Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://www.chronos.msu.ru/old/RREPORTS/nikolenko_o_prichinah.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Sat Dec 14 13:13:14 2013 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Fri Feb 28 12:17:45 2014 Êîäèðîâêà: Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: hourglass nebula

. .
alniko@ukr.net

« » ( )

2011 .

1


, . .

« . , , , , , ; , , , ... , , , . , , , ­ ... !»

, "", V . (, , 2008, . 302-303).

2


1. (4). 1.1. . 1.2. . 1.3. , . 1.4. . 1.5. , , . 2. , (18). 2.1. . 2.2. . 2.3. . 2.4. . 2.5. . 3. (31). 4. ( ) (32). 4.1. , . 4.2. . 4.3. . 4.4. . 4.5. . 4.6. . 4.7. , . 4.8. . 4.9. . 4.10. . 5. (51). 5.1. - . 5.2. . . 5.3. . 5.4. . 6. ( ) (59). 6.1. () . 6.2. , . 6.3. . 6.4. . 6.5. . 6.6. - . 6.7. . 6.8. - . 7. (71). 8. (72). 9. (74). 10. () (75). 11. (76). 11.1. . 11.2. . 11.3. . 11.4. , . 11.5. : WIMP. 11.6. : . 11.6.1. . 11.6.2. . 11.6.3. . 11.6.4. . 11.6.5. . 11.6.6. . 11.6.7. . 11.6.8. .
3


11.6.9. . 11.6.10. (Milky Way). 11.6.11. . 11.6.12. . 12. (118). (123).

1. , ­ . [1-9], - . . : - ( STR) ; - . , , , , , . , . STR, , . , : - ; - , , ; - , ; - ( ) , ; - , , . , . 1.1. , . , ­ ­ , , . , , , . (-), , : t t. ..
4


. STR [10,11]. : 1. - , 4- , . .. . 2. , 4- - ( ). , . . 3. . - . 4. , . 5. (), , .. t 0. , , -. , . 6. ( -). 7.- . ­ . , , .. . , () , , , [12]. , . ­ , . 1.2. 1. - . , (- ). , . , 1895 , - « ». , ­ . , ­ . ,
5


, « », .. . , [13]. . , ( 16 ), (41 ), (31 ), 13 , . 1908 : « , » [14]. , STR. , , . ( ) . 2. . , (, ). . , , [2,11]. . . , . , STR, , , , - [12]. , () , . . , : ( ), ( ). , , ­ . , ­ . , « » ( , ) . , , [15]. , . - , , , . 3. . , ( ­ « »)[16]. . , , , - . ,
6


. - , , («-», «-»). , , , , . . . - , . . 1.3. , . 1. , , , , -, . . - , (. 1). , (.1b). , (. 1). ­ . 2. , (GTR), . , ­ . , ( ) ( ). , , , . . 3. , , . . , - , , . . . - , () , . , ( ) (, ),
7


(a )

(b )

(c)

.1. : (a) ­ (), (b) ­ , () ­ . , .

8


- , . - , . , [17], . , - , . 1. . 2. , , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. . 6. - , ( , ). 1.4. STR - . . - , . : - t , ; - dt , . , - , . . 1-1. , , t dt, . 1-2. , , . . , .
9


, , , . 1.5. , , , . . n- - Rn, :
n1 i, j 0

gijdxidxj.

(1 -1)

gij ­ () T. Rn ( ) p, p n. , , p N, () p N. , . 1-3. Rn n ( Rp ) (), p : gij = 0 i j, i,j= 0,1,2,..., p n. (1-2)

1-4. Rn ( Rp) ( ), p p : gij = gij, i,j = 0,1,2,... , p n. (1-3)

, . 1-5. Rn ( Rp) ( ), (1-1) : gij = gkl, i,j,k,l = 0,1,2,... , p n. (1-4)

, , (1-4) ­ . , . , , , ..
10


. 1-6. ()( 0,1,2,3,... ) , (0,1,2,3,... ), p n Rn. , . , p, , , , (0,1,2,3,... ) . .. . , , . , 1, 2, 3..., . 1-7. , Rn ( Rp) S p, : S2 =
p1 i, j 0

gij xixj, p n.

(1-5)

(1-5) : S2 =
p1 i, 0

gi (xi )2, p n.

