VVII. Peak of adults activity June. In Israel adults were collected in AprilMay [Levy, 2002: 115]. In the Crimea adults appear one month later than in Israel. In England VVII [Harvey et al., 2002 as M. romana], as in the Crimea.

Micaria coarctata (Lucas, 1846) (= M. albimana O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) Figs 1120.
[Wunderlich, 1979: 264, f. 22af, 44ae ( ); Heimer, Nentwig, 1991: 436, f. 1145.13 (); Bosmans & Blick, 2000:

DIAGNOSIS. The female of M. albovittata is very similar to that M. formicaria, but the male differs by having only


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Figs 15. Copulatory organs of Micaria albovittata from the Crimea: 1 bulbus, ventral view; 2 male palp, retrolateral view (spines not shown); 3 male palp, ventral view (spines not shown); 4 epigyne, ventral view; 5 epigyne, dorsal view. Рис. 15. Копулятивные органы Micaria albovittata из Крыма: 1 бульбус, вентрально; 2 пальпа самца, ретролатерально (шипы не показаны); 3 пальпа самца, вентрально (шипы не показаны); 4 эпигина, вентрально; 5 эпигина, дорсально.

452, f. 1720 (); Chatzaki et al., 2002: 577, f. 2425, 3132 (); Levy, 2002: 118, f. 1322 ()]. For a complete list of references see Platnick [2008]. MATERIAL. UKRAINE, THE CRIMEA. Saky Distr.: 2 (TNU), Yevpatoriya, 24.08.1997, Kovblyuk & G.V. Reutov; 2

(TNU1714/8, 1600/19), env. Pribrezhnaya railway station, pitfalls, 319.07.2000. Feodosiya Distr.: 1 (TNU-2288/6), Karadag Nature Reserve, Lobovoy mountain range, 4.07.2006.

DIAGNOSIS. Males of M. coarctata are easily distinguished from other Micaria males by the two tibial apophy-


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Figs 1116. Copulatory organs of Micaria coarctata from the Crimea: 11 bulbus, ventral view, 12 male palp, retrolateral view; 13 male palp, ventral view; 14 epigyne, ventral view; 15 epigyne, ventral view; 16 epigyne, dorsal view. Рис. 1116. Копулятивные органы Micaria coarctata из Крыма: 11 бульбус, вентрально, 12 пальпа самца, ретролатерально; 13 пальпа самца, вентрально; 14 эпигина, вентрально; 15 эпигина, вентрально; 16 эпигина, дорсально.

Figs 610. Micaria albovittata from the Crimea: 6 male, general appearance; 7 bulbus, ventral view; 8 female, general appearance; 9 epigyne, ventral view; 10 epigyne, dorsal view. Рис. 610. Детали строения Micaria albovittata из Крыма: 6 самец, габитус; 7 бульбус, вентрально; 8 самка, габитус; 9 эпигина, вентрально; 10 эпигина, дорсально.


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they do in Israel, and have only one peak of abundance, not two peaks as in Israel.

ses (Fig. 12), as in M. formicaria (Sundevall, 1832) (see: Tuneva, 2007: Figs 3638). But M. coarctata has ratio length/width of carapace about 1.6, as in M. albovittata (about 1.81.9 in M. formicaria: after Bosmans& Blick, 2000: 451). The median apophysis of M. coarctata is longer than the tegular outgrowth, while in M. albovittata the tegular outgrowth is longer than the median apophysis. Females of M. coarctata are easily distinguished by the Y-shaped distal end of spermathecal ducts near copulatory openings. DESCRIPTION. Measurements ( / ): total length 4.6 / 5.8; carapace 1.9 / 2.1 long, 1.2 / 1.3 wide. Length of leg segments (male / female):
I II III IV femur 1.4/1.4 1.3/1.3 1.1/1.2 1.7/1.8 patella 0.7/0.7 0.6/0.6 0.5/0.6 0.7/0.7 tibia 1.2/1.1 1.1/1.0 0.9/0.9 1.4/1.5 metatarsus 1.1/1.0 1.0/1.0 1.0/1.0 1.7/1.7 tarsus 1.1/1.1 1.0/1.0 0.9/0.8 1.2/1.1

Micaria dives (Lucas, 1846) Figs 2132.
[Heimer, Nentwig, 1991: 430, f. 1134.13, 5 (); Bosmans & Blick, 2000: 446, f. 14 (); Chatzaki et al., 2002: 577, f. 26 27, 3334 (); Levy, 2002: 123, f. 3133 (); Tuneva, 2007: 233234, f. 2833 ()]. For a complete list of references see Platnick [2008]. MATERIAL. UKRAINE, THE CRIMEA. Simferopol Distr.: 1 (TNU-966/21), env. Lozovoe, ~ 250 m a.s.l., pitfalls, 6 23.06.2000; 9 , 2 (TNU-1835/25/2, 1836/33, 1759/25, 1847/10, 1859/7), env. Skvortsovo, pitfalls, 9.05.10.07.2002. Yalta Distr.: 1 (TNU-1510/5), Nikitskaya Yaila, ~ 1200 m a.s.l., pitfalls, 23.06.3.07.2001.

