Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://nuclphys.sinp.msu.ru/lect/l_13.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Tue Dec 11 15:43:04 2007 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Mon Oct 1 22:01:08 2012 Êîäèðîâêà: Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: m 106



t
0

13,7 .
( ) R0 = t0 ( ) H ()

1028 1056 10-29 /3 1078 < 10
-4

71±4 / 2.73 K 411 -3 0.26 /3 = 4.610-34 /3

(109­1010):1 n/n :

91% 8.9% <0.2%

70.7% 27.4% 1.9%




A.



Si 106. , Z N , , , Z N.



: ­ 91% . , 9% . , , . . (Z = 21, = 40). (« »). 60 , 50, 82, 126. , - ( Z N) , .

· · · · · · · ·

.



t =0
.

5 10 5 1010 (/3 ) = 2 , T ( ) = t () t ()

t = 10

-43



. = 1090 /3 , T = 1032

t = 10

-35



- = 1075 /3 , T = 1028

t = 1

= 1017 /3 , T = 6 1012

t = 100

4 He = 50 /3 , T = 109 = 0, 5 10-20 /3 , T = 3 103

t = 380 .






, . 10 2­5 %. T 10 ( >>1 )

p + e- n + n+e p+ p+
+



e

e

,

e

n + e+,

n p + e- +

e,

. : . :

W = Ae

- E / kt

n n

n p

=

e e

- En kT

- E p kT

=e

- ( mn - m p ) c 2 / kT





p + e- n + n + e+ p p+



e, + e

e

e

n + e+, ,

n p + e- +

. , . , . 2 1010 , , 1 . n n

/n

p 1/6

.

nn 1 = np 6




2 1



p + n H + + 2.22 .
. 2.22 , , , . n n , .. : 9 10 . 100- , 0.1 . 109 .

n / n 10 Â 10



100 . (109 K), . . :

p + n H + 2.22 ,
2 1

2 1

H + 1H

2



3 1 3 2

H + p + 4.03 , He + n + 3.27 ,

2 1 2 1

H + 3 H 4 He + n + 17.59 , 1 2 H + 3 He 4 He + p + 18.35 . 2 2

Q. 2 He . .
4




­ . 4He 10%. . (2H), 3He 7Li. 4He. 10-4-10-5, 3He ­ 10-5, 7Li ­ 10-10.



0.1 , 1 . ­ . , , , .

p + p 2H + e+ + e + 0,42 ,

( 10 . ). 1 . .
2

H + 2H 3He + n + 3.27 .

, 4, 10-4-10-5 . .





p + p 2H + e+ + e + Q, 100 /3. . , , , . . , , , ­ . , , , , «» . . . , , : p + p 2H + e+ + e + 0.42 , p + 2H 3He + 5.49 , 3 He + 3He 4He + p + p + 12.86 4p 4He + 2e+ + 2 e + 24.68 . , .





p+p 5.8·109 d + e+ + (0.42 ) p + p + e­ d + (1.44 ) 2.3·1012
3He

d+p

3.2·

10-8



+ (5.49 )

69%
3He

+ 3He

1.5·105 (Q = 24.7 ) ppI

4He

+ 2p (12.86 )

31%

3He

+ 4He

6.5·

105



7Be

+ (1.59 )

99.7%
7Be

+ e­

0.2·

7Li

+ + (0.86 )

0.3%

7Li

+p

4He + 4He (17.35 ) 2·10-5 (Q = 25.7 ) ppII

7Be+

p

71· 2· 10-8

8B

+ (0.14 ) + e+ + (14.06 )

8B 8Be*

8Be*

10-29 (Q = 24.7 ) ppIII

4He

+ 4He (3.0 )

p + p 5,8109 d + e+ + (0, 42 ) d + p 3,210-8 He + (5, 49 )
3 3

He + He 1,510 He + 2 p (12, 86 ) 5
3 4


CNO -

I I
12

III

II

C 13 N 13 C 14 N 15 O 15 N
15

N+ C + e+ + e + p 14N + + p 15O + 15 N + e+ + e + p 12C + 4He +p
13

13

(Q (Q (Q (Q (Q (Q

= = = = = =

1.94 1.20 7.55 7.30 1.73 4.97

) , T1/2=10 ) ) ) , T1/2=124 ) ).

