Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://www.astrosociety.org/edu/astro/bayarea/VirtualVenus.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Thu Oct 4 02:55:21 2012 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Sun Feb 3 11:39:52 2013 Êîäèðîâêà:

Education Programs
Astronomical Society of the Pacific

Virtual Venus
Observing Venus Using Slooh Online Observatory in the Classroom
By Vivian White, Astronomical Society of the Pacific © 2007

Ideal for Grades 5­12 and beyond

Welcome to the wonderful world of Remote Telescopes! This activity is designed to give you and your students and introduction to this powerful observing tool. But that is not all. Here you will see how to combine kinesthetic learning, active investigation and this exciting new technology to teach your students about the Solar System we live in. This is presented in a coherent, logical order but you can also use pieces to demonstrate individual concepts. Class time: Two 40­50 minute class periods with short follow up as needed

Contents
1) Before You Get Started: Is It the Right Time of Year for Observing? (And what to do if it's not).......... 2 2) Slooh Remote Telescopes Tutorial ............................................................................................................. 3 3) In Class Introduction: a."Galileo Was a Rebel" History ........................................................................................................ 4 b.How we Use the Scientific Method ................................................................................................. 5 4) Class Activity Introducing the Phases of Venus a. Set Up for the Teacher ..................................................................................................................... 6 b. In Class ............................................................................................................................................ 7 5) Kinesthetic Investigation in Small Groups: "Heliocentric or Geocentric?" ............................................. 9 6) Classroom Observing with Remote Telescopes a. Set Up for the Teacher ................................................................................................................... 10 b. In Class .......................................................................................................................................... 10 7) Conclusion and Follow Up ....................................................................................................................... 11 8) Student Worksheets: a. Heliocentric Model ....................................................................................................................... 12 b. Geocentric Model ......................................................................................................................... 14 c. Comparisons and Predictions ...................................................................................................... 16 9) California Science Standards Addressed (Grades 5-12).......................................................................... 18 10) Resources and Remote Telescopes ........................................................................................................... 20

Materials for Activities:
q q q q q

Computer (one or more) with Internet Access 4 or more solid white balls (baseballs, softballs, volleyballs, etc) 1 Standing Lamp Without Shade and a room that can be darkened some Extension Cord Copies (originals included here): · 1 per 6-8 students: Heliocentric Model Worksheet (two sided) · 1 per 6-8 students: Geocentric Model Worksheets (two sided) · 1 per student: Predictions and Observation Worksheet (two sided)

© 2007 Astronomical Society of the Pacific · www.astrosociety.org

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1) Before You Get Started: Is It the Right Time of Year for Observing?
Using telescopes has some inherent unpredictability in it. Even with the best preparation, the skies are sometimes cloudy. This is the nature of science, especially astronomy. Apart from these short-term issues, being well prepared is the best way to begin observing. Planets are not visible at all times of the year or all night long and you want to make sure that when you go to look for Venus, it is actually visible. See the bottom of the page for how to use the activity when Venus is not out.

Follow these simple instructions to insure a successful observing project:
A. Is this the right time of year for observing Venus in the classroom with Slooh? You can use this activity during the following months:
3 2008 ~ November through March 2009 3 2010 ~ May through October 3 2011 ~ December through May

If you do not see your dates listed above, you will not be able to see Venus through a remote telescope in the classroom. B. Make sure you can observe during your class time by finding your time zone on the graph below and making sure that one of your classes falls within the listed times.

Approximate Observing Times 2008
(Check the week of observations for more precise times)

Time Zone

November 2008

December

January 2009

February

March

Pacific

9:30­10:30

10:00­11:00

10:00­11:30

10:30­11:30

10:00­11:00

Mountain

10:30­11:30

11:00­noon

11:00­12:30

11:30­12:30

11:00­noon

Central

11:30­12:30

12:00­1:00

12:00­1:30

12:30­1:30

12:00­1:00

Eastern

12:30­1:30

1:00­2:00

1:00­2:30

1:30­2:30

1:00­2:00

You can use photos instead and still do the activities. Photos of Venus's phases can be found at: http://www.astrosociety.org/education/slooh/teachers.html

© 2007 Astronomical Society of the Pacific · www.astrosociety.org

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2) Slooh Tutorial
Now Let's Get Familiar with the Telescope
You will want an introduction to the Slooh technology before using it in the classroom. The next few lines will get you started with remote observing in no time flat!