RECORDS FROM THE CRIMEA. Kovblyuk, 2004.

Male leg spination. Femur: I d 1, pl 1; II d 1, pl 1; III d 1-1, pl 1, rl 1; IV d 1-1, pl 1. Tibia: I v 1-1, II v 1-1(a); III pl 1-1, rl 1, v 1-2-2(a); IV pl 1-1, rl 1-1, v 2-2-2(a). Metatarsus: III pl 1-1(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-2-4(a); IV pl 1-1(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-2-3(a). Female leg spination. Femur I d 1, pl 1; II d 1, pl 1; III d 1-1, pl 1, rl 1; IV d 1-1, rl 1. Tibia: I v 1-11(a); II v 1-1-1(a); III d 1, pl 1-1, rl 1-1, v 2-2-2(a); IV pl 1-1, rl 1-1, v 2-2-2(a). Metatarsus: III pl 1-1(a), rl 11(a), v 2-2-4(a); IV pl 1-1(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-2-4(a). Carapace, sternum, and palp dark brown. Legs brown. Abdomen grey. General appearance: male Fig. 17; female Fig. 19. palp: Figs 1113, 18; epigyne: Fig. 14; spermathecae: Figs 1516, 20. Cymbium longer then tibia of male palp. Tegulum with membranous tegular outgrow in base of embolus. Median apophysis as long as embolus. Male palp with 2 tibial apophyses. Epigyne with M-shaped anterior epigynal margin and well-developed epigynal pockets. Copulatory openings directed laterally. VARIATION. Male carapace (n=2) lengths vary from 1.8 to 1.9; width 1.2; female carapace (n=3) lengths vary from 2.0 to 2.1; width from 1.2 to 1.3. TYPE LOCALITY. Algeria [Bosmans & Blick, 2000: 452, neotype designated]. DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean and Central Asian nemoral-subtropical range: Northern Africa (Algeria, Morocco), southern Europe (Spain, France, Greece) and Switzerland to Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan), Israel [Mikhailov, 1987; Bosmans & Blick, 2000; Levy, 2002]. COMMENTS. M. coarctata is a species new to the Crimea, hence new to Ukraine. HABITATS. Sand dunes with Leymus sabulosus; meadow steppe; Pistacia mutica with grass of Ephedra distachia, Artemisia sp., Agropyron sp. PHENOLOGY. VII; VIII. Peak of adults activity July. In Turkmenistan IIIVII; IV VII [Mikhailov, Fet, 1986 as M. albimana]. In the Crimea adults appear 4 month later than in Turkmenistan. In Israel adults were collected in AprilJune and September [Levy, 2002: 121]. In the Crimea adults appear 2 month later than

DIAGNOSIS. M. dives is a well-known Palaearctic species described in all guides. It is easy to identify because of its small size and the absence of closely related species. M. dives females have the anterior epigynal margin of specific arched form (Figs 2426, 32). DESCRIPTION. Measurements ( / ): total length 2.6 / 3.0; carapace 1.3 / 1.2 long, 0.8 / 0.8 wide. Length of leg femur patella tibia metatarsus tarsus I 0.9/0.8 0.4/0.3 0.7/0.6 0.6/0.5 0.6/0.6 II 0.8/0.7 0.4/0.3 0.6/0.6 0.6/0.6 0.6/0.6 III 0.6/0.6 0.3/0.3 0.5/0.4 0.6/0.5 0.4/0.4 IV 1.0/1.0 0.4/0.4 0.8/0.8 0.9/0.9 0.6/0.6 segments (male / female): Male leg spination. Femur: I d 1, pl 1; II d 1, pl 1; III d 1-1, pl 1, rl 1; IV d 1-1, pl 1. Tibia: I v 1-1, II v 1-1(a); III pl 1-1, rl 1, v 1-2-2(a); IV pl 1-1, rl 11, v 2-2-2(a). Metatarsus: III pl 1-1(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-24(a); IV pl 1-1(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-2-3(a). Female leg spination. Femur: I d 1, pl 1; II d 1. Tibia: I v 2-2; III v 2-2(a); IV v 2-2-2(a). Metatarsus: III pl 1(a), rl 1(a), v 1-2-2(a); IV v 1-2-2(a). Carapace with 4 black marks, sternum, and palps brown. Legs grey. Abdomen dark grey. General appearance: male Fig. 27; female Figs 3031. palp: Figs 2123, 2829; epigyne: Figs 24, 31; spermathecae: Figs 2526, 32. Tibia of male palp slightly shorter than cymbium. Bulbus without tegular outgrowth. Median apophysis longer than embolus. Tibial apophysis short and thick. Anterior epigynal margin arch-shaped. Epigynal pocket well developed. VARIATION. Male carapace lengths (n=11) vary from 1.0 to 1.4; width from 0.6 to 0.9; female carapace lengths (n=2) vary from 1.1 to 1.2; width from 0.7 to 0.8. TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria [Bosmans & Blick, 2000: 446]. DISTRIBUTION. Palaearctic polyzonal range: from Iberian Peninsula east to Japan, north to Denmark, Belorussia, South Ural and South Siberia, south to North Africa, Tajikistan and Shanxi [Bosmans & Blick, 2000: 446; Tuneva, 2007]. HABITATS. Steppes with Stipa, Festuca, Artemisia, Centaurea, Asphodeline taurica, Amygdalus nana; meadows; shelter forest belt.