(1-6)

( ), 1 2, . : Sm m, xi (1-6). , m p n. p, (1-6). p p Rn ( Rp) : S2 = S2;
p1 i, j 0

gijxixj =

p1 i, j 0

gijxixj, p n,

(1-7)

s. 1-8. , Rn ( p R ) dS, : dS2 =
p1 i, j 0

gij dxidxj, p n.

(1-8)

(1-1). dS . , , , .
11


Rn. . - . Rn : dS2 =
n1 i, 0

gi(dxi)2.

(1-9)

R3 Rn(n), , gi , .. gi > 0, i = 0,1,2,...n-1, dS2 > 0. , . : (+++). , : dS2 =
3 i1

(dxi)2.

(1-10)

Rn(q,r) - . , gi i = 0,1,2,...q-1; i = q,q+1,...q+(r-1); q+r = n. (q,r). (q,r) (r,q), (q,r). 1-5. n- Rn(1,n-1). gi g0. (+---...-) :
n1 1

dS2 = g0(dx0)2 -

gi (dxi)2.

(1-11)

Rn(1,n-1) Rn-1(n1). , 1-4 1-5. Rn(1,n-1) : dS2 = g0(dx0)2 n1 1

(dxi)2.
12

(1-12)


x0 . Rn(1,n-1) ­ , . . Rn(1,n-1) , : dS2 = g0(dx0)2 n1 1

(dxi)2 > 0,

(1-13)

, : dS2 = g0(dx0)2 n1 1

(dxi)2 < 0,

(1-14)

, , :

dS2 = g0(dx0)2 -

n1 1

(dxi)2 = 0.

(1-15)

, Rn(1,n-1). Rn(1,n-1) (- STR), . R4(1,3) (+- - -) : dS2 = g0(dx0)2 ­ (dx1)2 ­ (dx2)2 - (dx3)2. (1-16)

g0 = 2, x0 = t, g1 = g2 = g3 = 1. x0 t, ­ , . , , , . ( ). . Rn p ( , n) . , x0, 1, 2, 3... , 1, 1, 2,... , . , , . , p. p = (x0,1,2,3,... ).
13


, , x0, 1, 2, 3... , . , , (1-8). , p , (). , (q,r). p - () , . , (q,r) Rn. , , 4(4) R5(3,2). Rn , . , Rn(1,n-1) n-2(n-2) 2(1,1). , p p+1 +1. , . 1-1. . 1. , , . 2. +1 , . 3. . , p+1 (p+1) : +1 (+1), . , , , ( ). , . , 1 2 , . , , , . , , , , . Rn(1,n-1), 4- , µ, . , , di . , Rn i- , di = 0. . , (i- ): RnRn-1. di 0, ( )
14


. , ( ). ( ) ( ) RnRn-1 ( ). , , , . 1-9. Rn , . , , , , : i 0, : dxi 0. , . 1-10. , 1, 2, 3..., Rn ( ). 1-11. () (j,k) Rn j k, j , k . , (j,k) = - (k,j). dt >0 >0, dt <0 <0, dt = 0 = 0 ( ). 1-12. n R , p, p 15


, Rn . , , j k . 1-14. , Rn ( Rp) - s j k, ( ) . , - s S, 1-7. 1-15. , Rn ( Rp) -, - . , , 1-9, - . 1-16. Rn , - s, : s2 0. (1-17)

1-9 . Rn(q,r). (17). - s , :
n1 iq

gi (x ) /
i0

i2

q1

gi (xi )2 = 1.

(1-18)

- s ( ), . (18) 1-16. , . 1-17. , p, Rn, , : dxi = 0, i = 1,2,..., < n. (1-19)

() n : dxi = 0, i = 1,2,..., n-1. (1-20)

.
16


, x0 . Rn , dxi = 0, i = 0,1,2,..., n-1 , . , .. . . , 1-9. 1-18. p , . , . 1-19. , Rn, ( , - ) (). . , , , .. 0 = inv. , (.. = 0) . 1-20. N ( , ), , , . , N . , N . , . ( ), . , . 1-21. , , . . , . () , , . 1-22. Rn , , , . , . Rn n : dxi 0, i = 0,1,2,...,n-1. 17


ds 0. , , . , . 2. , 2.1. , Rn (Rn - ), (Rn - ). 2-1. Rn ( k), , , , , . - m. n k , . , m, , . , , . 2-2. Rn , , , . Rn m , m dxi 0 n. m-1 , 2-1 . m-1 k, n. , m n. n m , k n (.. n). m k, k = 1,2,3...m-1, , , m . , , , , . . , , 2 -1 . . 2-2 . 2-3. , dxi 0. , , (.. ). -
18


. , - . : , , , . .. . , . , , , . . 2.2. Rn n n, . : - ; - , .. : dS2 = dS2. (2-1)

, . , n n, Rn. . xi xi, , , . (2-1) (1-1), :
n1 i, j 0

gijdxidxj =

n1 i, j 0

gijdxidxj.