Slooh Quick Set-Up
· For a quick, free tutorial to see just how easy Slooh is to use (you don't even have to be a member for this), go to: http://www.slooh.com/schedule/ ·Click on the Launch Pad on the bottom right of the screen. ·From the Launch Pad, click "Help & FAQs" on the left side of the screen. · Then click the Tutorial button to discover all that you can actually see and how much fun it can be taking pictures on remote telescopes. · Now you are ready to Observe! Go back to the Mission schedule (http://www.slooh.com/schedule/) "Mission Login". · After you feel comfortable with that, go back to the Help Page and try out Reserve Mission tutorial to see how to pick the object you want to observe. Remember your Username and Password here:

____________________________________ Username (email)

____________________________________ Password

© 2007 Astronomical Society of the Pacific · www.astrosociety.org

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3) In Class Introduction
a. "Galileo Was A Rebel"
Bold words are the main concepts. Italics are questions to ask the class. *An asterisk means there is further exploration in the Teacher Box on the left.
If you observe the Sun, moon and stars for a while, it looks like they are spinning around the Earth. "Geo" words include geography, geology, geothermal. Geo is Greek for "Earth" . Helios is the Greek god of the Sun. Heliotrope, and helicopter both come from helio. Copernicus's controversial book was called On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres in 1543! Galileo watched moons going around Jupiter and said something along the lines of, "Well, not everything revolves around the Earth anyhow." This was just the beginning of mounting evidence that the Earth was not at the center The Inquisition was a part of the Catholic Church designed to find witches and heretics. Heresy is an opinion or doctrine contrary to church teachings. A person who believes these differing views is called a heretic.

For thousands of years, people believed the Sun and all the heavens orbited around the Earth. Why?* This is called a geocentric system since it is centered on the Earth. Can you think of other "geo" words?* In the sixteenth century, Nicolaus Copernicus came up with a new idea. He hypothesized that all of the planets traveled around the Sun. This is called a heliocentric model.* This was a very controversial idea, because it seemed to contradict the Bible and the accepted traditions of the time. The term "revolution"* as we use it now comes from the challenge to authority and big change in thinking that happened around this idea! Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy over 400 years ago. In 1609 he heard about the invention of a telescope in Holland. It was being used to watch for ships coming into ports there. From a simple description, he made a far better telescope for himself. Galileo then pointed his new telescope to the skies. He made many discoveries by just watching the skies a lot. He was the first person to see the moons of the planet Jupiter and the phases of the Venus. His job as a professor of astronomy at University of Padua in Italy required him to teach the theory of that time, which said that the universe was geocentric. The idea that we are the center of the universe made people feel special and comfortable. He had heard about Copernicus's heliocentric theory many years before he ever looked through the telescope. Galileo's observations with his new telescope convinced him of the truth of heliocentric theor y*. Here's where he took a stand. Galileo published books talking about his observations and how they offered evidence that the Sun was the center of the Solar System. He also published these books in his native language of Italian instead of the usual Latin. Only priests and educated people could read Latin but many people in that area could read Italian. (Power to the People...)

The Roman Catholic Church was a very powerful influence at the time. They thought that Galileo's observations contradicted what the Bible said and tried to make him take it back. He maintained that he was only relying on the evidence presented to him by nature and tried to convince them to look through the telescope. Many of them refused and thought that he was trying to trick them. In 1633 the Inquisition convicted him of heresy,* banned his books, and sentenced him to house arrest at his villa outside of Florence, Italy. There, he kept writing about his telescopic observations and the evidence they provided for a heliocentric theory until he died nine years later at the age of 78. It took another hundred years for the church to recognize publicly that Galileo's science was right and remove the ban on the heliocentric theory. Today, this theory is well established and widely accepted.