Figs 1720. Micaria coarctata from the Crimea: 17 male, general appearance; 18 bulbus, ventral view; 19 female, general appearance; 20 epigyne, ventral view. Рис. 1720. Детали строения Micaria coarctata из Крыма: 17 самец, габитус; 18 бульбус, вентрально; 19 самка, габитус; 20 эпигина, вентрально.


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Figs 2126. Copulatory organs of Micaria dives from the Crimea: 21 bulbus, ventral view, 22 male palp, retrolateral view; 23 male palp, ventral view; 2425 epigyne, ventral view; 26 epigyne, dorsal view. Рис. 1116. Копулятивные органы Micaria dives из Крыма: 21 бульбус, вентрально, 22 пальпа самца, ретролатерально; 23 пальпа самца, вентрально; 2425 эпигина, вентрально; 26 эпигина, дорсально.


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Figs 2732. Micaria dives from the Crimea: 27 male, general appearance; 28 male palp, ventral view; 29 male palp, retrolateral view; 30 female carapace; 31 epigyne, ventral view; 32 epigyne, dorsal view. Рис. 2732. Детали строения Micaria dives из Крыма: 27 самец, габитус; 28 пальпа самца, вентрально; 29 пальпа самца, ретролатерально; 30 карапакс самки; 31 эпигина, вентрально; 32 эпигина, дорсально.


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HABITATS. Humid salt-marshes with Salicornia europaea and Halocnemum strobilaceum; sand dunes with Leymus sabulosus and Artemisia; steppes with Artemisia and Centaurea; fallow lands, shelter forest belt. PHENOLOGY. V; IV, VIIVIII. Peak of adults activity May. In Turkmenistan VVI; IVVI [Mikhailov, Fet, 1986], in Magadan Area VVII; VVIII [Mikhailov & Marusik, 1996] as in the Crimea.

PHENOLOGY: VII; VVI. Peak of adults activity May.

Micaria rossica Thorell, 1875 Figs 3347.
[Wunderlich, 1979: 286, 305, 308, f. 10, 33ae, 66, 57ae, 70ac (); Mikhailov, Fet, 1986: 176, fig. 2a (); Platnick & Shadab, 1988: 27, f. 5861 (); Heimer, Nentwig, 1991: 432, f. 1137.13 (); Mikhailov & Marusik, 1996: 101, f. 2728, 35 (); Tuneva, 2007: 239241, f. 6774 ()]. For a complete list of references see Platnick [2008].

DIAGNOSIS. M. rossica is most similar to M. foxi Gertsch, 1933, from the western Nearctic, but differs by the longer embolus and the larger epigynal septum [Platnick & Shadab, 1988]. NOTE. Variations in the shape of spermatheca were found by some authors (for example, see Wunderlich, 1979: Figs 57ae, 66, 70c). We found that the shape of the spermatheca varies in different preservation solutions! For example, intact Crimean specimens have the shape of spermatheca as it is shown in Figs 36 and 38, but after deformation in glycerin, its shape looks as in Fig. 43. DESCRIPTION. Measurements ( / ): total length 3.0 / 3.9; carapace 1.6 / 1.8 long, 1.0 / 1.2 wide. Length of leg segments (male / female):
I II III IV femur 1.2/1.2 1.1/1.2 1.0/1.2 1.6/1.9 patella 0.6/0.5 0.5/0.5 0.4/0.6 0.6/0.6 tibia 1.0/0.9 0.9/0.9 0.8/0.9 1.3/1.4 metatarsus 0.9/0.9 0.8/0.9 0.9/1.0 1.6/1.8 tarsus 1.0/0.9 0.9/0.8 0.8/0.8 1.2/1.3

MATERIAL. UKRAINE, THE CRIMEA. Saky Distr.: 4 (TNU-1701/6, 1716/6, 1579/9, 1660/10), env. Pribrezhnaya railway station, pitfalls, 9.05.9.08.2000. Simferopol Distr.: 2 , 1 (TNU-1854/9, 1787/10/2, 1846/21), env. Skvortsovo Vil., pitfalls, 13.04.1.06.2002. COMPARATIVE MATERIAL. AZERBAIJAN: 2 (TNU), Apsheron, 19.04.2001, E.F. Guseinov.

