Документ взят из кэша поисковой машины. Адрес оригинального документа : http://crydee.sai.msu.ru/f90/a10.html
Дата изменения: Sat Feb 17 17:37:02 1996
Дата индексирования: Mon Oct 1 19:43:59 2012
Кодировка:

Поисковые слова: туманность андромеды
Argument association

APPENDIX 10

Argument association

Basic concepts.

Dummy argument is a quantity in the specification of a procedure, function or subroutine.

Actual argument is a quantity in the call of a procedure, function or subroutine. The call is made from the calling procedure or program unit, often from the main program.

Pascal.

When an argument is not specied as var then the content of the quantity will be copied to a new storage area, which will be used within the procedure. This means that , if the quantity is changed within the procedure, the new value will not be returned to the calling procedure. Such an argument is said to be a value parameter. With the terminology of Fortran 90 it should have the attribute INTENT(IN).

In Pascal the assignment of a new value to a variable not specified var is completely legal, but the new value is not returned to the calling program.

When an argument is specied as var then both the dummy and actual arguments will refer to the same storage area. This means that, if the quantity is changed within the procedure, the new value will be returned to the calling procedure. Such an argument is said to be a variable parameter. With the terminology of Fortran 90 it should have the attribute INTENT(INOUT).

In the following very small program the procedure sub has x and y as value parameters, and z as a variable parameter. Here the dummy arguments are x, y and z, while the actual arguments are a, b and c.

program example;
var a, b, c : real;
procedure sub(x, y : real; var z : real);
	begin
	y := y*y;
	z := x + y;
	end;
begin
	a := 1;
	b := 10;
	sub(a, b, c);
	writeln(' a = ', a);    (*   Becomes    1   *)
	writeln(' b = ', b);    (*   Becomes   10   *)
	writeln(' c = ', c);    (*   Becomes  101   *)
end. 

Fortran.

A dummy argument, which in Fortran 90 has been specified as INTENT(IN) in the called program unit, should generate an error message if the argument is assigned a new value within the called program unit.

In the following small Fortran program the subroutine SUB has X as an input variable, Y as an input and output variable, and Z as an output variable. The intent specification should therefore be as below. Please note that use of INTENT is optional but highly recommended. All compilers do not yet support it fully (all possible checks are not performed. Note that we have chosen different names for the actual arguments and for the formal arguments in the INTERFACE and in the SUBROUTINE. Usually the same name is chosen for all three cases.

Here the dummy arguments are X, Y and Z, the actual arguments are A, B and C, and the dummy arguments in the INTERFACE are S, T and U.

PROGRAM EXAMPLE
   	IMPLICIT NONE
	INTERFACE
		SUBROUTINE SUB(S, T, U)
     		REAL, INTENT(IN)    :: S
     		REAL, INTENT(INOUT) :: T
     		REAL, INTENT(OUT)   :: U
		END SUBROUTINE SUB
	END INTERFACE
   	REAL :: A, B, C
	A = 1
	B = 10
	CALL SUB(A, B, C)
	WRITE(*,*) ' A = ', A     !    Becomes   1     
     	WRITE(*,*) ' B = ', B     !    Becomes 100
     	WRITE(*,*) ' C = ', C     !    Becomes 101
END PROGRAM EXAMPLE
SUBROUTINE SUB(X, Y, Z)
	IMPLICIT NONE
     	REAL, INTENT(IN)    :: X
     	REAL, INTENT(INOUT) :: Y
     	REAL, INTENT(OUT)   :: Z
	Y = Y**2
	Z = X + Y
END SUBROUTINE SUB 
In Fortran there is really only one kind of argument usage, called argument association. There may still however be two cases two consider. If the argument is a scalar then the value of the actual argument may be copied to a memory location for the dummy argument, and on return (provided the value has been changed) the copy process will be repeated in the opposite direction, from the called program unit to the to the calling program unit or the main program. Please note that the first copy might be done to a register and not necessarily to the main RAM memory. The copy process back to the calling program unit naturally fails if the actual argument is a constant or an expression , for example 249 or SIN(X) or X+2, instead of a variable name. Normally no error message is obtained. The intent of the INTENT attribute is to give the compiler greater possibilities to check against similar inconsistencies.

Also note that if F(X) is a function which is called, then A in F(A) is a variable name, but (A) in F((A)) is a more general expression. This possibility to introduce an extra set of parenthesis in order to move from a variable to an expression works sometimes, but is very implementation dependent, and therefore strongly discouraged.

If the formal argument is an array then the mentioned copy process could mean a very large memory requirement, because the arrays would be stored twice, both in the calling and the called program unit. This is solved in such a way that the actual argument is used directly in the called subprogram. The actual array argument must have the same data type, kind and shape as the dummy argument, but there are a few exceptions from this general rule. Fortran assumes that the actual array has all the properties that were specified for the dummy array argument. The position for each array element is therefore calculated from this assumption. If the actual array is too different from the dummy array the wrong element can be referenced, with even fatal consequences. Usually this rule can be utilized in a satisfactory manner.

If the arguments are pointers or names of functions or subroutines the discussion above is not completely valid.

In the good old days IBM referred to that a variable was received by value regarding what was discussed above for scalars, and received by location regarding arrays (1977 about FORTRAN IV for IBM 360, an extension of Fortran 66). There even was a method to force received by location. The difference was rather important, but that is not the case any more. We used to have some problems with synchronization between index variables and variables in COMMON.

Storage rules.

In Fortran there are certain rules about storage of variables, especially for arrays which have to be stored in a well defined order with the first index varying fastest, and also for variables in COMMON and EQUIVALENCE. The Fortran model is completely linear, with a certain memory requirement for integers and for floating point values in single precision, and the double requirement for floating point values in double precision.

Fortran has storage association and sequence association. The Fortran 90 standard states in (14.6.3) that storage association is the association of two or more data objects that occurs when two or more storage sequences share or are aligned with one or more storage units, and in (12.4.1.4) that sequence association is the order that Fortran requires when an array is associated a formal argument. The rank and shape of the actual argument need not agree with the rank and shape of the dummy argument.


Last modified: 29 August 1995
boein@nsc.liu.se