© 2007 Astronomical Society of the Pacific · www.astrosociety.org

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b. The Scientific Method
Galileo is sometimes called the father of modern science for the way he went about discovering things. He used what we call today the scientific method. (Does anyone know the steps in the scientific method?)* The way he went about discovering things is often referred in our classroom to as the "scientific method". Although we will follow his method here it is important to know that there is no single "scientific The scientific method involves method" universally employed by all. Scientists use a wide array of methods to develop hypotheses, models, and formal and informal theories. 1) Making observations about They also use different methods to assess the fruitfulness of their theories the world around you and to refine their models, explanations, and theories. They use a range of 2) Inventing hypotheses (or techniques to collect data systematically and a variety of tools to enhance educated guesses) for why their observations, measurements, and data analyses and representations. things appear as they do Here is what we will do in this experiment: 3) Testing these guesses 1) It is observed that the sky appears to move above us. Give an example of with experiments or further things that travel across the sky. observations. 2) We will start with two hypotheses, the heliocentric model (maybe we all 4) Then drawing conclusions move around the Sun) and the geocentric model (maybe everything moves from the results of your tests. around the Earth) of our planetary system. They can't both be right, so we will look at ways of discovering the truth. When a hypothesis stands up to many tests, it becomes 3) We will make real models of the two systems and figure out a way to test a Theory, like the Big Bang. If, the differences between the two hypotheses. after a very long time, it seems 4) Then we will make observations of the planet Venus through a telescope to always work no matter and hopefully come to a conclusion about our place in the Solar System. what, it becomes a Law. (Review this and make sure ever yone gets why.)

© 2007 Astronomical Society of the Pacific · www.astrosociety.org

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4) Classroom Kinesthetic Activity
The Phases of Venus
Adapted from PASS (Planetarium Activities for Student Success), Vol.11 Astronomy of the Americas. Copyright 1992 by the Regents of the University of California. This activity is designed to be used in conjunction with a remote observing section, but can also be used independently to illustrate the phases of Venus.

a. Teacher Set Up
Materials Needed for This Activity : · One white light with no shade or reflector that can be placed about 4 feet off the ground · Four or more white balls (e.g. volleyballs, baseballs or softballs) · Five each of the Heliocentric and Geocentric Student Worksheets (two sided) · One for each student: Predictions Worksheet (two sided) · Optional: a globe Day of the Activity: Set up the white light in a place with enough cleared space all the way around it to fit all of the students so that they will have room to turn around. Darken the room as much as possible by closing the shades, doors and turning off all lights except the central one. If you do not have shades, you may want to use dark paper to cover some of the windows. Also, the farther away the light is from the walls, the less reflection you will get and the easier it will be to see phases.

© 2007 Astronomical Society of the Pacific · www.astrosociety.org

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b. Phases of Venus In Class
This exercise is to help students understand planetary phases and where in the sky that Venus is observed. If you have already done an activity Modeling Moon Phases (A-3 in Universe at Your Fingertips), this may be a quick review. This can be read to the students or just go over major concepts (in bold). Italics are questions to discuss with the class. An * asterisk denotes more information is offered for the teacher. In astronomy, the word phase is used to describe the lit-up side of a planet or moon. You can make a Know, Wonder, Learn chart with 3 categories of ideas. What do you know already about Venus? Did you know that Venus has phases? What is a phase?* Do phases always look the same? Can you think of anything that shows phases? (Moon) Let's explore what makes phases.

We learned that Galileo presented evidence that Solar System was heliocentric (the Sun is in the middle). One of the things that supported this was his observation the phases of Venus. Let's explore phases and how they would be different in a heliocentric and geocentric Solar System.To do: Turn on the central white light and turn off or down the room lights and close the shades. Students should come up to the front of the room and make a semi-circle around the light, but they should stay at least a meter away from the light for the activity to work best. These are not the correct sizes or distances of the planets in the Solar System, but we want to examine phases close up in this model. Let's pretend that this bright white light is the Sun and your head is the Earth.* People on your "Earth" live on Mt. Nose. What time of day is it on Mt. Nose when you look directly at the Sun? (Noon) What time of day is it when you are facing directly away from the Sun? (Midnight) Now, put your hands up to form blinders on the sides of your eyes. Demonstrate as shown in the picture.