RECORDS FROM THE CRIMEA. Thorell, 1875a, b; Spassky, 1927; Charitonov, 1932; Mikhailov, 1987, 1997; Kovblyuk, 2004.

Micaria bosmansi sp.n. Figs 4862.
RECORDS FROM THE CRIMEA. As M. guttulata (C.L. Koch, 1839) misidentifications: Spassky, 1927; Charitonov, 1932; Mikhailov, 1997, 1999, 2000; Kovblyuk, 2004. NOTE. The earlier record of M. guttulata from the Crimea was based on two males and two females collected by V.G. Pliginsky in Sevastopol and identified by S.A. Spassky [1927]. When S.A. Spassky examined the specimens from the Crimea, M. bosmansi sp.n. had not yet been described . Furthermore, the specimens of M. guttulata and M. bosmansi sp.n. are very similar in shape of tibial apophyses and epigynal structure. For these reasons, it is reasonable to conclude that the earlier records M. guttulata from the Crimea were based on misidentifications of M. bosmansi sp.n.

Male leg spination. Femur: I d 1-1, pl 1; II d 1-1; III d 1-1, pl 1, rl 1; IV d 1-1, rl 1-1. Tibia: I v 2-2, II v 2-2-1(a); III d 1; pl 1-1, rl 1, v 2-2-2(a); IV pl 11, rl 1-1, v 2-2-2(a). Metatarsus: III pl 1-1(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-2-3(a); IV pl 1-1(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-2-3(a). Female leg spination. Femur: I d 1-1, pl 1; II d 1; III d 1-1, pl 1, rl 1; IV d 1-1, rl 1. Tibia: I v 1-2-11(a); II v 2-1-2-2(a); III pl 1, rl 1, v 2-2-2(a); IV pl 1-1, rl 1-1, v 2-2-3(a). Metatarsus: III pl 1-1(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-2-4(a); IV pl 1-1(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-2-4(a). Carapace, sternum, palps and legs brown. Abdomen grey (female: with white diametrical marks on dorsal side). General appearance: male Fig. 39; female Figs 4142. palp: Figs 3335, 40; epigyne: Figs 36, 42; spermathecae: Figs 3738, 4345. Cymbium is longer then tibia. Bulbus with peculiar distal tegular projection. Median apophysis small. Embolus short and thin. Tibial apophysis short and thick. Epigyne without anterior epigynal margin. VARIATION. Male carapace lengths (n=6) vary from 1.3 to 1.6; width from 0.8 to 1.0. TYPE LOCALITY. Odessa, Ukraine [Thorell, 1875b]. DISTRIBUTION. Trans-Palaearctic-West Nearctic polyzonal range [Mikhailov, Fet, 1986; Mikhailov & Marusik, 1996; Tuneva, 2007].

DIAGNOSIS. M. bosmansi sp.n. is most similar to M. belezma Bosmans & Blick, 2000, from Algeria, and to M. guttulata with trans-Palaearctic range (general appearance of M. guttulata: male Fig. 71; palp: Figs 6367, 72; epigyne: Fig. 68; spermathecae: Figs 6970, 7374). The male of M. bosmansi sp.n. differs from that of M. belezma by having a spirally curved embolus (Figs 48, 5051) (in M. belezma embolus is curved but not spiral [Bosmans & Blick, 2000: Figs 2223]). Also male M. bosmansi sp.n. differs from M. belezma and M. guttulata by having a tibial apophysis longer than the tibia (Figs 5052) (in M. belezma [Bosmans & Blick, 2000: fig. 23] and M. guttulata (Figs 65 67) tibial apophysis is shorter than tibia). M. bosmansi sp.n. males also differ from those of M. guttulata by the shape of embolus and median apophysis (Figs 4849, 6364). Females of M. bosmansi sp.n. and M. guttulata are not easily distinguished from one another, but the spermathecal ducts in M. bosmansi sp.n. are comparatively longer and thinner than are those in M. guttulata; spermathecae in M. bosmansi sp.n. are comparatively thinner than those in M. guttulata (Figs 5556, 6970). The female of M. belezma is unknown.