(2-2)

, :
n1 i0

gi(dxi)2 =

n1 i0

gi (dxi) 2,

(2-3)

: - 1-7, (2-1): S2 = S2, :
19

(2-4)


n1 i, 0

gi (xi )2 =

n1 i, 0

gi (xi )2,

(2-5)

- dS (2-3); - - ds ( 1-14) . dxi dxi . . , . . 2 -3, , . , , . . n. , .. , n . ( ) . :
n1 i0

gi(dx ) =
i0

i2



gi (dxi) 2, p < n-1,

(2-6)

n, :
n1 i0

gi(dxi)2 = 0.

(2-7)

. . , . . , , . , . , , . [17], , ­ n n .
20


Rn(1,n-1) . dx0 dx0 . {++} , , .. +dx0 +dx0, {+0} ­ +dx0 dx0 = 0, {+ ­} +dx0 -dx0. , {+ ­} {­ +} . n n. . (1-1), , , gi(dxi)2. .. , . , . , , . , . , . , . . . , . . Rn(1,n-1). : g0(dx0)2 n1 i1

(dxi)2 = g0(dx0)2 -

n1 i1

(dxi)2.

(2-8)

, Rn-1(n-1). , :
n1 i1

(dxi)2 = dx2.

(2-9)

, , . (2-9) : g0(dx0)2 ­ dx2 = g0(dx0)2 - dx2. (2-10)

dx ( dx) (2-9). , (2-10) :
21


g0(dx0)2 - (dx1)2 = g0(dx0)2 ­ (dx1)2.

(2-11)

(2-10) (2-11) , , , Rn(1,n-1), n > 2, R2(1,1) . . n n, n x , : g0(dx0)2 ­ dx2 = g0(dx0)2. dx : (dx0)2(g0 ­
0

(2-12)

dx2 = 0. dx0

dx 2 ) = g0(dx0)2. 02 (dx )

(2-13)

(2-13) n. , n, n . : g0(dx0)2 = (dx0)2(g0 ­

dx 2 ). ( dx 0 ) 2

(2-14)

(2-13) (2-14) . , dx0 dx0 , , , , . ds . . , ds . . 2-4. dS , , . , . . ­ , Rn; 0,1, ...i,...n-1 ­ , . : = 00+ 22 + ...+ ii +...+ n-1n-1. , i-. : = ii. : - ii = 00+ 11 + ...+ i -1i-1 + i+1i+1 +...+ n-1n-1 = 0µ; 0µ - -. Rn , : 0 = 1 = ...= i -1 = i+1 =...= n-1 = 0. ,
22


dS, ..|| = dS, 0 = 1 = ...= i -1 = i+1 =...= n-1 = dx0 = dx1 = ...= dxi-1 = dxi+1 =...= dxn-1 = 0, . , . , . , . , , STR, . 2.3. 2-1. Rn , ds2 . , Rn n n : dS2 = dS2. (2-15)

, ( ), , . , , n n, dS2 dS2. () . , [Rn] , Rn . Rk. , xi = xi. , xi , . , ( ). , . dS2 . . , . . 2-1. [Rn] , .. n (n + 1), [Rn+1] , Rn . , .. n (n + 1) [Rn+1], [Rn]. n (n + 1) [Rn+1] ( x n+1 ). , n (n + 1) [Rn] [Rn+1]. [Rn] :
23


n

[
i1

gi(dxi )2 ] = [

n i1

gi(dxi) 2 ], ] :
n i1

(2-16)

[R
n

n+1

[[
i1

gi(dxi)2] + g

n+1

(dxn+1)2] = [[

gi (dxi)2 ] + g

n+1

(dx

n+1 2

) ].

(2-17)

(2-16) , (2-17), .. . , gn+1, : (dxn+1)2 (dx
n+1 2

).