Your hands form an eastern and western horizon to Mt. Nose. Now turn around and face directly away from the Sun, then start turning slowly to your left. This is the way that the Earth turns. When the Sun "rises" from your eastern horizon, it's morning. You should see the Sun during your day. It is night when the Sun "sets" behind your western horizon and you are facing away from the Sun. Which hand does your Sun set behind, right or left? (Right) On which horizon does the sun set, the West or the East? (West) Which of your horizon hands represents your western horizon, right or left? (Right hand) Turn a couple more times slowly to see the Sun rise and set a couple more times, and then stop at your "noon" positions facing the Sun and rest your "horizons." You may put your hands down. Here you might get some resistance to the positions of East and West. If you have a globe, hold that up to your chest and demonstrate by turning to the left the way that the Earth turns. We are used to looking at a picture of the Earth from the outside. Becoming the Earth takes a little bit of rearranging our mental picture. Think about where the United States would be on the Earth. The sun rises in the east and sets over California. Show how this works with the globe by turning to your left.

© 2007 Astronomical Society of the Pacific · www.astrosociety.org

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To do: Hold Venus about a meter to the right of the Sun (as seen by your students). Now we will add Venus to our model. This ball represents Venus. As you turn, you will see Venus and the Sun. When the real Sun is above the horizon, it is so bright that it is difficult for you to see the real Venus. So in our model, imagine you can only see Venus when the Sun is below the horizon (behind your hand or behind your head). Now, put your horizons back on and start turning slowly (still to the left) to find out when you can see Venus. Raise your hand if you saw Venus just before sunrise. (Most students will raise their hands.) Now, stop turning and rest your horizons. You can observe Venus in the sky just before sunrise in the east or just after sunset in the western horizon. It always stays close to the sun in the sky. Before the invention of telescopes, they called it a star because, although it is very bright, with your eyes alone it is too small to see that it is a planet. Without a telescope, it just appears as a point of light like the rest of the stars. People have known that this "morning star" and the "evening star" were the same object for many thousands of years. To do: Put Venus on the left side of the Sun (as seen by the students). If you put up you horizon hands and let your Earth turn again, do you think you will be able to see Venus before sunrise or after sunset? (After sunset) Try it. Raise your hand if you saw Venus just after sunset. (Most will raise their hands) Was Venus a "morning star" or "evening star" for you? (Evening star) Turn around a couple of more times to make sure you can see this "evening star" just after sunset. Do you think there is any time when you cannot see Venus at all? (Yes) When would you not be able to see Venus? (When Venus is either behind or in front of the Sun from the Earth's perspective. Also when it is the middle of the night.) We have just finished the first step of the scientific method. We made the observation that Venus is never found ver y far from the Sun as seen from Earth. This observation is nothing new for humans. People have known about this "star" for a very long time. What they could not see until the invention of the telescope was that Venus has phases! Do you see that the Sun side of Venus is lit up and the other side is darker? If there were no light in this room except for the "Sun," you would not be able to see the dark side of the ball at all. What does that look like from where you are standing? Get students to talk about what they observe. Because the students are in different places, the descriptions will be slightly different. Some may say they see phases, that it looks like the Moon's phases. Talk about this and see if others see the same thing. To do: Move the Venus ball to different places around the Sun. Make sure that they understand the concept of phases and see different phases as the position changes. In Galileo's time, many people thought that the Earth was the center of our Solar System. It was not until Galileo pointed his telescope at the heavens that he could finally see the phases of Venus. This was one of his strongest pieces of evidence that we live in a heliocentric Solar System. Now we will make models to investigate the two ways that Venus, this "morning star" and "evening star" was explained in Galileo's time.