II

N + p 16O + 16 O + p 17F + 17 F 17O + e+ + e 17 O + p 14N +
17

(Q (Q (Q (Q

= = = =

12.13 ), 0.60 ), 1.74 , T1/2=66 c), 1.19 ).

III

O + p 18F + 18 F 18O + e+ + e 18 O + p 15N +

(Q = 6.38 ), (Q = 0.64 , T1/2=110 ), (Q = 3.97 ).


PP CNO-

CNO- , . CNO- 24 4 ( T ), ( T ). 7 T = 10 , .. p + p d + e+ + , 2). ( = 10 , . ~16 106 . 6 ~13 10 , , .
-43


CNO-
, , CNO-. , CNO- , pp-. CNO- , .. 12 16 13, 14N, 15N, 17O 18. , .. . CNO- 13
12

C( p, ) N(e , ) C
13 + 13

.


13

C( , n) O
16







, 4p CNO-.

, , , . .



. . . 1946 . :

e + Cl e + Ar
37 - 37
37Ar, , 37Cl - 37 e -. Ar 35 . 0.814 , . . , + p + p d + e + e , . , , «» ,

8

B Be + e +
8 * +

e.



. 71Ga.

71

Ga + e Ge + e .
71 -

71 Ge (T1/2=11.4 ). (233 )

p + p d + e +
+

e.

, 60 , «» . . , KAMIOKANDE SUPERKAMIOKANDE () , e + e- . , , 7.5 . , , B Be + e + e . , .
8 8 * +




, , 380 . . 37Ar, , 37 . Ar 37 90%. Ar , , . , 37 - Ar. 2.8 , e-. , , 1490 . , , , .



, !!!



.
. :

p + p d + e + + e , d + p 3 He + ,

3

He + 3 He 4 He + 2 p.
3

24,6 . ,

He + 4 He 7 Be + , Be + e- 7 Li + e , Li + p 4 He + 4 He

7 7

, . , E = 24,6 . W = 4 1033 /c, R = 1, 5 1013 . , N = 2W / E . , .

4 p 4He + 2e+ + 2 e .

S = 4 R

2

2W 2 â 4 1033 / J= = = -6 2 13 2 4 R E 4 â 3,14 â (1, 5 10 ) â 24, 6 â1, 6 10 / = 7 1010 . 2



w = 0,14 /2. ? , ? , , R, S = 4 R 2 . ,

W = w S = 4 w R 2 = 4 â 3,14 â 0,14 / 2 â â (1, 5 1013 ) 2 4 10
26

= 4 1033 /.

E 2 m = E / c .

W 4 1033 / = 2 = = 4, 4 1012 /. c (3 1010 /) 2 30 M = 1, 99 10 ,


1, 99 1030 t= = = 4, 5 10 9 4, 4 10 / M

20

= 1, 4 1013 .

, .



, M 6 t = 10 33 ( W = 4 10 /, 33 M = 2 10 ). --

W 4 1033 / m= 2 = = 4, 4 1012 /. c (3 1010 /) 2
, t = 10
6

M = mt = = 4, 4 1012 / â 106 â 3,16 107 / = 1, 4 10
26

.

M 6 t = 10

M 1, 4 1026 M = = = 7 10-8. M 2 1033


Hans Albrecht Bethe (1906-2005)

1938 . -- (Hans Bethe) (Charles Critchfield) - . (Hans Bethe) (Carl vonWeizsacker) - .


1967 . -- . , .