MATERIAL. UKRAINE, THE CRIMEA. Holotype : (ZMMU), Feodosiya Distr., Karadag Nature Reserve, Svyataya Mt., steppe, 23.04.2003. Paratypes: Sevastopol Distr.: 1 (EMZ), env. Rodnoe (= Uppa), 1213.06.1999, O.V. Kukushkin. Simferopol Distr.: 1 (CRB-1834/21), env. Skvortsovo, meadow near canal, 6 pitfalls, 27.04.9.05.2002. Feodosiya Distr.: 1 (TNU1732/4), Karadag Nature Reserve, Svyataya Mt., steppe with Rosa, Paliurus, 20.04.2003; 1 (ZMMU), Karadag Nature Reserve, with holotype, 23.04.2003; 1 (TNU-1740/5), Karadag Nature Reserve, Beregovoy Mt. Range, S slope, steppe, 24.04.2003; 1 (TNU-1749/8), Karadag Nature Reserve, Beregovoy Mt. Range, S slope, Juniperus excelsa, 26.04.2003. Yalta Distr.: 1 (TNU1304/8), Yalta Mountain-Forest Nature Reserve, Yalta Distr., 1 km N of Nikita, fallow land, 10 pitfalls, 1330.05.2000; 1 (TNU2528/5), s.p., under stone, 10.03.2001. COMPARATIVE MATERIAL. M. guttulata from GERMANY: 1 , 1 (TNU), BAVARIA, near Dingolfing, NW of Mamming, nature reserve area Rosenau, 345 m a.s.l., 12,58?E, 48,66?N, pitfalls, JulySeptember 2006, leg. et det. Theo Blick.


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Figs 3338. Copulatory organs of Micaria rossica from the Crimea: 33 bulbus, ventral view, 34 male palp, retrolateral view; 35 male palp, ventral view; 3637 epigyne, ventral view; 38 epigyne, dorsal view. Рис. 3338. Копулятивные органы Micaria rossica из Крыма: 33 бульбус, вентрально, 34 пальпа самца, ретролатерально; 35 пальпа самца, вентрально; 3637 эпигина, вентрально; 38 эпигина, дорсально.


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Figs 3947. Micaria rossica from the Crimea (3943) and Azerbaijan (4447): 39 male, general appearance; 40 male palp, ventral view; 41 female, general appearance; 42 epigyne and abdomen, ventral view; 4344 epigyne, ventral view; 45 epigyne, dorsal view; 46 abdominal scales, ventral view; 47 abdominal scales, dorsal view. Рис. 3947. Детали строения Micaria rossica из Крыма (3943) и Азербайджана (4447): 39 самец, габитус; 40 пальпа самца, вентрально; 41 самка, габитус; 42 эпигина и брюшко, вентрально; 4344 эпигина, вентрально; 45 эпигина, дорсально; 46 чешуйки на брюшке, вентрально; 47 чешуйки на брюшке, дорсально.


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Figs 4856. Copulatory organs of Micaria bosmansi sp.n. : 48 bulbus, ventral view, 49 median apophysis; 50 male palp, retrolateral view (spines not showed); 51 male palp, ventral view (spines not showed); 52 tibia of male palp, retrolateral view; 5355 epigyne, ventral view; 56 epigyne, dorsal view. Рис. 4856. Копулятивные органы Micaria bosmansi sp.n.: 48 бульбус, вентрально, 49 медиальный отросток бульбуса; 50 пальпа самца, ретролатерально (шипы не показаны); 51 пальпа самца, вентрально (шипы не показаны); 52 голень пальпы самца, ретролатерально; 5355 эпигина, вентрально; 56 эпигина, дорсально.


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Figs 5762. Details of structure of Micaria bosmansi sp.n.: 57 male, general appearance; 58 bulbus, ventral view; 59 female, general appearance; 60 epigyne and abdomen, ventral view; 61 epigyne, ventral view; 62 epigyne, dorsal view. Рис. 5762. Детали строения Micaria bosmansi sp.n.: 57 самец, габитус; 58 бульбус, вентрально; 59 самка, габитус; 60 эпигина и брюшко, вентрально; 61 эпигина, вентрально; 62 эпигина, дорсально.

DESCRIPTION. Measurements ( / ): total length 2.5 / 3.3; carapace 1.3 / 1.4 long, 0.8 / 0.9 wide. Length of leg segments (male / female):
femur patella tibia metatarsus tarsus I 0.8/0.8 0.4/0.4 0.5/0.5 0.5/0.5 0.5/0.5 II 0.6/0.7 0.3/0.3 0.4/0.5 0.4/0.5 0.4/0.4 III 0.6/0.6 0.3/0.3 0.4/0.4 0.5/0.4 0.4/0.4 IV 0.9/0.9 0.4/0.4 0.7/0.8 0.7/0.8 0.5/0.5 Male leg spination. Femur: I d 1, pl 1; II d 1; III d 1; IV d 1. Tibia: III rl 1(a), v 1-2(a); IV v 1-12(a). Metatarsus: III pl 1(a), rl 1(a), v 3(a); IV pl 1(a), rl 1(a), v 1-1-2(a).