© 2007 Astronomical Society of the Pacific · www.astrosociety.org

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5) Kinesthetic Investigation in Small Groups: "Heliocentric or Geocentric?"
To do: Split the class in half and then make groups of 3-4 students. Half of the groups will make a model of the heliocentric hypothesis and the other half will make a model of the geocentric hypothesis. Hand out one "Heliocentric Model" worksheet or "Geocentric Model" worksheet to each group. Ask the students to read together in their group the first page of the worksheet. Before they start drawing, ask them to make sure everyone in the group understands this first page. Ask them to explain it as a group if you think they are having difficulties. When they are ready, let one group from each model come and record their predictions with a ball and the light. While they are busy with this, other groups may want to look at activity L-3, Ancient Models of the World from Universe at Your Fingertips (see resources). In a Heliocentric Solar System, Venus would sometimes show phases fuller than half if you looked at it through a telescope. In a Geocentric system, Venus's phases would always be less than half full. Extra Note: Outer planets do not go through phases. See if students can show why using the lamp and balls. You can do this as a class. If you were living on Mars, which planets would show phases? (Mercury, Venus and Earth because their orbits are closer to the Sun.) To do: Pass out one "Predictions and Observations" worksheet to each student. One side has the actual difference in the phases between Heliocentric and geocentric systems. If this is not what your students came up with, discuss the differences between the systems. On the side with boxes, ask them to draw a guess of what they think Venus will look like when we look through the telescope. This does not have to be the same as the model they made. Hint: Venus is in the western sky right after sunset. When the students finish, bring the heliocentric groups together to discuss as a large group what a full cycle of Venus phases would look like. Ask the geocentric groups to come together do the same. Discuss questions and predictions that students have made. Draw the predictions for the two different phase cycles on the board, clearly marking which prediction goes with which model. (See the back of the Predictions Worksheet for actual phases.) How would Galileo have been able to tell the difference between a Heliocentric System and a Geocentric System?* Why would no one have noticed before? (We can't see phases without a telescope.)

© 2007 Astronomical Society of the Pacific · www.astrosociety.org

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6) Classroom Observing with Remote Telescopes
Be sure to do this during the times indicated on the chart in Section 1: Before You Get Started

a. Set Up For Teacher
Up to One Week Before: Reserve time on a telescope and schedule the objects you would like to see. You will need to reserve time for Venus and also time for at least one of the outer planets. Both Saturn and Jupiter are eye-catching and fun to view through a telescope. Mars has less "wow" factor, but can be used to illustrate the differences between inner and outer planets. Saturn is available during the entire 2007 observing period, Jupiter is available to view during class time from Mid-April on (you can see it later in the day beginning in March). During 2007, Mars is up too late to be observed with this activity. Check the weather at the site and make sure that it will be clear the "night" that you will be observing. You can do this right on the Slooh website. If it happens to be cloudy when you would like to do this activity, there are good photos of Venus taken with Slooh telescopes at the end of this activity (see Resources). Have these ready in case! Day of the Activity: Login to Slooh before class and make sure that it is clear out and your mission is ready to view.

b. In Class Activity
Now let's try to find out what kind of Solar System we live in. We will be testing these hypotheses in the same way that Galileo did, by observing! Our observing system is a little more high-tech, though. Thanks to computers and the Internet, we can look through telescopes in different parts of the world and see what they're seeing. It's daytime here right now, so it's not the best time to look at planets for us. Does anyone have any ideas how to get around this? What about a telescope on the other side of the world? Is it light or dark there now? The telescope that we are going to be using is in the Canary Islands, off the coast of West Africa. It is not long after sunset there now, and Venus is up in the western sky. I have told the telescope that we want to look at Venus, so when our time comes up, it will point there and show us what Venus looks like. To do: Now you are ready to observe! You should be logged on to Slooh.com and from the Launch Pad open the Mission Interface. Remember that your planet will be on the Member Channel (not the Editor Channel). See "Quick Set Up" if you have any questions. Watch as the image appears. Remember to take pictures to use later! You can take up to three pictures per mission. Have students record their observations in the correct squares on their Predictions and Observations Worksheet. Discuss what is emerging. Indeed, Venus is not always a round dot on the sky. This will probably surprise most students. Common responses are something along the lines of, "It looks like the Moon!" Remember to observe one of the outer planets as well to compare the shapes.