, dxn+1 n+1 n+1, .. , . , ( 1-1, .3) xn+1 , . . , : [Rn] , Rn-1 . . 2-2. . : [ Rn] [Rp]. : [[ gi(dxi)2] + g
i1 p

p+1

(dxp+1)2 + ...+ gn(dxn)2] = [[

p i1

gi(dxi)2] + gp+1(dx

p+1 2

) + ...+ gn(dxn)2]. (2-18)

[Rp] : [ gi(dxi)2] = [
i1 p p i1

gi(dxi)2].

(2-19)

ds [Rn] , [Rp]
p i1

gi(dxi)2 0. n n [Rn] , n, dS , p, xn. , n

24


(dxi)2 = 0, i = 1,2,..., n-1 (. 2-4).
p

,
i1 p i1 p i1

gi(dxi)2 = 0. [Rp] :

gi(dxi)2

gi(dxi)2.

(2-19), . , , . , . Rn N, , , , , , . , , . , . , , , . , , , , . n, [Rn], , . . 2.4. , , . . 2-5. [Rn(n)] [n]. [Rn(n)]:
n i1

(dxi)2 = 0.

(2-20)

gi =1 > 0, (2-20) , . , . , R3(3) , . ,
25


, t. -, t t, . (. - 1-1). , , .. . [Rn(n)], n>3,
n

,
i1

(dxi)2 = 0

. :
n1 i1

(dxi)2 + = 0.

(2-21)

,
n1

, ,
i1

(dxi)2. ,

, = - g0(dx0)2. , : g0(dx ) i1

02

n1

(dxi)2 = 0.

(2-22)

(+--...-). . [ n]. , . Rn(n) ­ , (222) - . .2. . Rn-1(n-1), Rn(1,n-1) , 1-5. Rn(1,n-1) : ds2 = g0(dx0)2 n1 1

(dxi)2.

0 . Rn(1,n-1) ­ g0. .

26


t

R

n

(1,n-1)

Arrow of time +dt

x

Arrow of time -dt

. 2. Rn(1,n-1). : tanh 2 (dx0)2 ­ dx2 = tanh 2 (dx0)2 - dx2

27


tanh . 0 . tanh : tanh2 =

dx 2 . (dx 0 ) 2

(2-23)

dx , (2-22) (2-9). , tanh g0: tanh2 = g0. (2-24)
n (1,n-1)]

, [ R : tanh 2 (dx0)2 ­ dx2 = tanh 2 (dx0)2 - dx2.

(2-25)

. tanh , , [Rn(1,n-1)] . n , . , :

dx 2 tanh = . (dx 0 ) 2
2

(2-26)

dx , , , tanh2 < tanh2 . tanh . , STR. . . , Rn-1(n-1) [Rn(1,n-1)] . , [ R : g0(dx0)2 n1 i1

n

n1

(1,n

-1)]
i1

(dxi)2 = 0

(dxi)2 = g0(dx0)2.

28


, n-1(n-1). , [ n] n-1(n-1). 2.5. [R : tanh2 (dx0)2 ­ dx2 = 0.
n (1,n-1)]

(2-27)

, 1-4 g0 = g0, , , tanh 2 . n , . (2-27), - tanh . , . dx0 = 0 ( dx ). . . (2-23). , , dx0 = 0. : dx0 = 0, tanh 2 = inv. , [Rn(1,n-1,)] . n1 n2 (.. dx0 = 0) : n1: (dx10)2 (tanh 2 ­ tanh 2 1) = 0; n2: (dx20)2 (tanh 2 ­ tanh 2 2) = 0. : (dx10)2 (tanh 2 ­ tanh 2 1) = (dx20)2 (tanh 2 ­ tanh 2 2) = 0. dx10 0, dx20 0, 0, , |tanh 1| = |tanh 2|. .. , tanh . |tanh | = |tanh |. (2-25) , dx0 Kn, - n dx0, .. . Kn x, .. dx = 0, dx (2-25) tanh2 . tanh = 0 , dx , :

29


(dx0)2

( tanh 2 - tanh tanh 2

2

)

= (dx0)2.