Female leg spination. Femur: I d 1, pl 1; II d 1; III d 1; IV d 1. Tibia: III pl 1(a), v 1-2(a); IV v 1-12(a). Metatarsus: III pl 1(a), rl 1(a), v 1-3(a); IV pl 1(a), rl 1(a), v 1-2(a). Carapace with 4 white marks, sternum, and palps brown. Legs brown. Abdomen light grey. General appearance: male Fig. 57; female Figs 5960. palp: Figs 4851, 58; epigyne: Figs 5354, 60; spermathecae: Figs 5556, 6162. Cymbium more than 2 times longer than tibia. Embolus and borders of copulatory openings spirally curved. Median apophysis robust and long. Tibial apophysis longer than tibia. Anterior epigynal margin absent. Epigynal pockets well developed, C-shaped.


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VARIATION. Male carapace lengths (n=3) vary from 1.3 to 1.4; width from 0.9 to 1.0; female carapace lengths (n=4) vary from 1.3 to 1.4; width from 0.8 to 0.9. TYPE LOCALITY: Crimea. DISTRIBUTION. Ukraine (Crimea). HABITATS. Under stones in meadows, steppes with Rosa or Paliurus, fallow lands, Juniperus excelsa forest. PHENOLOGY. IV; VVI; III. Peak of activity adult specimens in April. ETYMOLOGY. The species M. bosmansi sp.n. named in honour of Robert Bosmans (Gent, Belgium), who has made great contributions to the study of Micaria , and who has helped us considerably in study of Crimean Micaria.

229

mathecae are L-shaped see Figs 96101, 106109) and by the longer spermathecal glands. DESCRIPTION. Measurements ( / ): total length 3.9 / 3.4; carapace 1.7 / 1.5 long, 1.2 / 1.0 wide. Length of leg segments (male / female):
I II III IV femur 1.4/1.0 1.2/1.0 1.0/0.8 1.4/1.3 patella 0.7/0.5 0.6/0.5 0.5/0.4 0.6/0.6 tibia 1.1/0.7 0.9/0.7 0.7/0.6 1.2/1.0 metatarsus 0.9/0.6 0.8/0.6 0.8/0.7 1.3/1.1 tarsus 0.8/0.6 0.7/0.6 0.6/0.5 0.8/0.7

Micaria blicki sp.n. Figs 7585, 8790.
RECORDS FROM THE CRIMEA: As M. pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) misidentifications: Thorell, 1875a; Mikhailov, 1987, 1997, 1998; Kovblyuk, 2001, 2004. NOTE. The earlier record of M. pulicaria from the Crimea was based on unknown material (males or females?) collected by A. Nordmann and identified by T. Thorell [1875a]. Furthermore, the specimens of M. pulicaria and M. blicki sp.n. are very similar. For these reasons, it is reasonable to conclude that the earlier records M. pulicaria from the Crimea were based on misidentifications of M. blicki sp.n.

MATERIAL. UKRAINE, THE CRIMEA. Holotype: (ZMMU), c. 1.5 km NE of Fersmanovo, Kesslers forest, watershed (350400 m a.s.l.), grassland, Brachypodium pinnatum, Elytrigia maeotica, Filipendula vulgaris, 10 pitfalls, 23.06.13.07.2000. Paratypes: Feodosiya Distr.: 1 (TNU-2380/4), Karadag Nature Reserve, KokKaya Mt. Range, 13.05.2007, O.V. Kukushkin. Simferopol Distr.: 1 , 1 (ZMMU), c. 1.5 km NE of Fersmanovo, Kesslers forest, watershed (350400 m a.s.l.), forest edge, pitfalls, 23.06.16.07.2000; 1 , 1 (ZMMU), c. 1.5 km NE of Fersmanovo, Kesslers forest, watershed (350400 m a.s.l.), grassland, pitfalls, 27.05.6.06.2000; 1 (TNU-x/4), s.p., pitfalls, 1326.07.2000; 1 (TNU-1041/8), Crimean State Nature Reserve, env. Sosnovy Kordon, 1.07.2001. Yalta Distr.: 9 , 3 (TNU-1456/2, 1460/7, 1464/8, 1467/12, 1469/9, 1470/4, 1475/3), Crimean State Nature Reserve, Nikitskaya Yaila, ~ 1200 m a.s.l., meadow, Zerna cappadocica, pitfalls, 9.03. 17.10.2001; 1 , 2 (TNU-1553/5, 1554/4, 1555/3), s.p., forest, Pinus pallasiana, Fagus, Populus, Acer, pitfalls, 12.06.16.07.2001; 7 , 3 (TNU-1440/2, 1444/3, 1445/10, 1447/4, 1454/2), s.p., forest, Pinus kochiana, pitfalls, 14.05.27.10.2001; 2 , 1 (ZMMU), s.p., pitfalls, 1223.06.2001. COMPARATIVE MATERIAL. M. pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) from GERMANY: 2 , 2 (TNU), Bavaria, near Feuchtwangen, north of Kaierberg, south exposed fores border Muehlholz, 465 m a.s.l., 10,423?East, 49,176?North, pitfalls, 19891991, leg. et det. T. Blick; 1 (TNU), Martinfeld/Eichsfeld, roadside, 51,2829?N, 10,1846?E, 1.08.1999, leg. et det. S. Otto; 2 (TNU), Gerbrunn, 49,7750?N, 9,9936?E, below shrubs, 29.04.2001, leg. et det. S. Otto.

