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Design of Micrometeoroid/Orbital Debris Impact Shield and Development of Failure Risk Assessment System for Orbital Spacecraft
N.G. Chechenin Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics Lomonosov Moscow State University

Space Debris Growth

http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/582393main_OCT-Orbital_Debris_TAGGED.pdf
January 19, 2015 China-Russia Joint Space Science Project Proposals Workshop 2

Space Debris as a Threat to Spacecrafts
As of 2009, about 19,000 pieces of debris larger than 5 cm are tracked, with 300,000 pieces larger than 1 cm estimated to exist below 2000 km altitude.[1]

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Space Debris Growth

Iridium-Cosmos Fengyun-1C ASAT Test

http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/pdfs/ODQNv18i1.pdf
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Space Debris Growth

http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/582393main_OCT-Orbital_Debris_TAGGED.pdf
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Spatial Density of the Catalog Population

http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/582393main_OCT-Orbital_Debris_TAGGED.pdf
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Spatial Density of the Catalog Population

http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/582393main_OCT-Orbital_Debris_TAGGED.pdf
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Space Debris Growth
// NASA, Liou - 2010: "However, even before the ASAT test, model analyses already indicated that the debris population (for those larger than 10 cm) in LEO had reached a point where the population would continue to increase, due to collisions among existing objects, even without any future launches. The conclusion implies that as satellites continue to be launched and unexpected breakup events continue to occur, commonly-adopted mitigation measures will not be able to stop the collision-driven population growth."

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Space Debris as a Threat to Spacecrafts

Strong damage of solar panels in modul "Spectr" ISS "Mir" (June 1997)

Thermoprotective coatings damage (June 2007)
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Protection Measures
Growth mitigation: -vehicle-robotic capture, -navigation, -mission duration extension, -substantial additional propellant, -capture and deorbit an existing derelict satellite from approximately the same orbital plane

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Impact Protection Measures
1. Preventing collisions between satellites (maneuvering). 2. Passivation of spent upper stages (remove
themselves to a disposal orbit some 350 km above the GEO belt, and then passivate themselves by removing any internally stored energy)

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Impact Protection Measures
3. Self-removal

4. External removal (Laser) de-orbiting or destroying

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Impact Protection Measures

Balistic shielding

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Balistic shielding
1. Whipple shield (or Whipple bumper). It is a type of hypervelocity impact shield (3 18 km/s), consist of a relatively thin outer bumper (i.e., Al) placed a certain distance off the wall of the spacecraft. - Improves the shielding to mass ratio, - The bumper wall can shock the incoming particle and cause it to disintegrate, - Spreads out the impulse particle over a larger area of the inner wall of the spacecraft. But - Increases the thickness of the spacecraft walls

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Balistic shielding
2. Stuffed Whipple shields with fillings (Kevlar or Nextel aluminum oxide fiber between solid layers.
3. Ceramic fibre woven shields offer better protection to hypervelocity (~7 km/s) particles than Al- shields of equal weigh. 4. TransHab Concept: Multi-Layer Inflatable Shell Technology in NASA's design for TransHab expandable space habitation module
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Balistic shielding
5. Multi-layer flexible fabric in Bigelow Expandable Activity Module, which is currently finishing ground testing and is scheduled to be launched in 2015 to attach to the ISS for two years of orbital testing.

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Objectives for Joint Project
1. Design of an advanced orbital debris/micrometeoroid (M/OD) shields based on new materials and an advanced configuration of the shield structure.
2. Basic research of the impact processes involved. 3. Tests and evaluation of the shield performance and hypervelocity impact characteristics. 4. Development of the software evaluation system for M/OD shield and risk assessment system.
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Polymer-NanoCarbon Composites Synthesis at SINP MSU

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Vertically Aligned CNT - arrays growth

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Vertically Aligned CNT - arrays growth

Multilayer Polymer-CNT composites are developing at SINP MSU

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Composite Materials Research Facility at SINP MSU

Optical, electon and atomic force microscopy characterization, microRaman scattering to study structural and compositional modifications
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Design and Tests of Strike Protection Screens
m V L

S
L

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Test Facilities at SINP MSU
- Microparticle accelerator facilities at SINP MSU: - Van-der-Graaf based facility (submicron particles, up to 1-2 micron size, up to 10 km/s) - Cocroft-Walton based facility (submicron particles, up to 1-2 micron size, up to 7 km/s) - Low veloscity (< 1 km/c) microparticle installations. - Micrometeoroid acceleration facility at Samara AeroSpace Institute (up to 15 km/s)

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Craters Formed by Microparticles (SINPMSU)
H k v d

k = 0,3 0,6; = 1/3 1/2; 2/3.

Crater formation
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Craters on metal surface from meteoroid particle.
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Craters Formed by Microparticles (SINPMSU)

Craters on aluminum surface from a meteoroid particle.
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The panels were opened in the Ar chamber at SINP, Moscow State University in July 12, 2011

The view of the Panel #2 and panel #10 through the window. After the initial examination, the material samples have been subjected to detailed research.
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Craters on Cu surface

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Craters Formed by Craters Formed by Microparticles in Micropiles (SINPNPMSU) Frag articles (SI MSU)

Strikes of Ti (d~0,5-1,5 um; v~4-6 km/s) in Ge - plates

Dp 0,1d

2/3

1/ 2 2 / 3

v

Dc (2 5) Dp , d size or the particle,
Crater formed on glass surface by Al v~8 /c
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Crater depth: H 0, 6 d v
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1/ 2

2/3

China-Russia Joint Space Science Project Proposals Workshop

Large Meteoroid Strike Test Facilities in Russia
- Light Gas Gun (LGG) facility at Institute of Mechanics at MSU -The State Research Institute of Aviation Systems (SRIAS ROSKOSMOS) - LGG installations: 2-10 mm diameter steel, titanium and aluminium projectiles, 5-11 km/s. A new small-size two-stage acceleration device; the second step is a running explosive barrel squeeze [Petrunin; Smirnov; Gadassine, 1998, 1999].

-Institute of Experimental Physics of Russian Federal Nuclear Center (RFNC-VNIIEF): multistage explosive advanced launching technology - up to 15 km/s. [Bokhan et al., 1992; Belov et al., 1993, 1997; Schlyapnikov et al., 1998; Kulikov et al., 1998; Kostin et al., 1998]
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Conclusions
1. Space debris are of a real threat for spacecraft and new protective measures are to be developed: - new materials - new shield design - software to predict shield resistance - test instrumentation. 2. To develop highly efficient M/OD shields basic knowledge of the strike resistance is necessary, i.e. basic research of all the process must be an inherent component of the program. 3. Assessment software of the M/OD shield impact resistance 4. Assessment software of spacecraft failure risk.
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Thanks for your attention!!!

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Space Debris as a Threat to Spacecrafts

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