H, , , Si


-

4

He + 4He
4

8

Be + 4He

12

C*

12

C+

C+ 16 O+ 20 Ne + 24 Mg + 28 Si +

12

He 4 He 4 He 4 He 4 He

16

O + 7.16 , 20 Ne + 4.73 , 24 Mg + 9.31 , 28 Si + 9.98 , 32 S + 6.95



, , , . . , , . , , , . , , . , . ­ . = (2-3)108 , 30 103 /3:
4

He + 4He 8Be - 0.09 , 4 He + 8Be 12C + 7.37 .

, (4He + 4He 8Be + ) 8Be, 10-16 . - 4 He , , 8Be -, 4He. 12.


,
, . ,
4

He +

12

C

16

O + 7.16 .

( > 10 M ), . -
12

C

16

O

20

Ne

24

Mg

28

Si



C + 12C, 16 O + 16O, 12 C + 16O.

12



- 28Si, , , , ­ , 1 d 5 2 . (3­5)109 3107 /3 . 56Ni
28

Si +

28

Si

56

Ni + 10.92

, , - -. , , - - . 28Si.



109 : ­ - . (E ) (N T ). , , :
4

28

24 Mg + - 9.98 ), 27 Si + Al + p - 11.58 ) , 27 Si + n - 17.18 ).

n, p - . 28Si Z, n, p, , .


He......Ge


He......Ge
109 . , . 60. . . , , .. , -- . (, p) (, n). , . (, p) (, n) - (N) , , , .. . - 56Ni ( T1/ 2 = 6,1 ). , .


(A,Z)
(A,Z) ­ , .

W(A, Z) (A, Z) = A

= W/A


M > 25M

Z , . , 10 . 6 , .



, M 0.08 0.3 0.7 5.0 25.0 , ,

, , . . . M < 0, 1M , .


M > 25M

, , , , . , . , . , , ­ . .


William Alfred Fowler (1911-1995)

. . .


1983 . -- . .



t =0

. 5 10 5 1010 3 (/ ) = 2 , T ( ) = t () t ()
-43

t = 10 t = 10



. = 1090 /3 , T = 1032 - = 1075 /3 , T = 1028 = 1017 /3 , T = 6 1012 4 He = 50 /3 , T = 109 = 0, 5 10-20 /3 , T = 3 103

-35

t = 1

t = 100 t = 380 .
t = 108



= 102 /3 , T = 2 106 = 103 /3 , T = 2 108 = 105 /3 , T = 8 108 = 105 Â 106 /3 , T = 2 109 = 106 /3 , T = (3 Â 5) 109

t = 13, 7 .

= 10-30 /3 , T = 2, 73




, .


r- s-



M > 25M

- ­ -. M / M = 1, 5 28Si. 20 Ne 16 1.6 6M / M . ( M / M > 8 ) . , - .




. , . -- -- . , , . . , -. (n, ): - - Z .

(A, Z) + n (A+1, Z) + .


s -
70

75

As

Ge

69 Ga
64

Zn

63 Cu
60

Ni

61

Ni

62 Ni 61 Co 1.65 60 Fe 1.5 106

59 Co
56

Fe

57

Fe

58 Fe





60 Co 10.5 59 Fe 44.5

Zn 244.3 64 Cu 12.7 63 Ni 100

65

66

Zn

67

Zn

68 Zn

65 Cu 64 Ni

66 Cu 5.1 65 Ni 2.52

Ge 11.43 70 Ga 21.15 69 Zn 56

71

72

Ge

73

Ge

74 Ge

71 Ga 70 Zn

72 Ga 14.1 71 Zn 2.4

As 26.4 75 Ge 47

76

76

Ge

77



Ge 53

--



­ (n, ):

(A, Z) + n (A+1, Z) + .

(A+1, Z) , - -

(A+1, Z) (A+1, Z+1) + -+
, .



e





n



,



n -- .

s- ( . slow).



n ­ .


s -
s- . s-
13

+ 16 + n



22

Ne + 25Mg + n.