Male leg spination. Femur: I d 1, pl 1; II d 1, pl 1; III d 1-1, pl 1, rl 1; IV d 1-1. Tibia: III pl 1-1, rl 1,v 2-1-2(a); IV pl 1-1, rl 1, v 2-2. Metatarsus: III pl 11(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-2-3(a); IV pl 1-1(a), rl 1-1(a), v 2-22(a). Female leg spination. Femur: I d 1, pl 1; II d 1; III d 1-1, pl 1; IV d 1. Tibia: III pl 1-1, v 1-2-2(a); IV pl 1, rl 1, v 1-1-2(a). Metatarsus: III pl 1-1(a), rl 11(a), v 2-2-3(a); IV pl 1, rl 1, v 2-2-3(a). Carapace, sternum, palps and legs brown. Abdomen grey. General appearance: male Fig. 83; female Fig. 87. palp: Figs 7579, 8485; epigyne: Figs 80, 88; spermathecae: Figs 8182, 8990. Cymbium more than 2 times longer than tibia. Embolus short. Median apophysis more than 2 times longer than the embolus. Tip of median apohysis situated more apically than is the tip of the embolus. Tibial apophysis small but pointed. Anterior epigynal margins M-shaped. Epigynal pockets well developed. Spermathecal ducts C-shaped. VARIATION. Male carapace lengths (n=23) vary from 1.2 to 2.0; width from 0.9 to 1.3; female carapace lengths (n=13) vary from 1.0 to 1.7; width from 0.8 to 1.2. TYPE LOCALITY. Crimea. DISTRIBUTION. Ukraine (Crimea). HABITATS. Meadows with Zerna cappadocica; grassland with Brachypodium pinnatum, Elytrigia maeotica and Filipendula vulgaris; forest edges with Quercus pubescens, Cornus mas, Swida australis and Prunus spinosa; forests with Pinus pallasiana, P. kochiana, Fagus, Populus, Acer. PHENOLOGY. VVII; IIIIV, X; VIII. Peak of activity adult specimens in July. ETYMOLOGY. The species M. blicki sp.n. named in honour of Theo Blick (Hummeltal, Germany), who has made great contribution to the study of Micaria , and who has donated some important comparative material for our research.

Phenology
Most of specimens were collected by pitfall traps, which were regularly checked for one year or longer. Thus, it was possible to analyze the seasonal dynamics of the activity of adults. All Crimean Micaria species have one peak of adult activity in the year only. The maximum number of individuals and peak of activity for the adults of M. bosmansi sp.n. occurred in April; for M. dives and M. rossica in May; for M. albovittata in June; for M. coarctata and M. blicki sp.n. in July, respectively. It is most likely that all species studied in Crimea have only one generation per year.

DIAGNOSIS. M. blicki sp.n. is most similar to the Holarctic M. pulicaria (general appearance M. pulicaria: male Fig. 102; female Fig. 104; palp: Figs 86, 9195, 103; epigyne: Figs 96, 99, 105; spermathecae: Figs 9798, 100101, 106109). Male M. blicki sp.n. differs from M. pulicaria by tip of median apophysis which is slightly more apical than is the tip of the embolus (Figs 75, 79) (in M. pulicaria tip of embolus is situated more apically than is the tip of median apophysis (Figs 91, 95); by shape of median apophysis (see Figs 76 and 92 respectively); size of male palpal tibia (Figs 85 and 86 respectively). Female M. blicki sp.n. is distinguished from that of M. pulicaria by V-shaped spermathecae (Figs 8082, 8890) (in M. pulicaria sper-

Distribution in the Crimea
Traditionally, seven natural (landscape, altitudinal, physic-geographical) zones are described from the Crimean pen-


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Figs 6370. Copulatory organs of Micaria guttulata from Germany: 63 bulbus, ventral view, 64 median apophysis; 65 male palp, retrolateral view; 66 male palp, ventral view; 67 tibia of male palp, retrolateral view; 6869 epigyne, ventral view; 70 epigyne, dorsal view. Рис. 6370. Копулятивные органы Micaria guttulata из Германии: 63 бульбус, вентрально, 64 медиальный отросток бульбуса; 65 пальпа самца, ретролатерально; 66 пальпа самца, вентрально; 67 голень пальпы самца, ретролатерально; 68 69 эпигина, вентрально; 70 эпигина, дорсально.


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Figs 7174. Micaria guttulata from Germany: 71 male, general appearance; 72 bulbus, ventral view; 73 epigyne, ventral view; 74 epigyne, dorsal view. Рис. 7174. Детали строения Micaria guttulata из Германии: 71 самец, габитус; 72 бульбус, вентрально; 73 эпигина, вентрально; 74 эпигина, дорсально.