Using the Pictures You Take:
By going to the tab labeled "My Pictures", you can look at pictures you have taken by the type of object it is (Solar System, Planetary Nebula, etc.). If you click on one of the pictures, it will open in a new window. You can then highlight it and save as a PDF file or other image file. Astronomers find these images easier to look at, and it also takes less ink to print if you invert the colors. That way Venus will be black and the background will be white. Print them out and save them somewhere to compare images you will take later.

© 2007 Astronomical Society of the Pacific · www.astrosociety.org

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7) Conclusion and Follow Up
What Did We See?
Depending on when you are observing, Venus may be a crescent or fuller than half (called "gibbous"). Galileo observed over many months found all the phases from almost full to new when he looked at Venus through a telescope. From this, he concluded that the Earth could not be the center of the planetary system. His observations directly opposed the geocentric system. This is how theories are disproved. This was still considered a theory for many years after his discovery, and not just because the church objected. Theories have to be tested over and over before they become accepted as a good representation of reality. The cool thing about science and scientists is that they are willing to change their minds if evidence shows that their theories are wrong. When theories have been tested for a long time and seem to stand up to many types of experiments, they sometimes become laws. How sure do you think we are now that we live in a heliocentric Solar System?

Further Study/Homework:
Ask students to look to the west after the Sun sets in the evening sky and see if they can see a very bright "star." They will be observing again! Get them to make a sketch of the bright star in the West after sunset and include the horizon. Have students research another of Galileo's discoveries or inventions. If you did not explore this earlier, discuss why planets that orbit farther away from the Sun than Earth do not go through phases. See if students can show why using the lamp and balls.

To Do:
For the rest of the year, take pictures a week or so apart to further explore the phases. One person can do this each week or the whole class can keep a Venus journal. Keep track of your observations using pictures or drawings with the date marked on each one and display these in the classroom.

The next 6 pages are three 2-sided worksheets that can be copied to give to students. You will need one each of the Heliocentric and Geocentric Worksheets for every 6-8 students. Every student will get the Comparisons and Predictions Worksheet.

© 2007 Astronomical Society of the Pacific · www.astrosociety.org

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Heliocentric Model
Create a Hypothesis to Make Predictions
Group Members ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Your group is going to examine what Venus would look like from Earth in the heliocentric model. Other groups are looking at the geocentric model and next we will compare the differences. In the Heliocentric model, Venus is about 2/3 the way from the Sun to Earth.

S un

Venus Orbitt Venus Orbi

Earth h Orbit Eart Orbit

This is what the phases of Venus look like from above a heliocentric system (from the ceiling). The side of Venus that points towards the Sun is lit up. The other side is dark. Here we show what Venus looks like at different places in its orbit. Can you see why Venus never appears very far from the Sun when looking from Earth? Let's investigate further. Scientists make models like these and then predict what they would see if the model were true. We are going to predict what Venus would look like from Earth in a heliocentric system and come up with some questions to test this hypothesis.

© 2007 Astronomical Society of the Pacific · www.astrosociety.org

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Heliocentric Model
Page 2

4

5

3

2 6

1 7

To Do in Class: · Within your group, pick one person to be the first Venus. This person holds the ball about 1 meter away from the Sun at that height. Venus walks counterclockwise slowly around the Sun, making sure other group members can see the Venus model at all times. · The other group members will be on Earth and stand together about a meter and a half from the Sun. When Venus passes the group, ask him/her to stop a little to your right, where position #1 is above. Does the lit up side look like that picture? Help each other. · Let Venus walk slowly around the Sun a few times and watch the phases change. When Venus reaches position #2 ask him/her to stop. Record the phase that you see there. Then have another person be Venus. Repeat this with each person holding Venus for two drawings until all boxes are filled. Help each other fill boxes that you have missed. Be ready to discuss the following questions with the rest of the class: 1) Talk about what you think a full cycle of