, . , , , , . :
12

+ 13N + 1.94 , 13 N 13 + e+ + e + 1.20 (T1/ 2 = 10 ), 13 + 16O + n + 2.22 .
13 + 16O + n T > 108 . 22 Ne + 25Mg + n (Q = -0.48 ) 14N . + - - 22N 14N 22Ne. , , , 14N. 14N N-. 108 :
13 13

+ 12 + n - 4.95 , N + 12N + n - 10.55 .


.


r -
1019-1020 -3,

n = 1/


n

= n n


n ,









n

10-3 . -. , (n, ) - . 10-20 -. r- ( . rapid). r- . 0.5 22 25 Ne(,n) Mg r-. . r- . , .



n










5·109 K , . . , , , , , . - , , -. , .



, , . , 56Fe - 56Mn (3.7 ) 56Mn - 56Cr (1.6 ) , . ,

( A, Z ) + e ( A, Z - 1) +
-

e

. .



. , , . . () . . 109 - 1010 K . , , .



. , , (1014 - 1015 /3) . 1011-1012 K.

p + e n +
-

e

.

1053 /. , ~1014­1015 /3 . . , , , .



· . CNO-

4 p 4He + 2e+ + 2 3 12 C,16 O, 20 Ne

· .

e

· -. /- A + + + + ... N - · -. . · s-. (slow), -

( A, Z ) + n ( A + 1, Z ) ( A + 1, Z + 1) + e- +
· r-. . (rapid), -

( A, Z ) + Nn ( A + N , Z ) ( A + N , Z + N ) + Ne- + N
· p-.

( p, n)( p, )( , n)( , 2n)

· x-. . Li, Be, B.





U Th
(Z=82) (Z=83). Z>83 -, - . Z~83­89 -. +-, -- ­-. (Z=92), (Z=90). Z=83­89 2·103 . (Z=90) (Z=92) -- , «» .


U Th
Th U , .

232 Th 235 U 238 U

1,4·1010 7,04·108 9 4,46·10

, . , 235 U , .




235U




235U

235U . -, -. , A , . A = 209­234, , , 235U. .







Z
93, 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101

, Z=93Â101
238 92 U
238 92 U

+n

239 92 U
241 94



-

239 93

Np
241 95

-

239 94

Pu


4 + 2 He 239 94 241 95

Pu + n,

241 94

Pu

+ e- +

4 Pu + 2 He

242 96

+ n Bk + 2n

4 + 2 He

243 97

242 96 238 92 U 238 92 U

4 + 2 He

245 98 Cf

+n
-

+ 15n + 17n

253 92 U


-

-

253 93 255 93

Np
-

253 99 255 100

Es

255 92 U

Np

Fm

253 99

4 Es + 2 He

256 101

Md + n



Z > 92 . . Z = 93 94 238 U . - - 239U (Z = 93) 239Np, , , 239 Pu (Z = 94). Z = 95 Am () 1944 .
238 92 4 U + 2 He 241 95 241 94

Pu + n,
- e

241 94

Pu
4 2

Am + e +
242 96

.

, , Cm (Z = 96) 1944 .
239 94

Pu + He

242Cm - t1 2 = 162.8 . 242Am:
242 95

Cm + n .


242 96


-



-

-

Am

Cm + e + e .



Z = 97 Bk 1949 . : 242 4 Am + 2 He 243Bk + 2n . 95 97 Cf () Z = 98 1950 .
242 96
245

4 Cm + 2 He

245 98

Cf + n .

Cf 5000 10-6 . 238U :
238 92 238 92 238 92 2 U + 16C 2 U + 16C 244 98 246 98

Cf + 6n, Cf + p + 3n.