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Figs 7582. Copulatory organs of Micaria blicki sp.n.: 75 bulbus, ventral view, 76 median apophysis; 77 tibia of male palp, retrolateral view; 78 male palp, retrolateral view; 79 male palp, ventral view; 8081 epigyne, ventral view; 82 epigyne, dorsal view. Рис. 7582. Копулятивные органы Micaria blicki sp.n.: 75 бульбус, вентрально, 76 медиальный отросток бульбуса; 77 голень пальпы самца, ретролатерально; 78 пальпа самца, ретролатерально; 79 пальпа самца, вентрально; 8081 эпигина, вентрально; 82 эпигина, дорсально.

insula [Biodiversity, 1999]. All of them were explored with regards to the Micaria fauna. Results of spatial distribution of Micaria species in Crimea are given in Table 1. The maximum species diversity of Micaria was observed in steppe zone (4 species). In submontane forest-steppe and in mountain meadows and steppe 3 species were recorded; in semi-desert steppe and saline lands, forests of Crimean Mts and sub-mediterranean park-lands of south Crimea only 2 species were found. M. bosmansi sp.n. was found in steppe, forest-steppe, forests of the southern slope of Crimean Mtns and sub-mediterranean park-lands of south Crimea; M. blicki sp.n. in forest-steppe, forests of the northern slope and mountain meadows and steppes of Crimean Mtns.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The authors sincerely thanks Robert Bosmans (Gent, Belgium) for comparison of holotype of M. belezma with Crimean specimen, and for help in

our research. We wish to express deep gratitude to the following colleagues who gave comparative material from their museums or personal collections: E.F. Guseinov (Baku, Azerbaijan), S. Otto (Leipzig, Germany), N.Yu. Polchaninova (Kharkiv, Ukraine), T. Blick (Hummeltal, Germany). We are deeply obliged to O.V. Kukushkin (Karadag Nature Reserve, Feodosiya), M.V. Onchurov and R.L. Slushaenko (both from Simferopol) for providing us with specimens of Micaria from the Crimea, and to D.V. Logunov (Manchester, UK) for references search. We thank P.E. Goldin (Simferopol) for improving the English of the earlier draft. The authors are grateful to Yu.M. Marusik (Magadan, Russia) for practical help during preparation of this manuscript. English of the final draft was checked by Robin Leech (Edmonton. We wish to thank the Karadag Nature Reserve and Yalta Mountain-Forest Nature Reserve for the support of our scientific work.


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Figs 8390. Micaria blicki sp.n. (83 85, 8790) and M. pulicaria from Germany (86): 83 male, general appearance; 84 bulbus, ventral view; 8586 tibias of male palps, retrolateral view; 87 female, general appearance; 88 89 epigyne, ventral view; 90 epigyne, dorsal view. Рис. 8390. Детали строения Micaria blicki sp.n. (8385, 8790) и M. pulicaria из Германии (86): 83 самец, габитус; 84 бульбус, вентрально; 8586 голени пальп самцов, ретролатерально; 87 самка, габитус; 8889 эпигина, вентрально; 90 эпигина, дорсально.


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Figs 91101. Сopulatory organs of Micaria pulicaria from Germany: 91 bulbus, ventral view, 92 median apophysis; 93 tibia of male palp, retrolateral view; 94 male palp, retrolateral view; 95 male palp, ventral view; 9697, 99100 epigyne, ventral view; 98, 101 epigyne, dorsal view. Рис. 91101. Копулятивные органы Micaria pulicaria из Германии: 91 бульбус, вентрально, 92 медиальный отросток бульбуса; 93 голень пальпы самца, ретролатерально; 94 пальпа самца, ретролатерально; 95 пальпа самца, вентрально; 96 97, 99100 эпигина, вентрально; 98, 101 эпигина, дорсально.


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Figs 102109. Micaria pulicaria from Germany: 102 male, general appearance; 103 bulbus, ventral view; 104 female, general appearance; 105 106, 108 epigyne, ventral view; 107, 109 epigyne, dorsal view. Рис. 102109. Детали строения Micaria pulicaria из Германии: 102 самец, габитус; 103 бульбус, вентрально; 104 самка, габитус; 105 106, 108 эпигина, вентрально; 107, 109 эпигина, дорсально.


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Table 1. Spatial distribution of the Micaria species in the Crimea. Таблица 1. Ландшафтное распределение пауков рода Micaria в Крыму.
Micaria species Landscape zones albovittata + + + + + coarctata + + dives + + rossica + + bosmansi sp.n. + + + + blicki sp.n. + + +

Semi-desert steppe and saline lands Genuine steppe Submontane forest-steppe Forests of the northern slope Montain meadows and yaila steppe Forests of the southern slope Sub-Mediterranean vegetation of the southern coast

References
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