Cf + 4n,

U+ N
14 7

248 98


238U . - - . . . , , 239Pu. Z = 97-98. 252Cf, - 253 Cf - 17.8 253Es, - ( t1 2 = 20.5 ). ~100 1016 /2· 252Cf 239Pu.
Z - 99 98 97
243



96 95 94 Pu 2.4· 104
239 240

Pu 6563

Cm 29.1 242 Am 16.02 241 Pu 14.35

244

Cm 18.1 243 Am 7370 242 Pu 3.7· 105

245

Cm 8500 244 Am 10.1 243 Pu 4.96

246

Cm 4730 245 Am 2.05 244 Pu 8· 107

247

Cm 1.56· 107

Cf 13.1 249 Bk 320 248 Cm 3.4· 105

250

Cf 898 250 Bk 3.22 249 Cm 64.15

251

Es 20.47 252 Cf 2.65

253

253

Cf 17.8






Z > 92 . , Z 2 / A 46 ( 112) . Z > 112 -22 10 . , . . 1. ? Z N. ? 2. , , , ? , .



- , , , . Z = 96-100 (). , . . , 102
242 94

Pu +

18 8

,

208 82

Pb + 20 Ca .

48

, , , , , , . , , . . 50Ti, 51V, 58Fe, 62Ni, 64 Ni, 70Zn 82Se. 208Pb 209Bi.



- . 105- 209Bi. 50Tl (Z = 105) 258 257.
50 22 50 22

Ti + Ti +

209 83 209 83

Bi Bi

258 105 257 105

Db + n, Db + 2n.

4.75 / 50Ti , 258 Db 257Db. 258Db 257Db 4.4± 0.7 0.7± 0.3 . 257 Db , 249Md 245Es. - 8.940 8.750 249Md (Ea = 7.980 ).



, Z = 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 ( ) . . . Z N. , N-Z- N > 150, Z > 101, , , .. . . , Z = 110 N = 184 « ». 294110 109 .




(), . Z = 114 N = 184. ~1016 . 114- , 6­8 , 10­15 . - Z < 114 N = 184 (T1/2 = 1015 ). 298114 10 . - . - , , ~105 .


. -

115 243 48 291 . 95 20 48Ca 236 . 250 - 40 . 3 -. 115 =288. . 272 111, 209 Bi + 64 Ni . . 113 115 0,1 0,5 . , , 105-115 10­19 .

Am +

Ca

115


. -

-, . N-Z, Z=110 N=180, , . 64Ni, 48 Ca.


C
238U

+ 248Cm, 238U + 249Cf 238U + 254Es

238U+238U, 238 U+248Cm, 238U+249Cf 238U+254Es. 238U 248Cm, 249Cf 254Es. -.


- Z=110, 112, 114, 116
log T1/2 (c)

- Z=110-116 , N Z. Z=108, N=162 Z=114, N=184 , , - .




. .




101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

-

Md (Mendelevium) ­ , No (Nobelium) ­ , Lr (Lawrencium) ­ , Rf (Rutherfordium) ­ , Db (Dubnium) ­ , Sg (Seaborgium) ­ , Bh (Bohrium) ­ , Hs (Hassium) ­ , Mt (Meitnerium) ­ , Ds (Darmstadtium) ­ , Rg (Roentgenium) ­






­ . , . , , , . . 1. , , . 2. , .




. · ISOL (Isotop Separation On Line). · In-Flight ( ). ( ISOL) A Z. (10-500 ) . ( In-Flight) . , , , . . A Z. 100 . .






? , ? , , . . , . N = 20 28O (Z = 8, N = 20). 44 S N = 28. 45Fe, 49Ni N/Z. 100Sn (Z = N = 50). , , , .



?
. Bp= 0 Bn= 0. : , . , , , NZ- , , . (Z = 51-55 Z = 69-83) - , Bp= 0. . . Bn= 0 - , .





, , ?
, , , . -, , R = 1, 2 A . -- , , . ( ) . . , , ,
1/ 3

, R = 1, 2 A . - 11Li , 9Li, , 11Li 208Pb.
1/ 3





, , ?
. : · N/Z? · ? · - N/Z? · ? · ? · N/Z?



? - -, - -, . - , , , .





?