(2-28)

x0 x0 n Kn. (2-25) n Kn, [Rn(1,n-1)] Rn-1(n1). n Kn. : (dx2 - dx2) = ((dx0)2 - (dx0)2) tanh 2 . : dx = dx, dx0 = dx0. , . {+ +}. dx = - dx, dx0 = dx0. x x x0 x0. {+ +}. dx = dx, dx0 = - dx0. x0 x0 x x. {+ ­}. dx = - dx, dx0 = - dx0. . {+ ­}. dx = dx = dx0 = dx0 = 0. . {0,0}. {+0}. (2-27), dx = dx0tanh . . , x0 x0 , , x x . (tanh2 ­ tanh2 ), 0 0 x x . , (tanh2 ­ tanh2 ) 0. : dx0 = f(dx0,dx), dx = f(dx0,dx). (2-25) tanh 2 - tanh 2 , : tanh 2 - tanh 2 tanh2 (dx0)2
2

­

dx2

=

(tanh2
2

(dx0)2

-

dx2)
0

tanh 2 - tanh tanh 2 - tanh

2 2

, =

=

(tanh 2 (dx 0 )

dx 2 )(tanh 2 tanh

) {2tanh 2 tanh dx dx tanh 2 - tanh 2
30

2tanh 2 tanh dx dx 0 }


tanh 4 (dx

0

=

tanh dx ) 2 - tanh 2 (dx 2 tanh tanh 2 - tanh 2

tanh dx 0 )

2

.

:
dx
2 0

tanh (dx ) ­ dx = tanh (

2

02

2

tanh dx tanh 2 ) tanh 2 1tanh 2

2

(

dx 1-

tanh dx tanh tanh 2
2

0

)2.

, :
dx
0

dx =

0

tanh dx tanh 2 ; dx = tanh 2 1tanh 2

dx

tanh dx tanh 2 1tanh 2

0

.

(2-29)

, . ­

tanh = V; tanh = ; x0 = t; x0 = t, V ­ .

3. Rn. . . , [18]. , , . - . Rn Rn(1,n-1), , . 3-1 - . [Rn(1,n-1)] ds2 > 0 dx2 =
n1 i1

(dxi)2 > 0 , dx0 0.

, Rn(1,n-1) , .. ( , ). , , ds2 > 0, :
31


tanh2 (dx0)2 ­ dx2 = tanh2 (dx0)2 - dx2 > 0. , : tanh2 (dx0)2 > dx2. (3-1)

dx0 = 0 dx = 0, dx . , .. tanh2 Rn(1,n-1) , dx2 > 0 dx0 0, . , , (.. dx0 = 0) . , . , , .. dxi 0, dx0 0. . , . Rn-1(n-1). . ­ . , , , . ( ). , . (.. ) . , ( ). , . 4. ( ) 4.1. , . , , [19]. , .
32


, , dx i v = , i = 1,2,3, . , dt . «» , . , , STR. , . Kn dt. Kn d ( d = dx0 dx = 0). , Kn , Kn, dt , = . d Kn, . , dt = d, . 4- STR. , 4- [18]: u0 =
dt = . d

(4-1)

­ . 4 - , , . , , . , , , . 4.2. , Rn p . : p, . , . , - . . 4-1. Rn , , - ( ). . , ­ . . p p ,
33


p p. . 4-2. Rn , ­ p p . , - , . . . , , ( ). 1 2 ( ) . , ( ), ­ . , ( , ), . ­, , ­. , [20], , ­, , , , ­ (). ­ xi = f i(t), i = 0,1,...n, a t b. t ­ , v(t)= df 1 df n ( ,... ) b. l v(t): dt dt
b

l = | v(t ) | dt .
a

, a b. t dt t = t( ), t(a) = a, t(b) = b, > 0. : d xi = f i(t) = f i(t( )) = hi( ) , i = 0,1,...n. u( ):

dh 1 dh n ,... ) , a u( ) = ( d d

b.
34


:
b

l = | u ( ) | d .
a


n 0

dt > 0 : d

| u( )| =

dh i 2 (gi )= d

n 0

df i dt 2 dt | (gi ) =| dt d d

n 0

df i 2 dt | v(t)|. (gi )= dt d

gi . :
b

l = | u ( ) | d
a

dt == | v(t ( )) | d = | v(t ) | dt = l. d a a

b

b

, ­, ­ . , ­ , . . p v , x1x2x3, = 3. V p. s p s p, : s = s - Vt . V =
s

(4-2)
p

. ­ t s2 s2, Vt. t, x1x2x3. .. +1 . . , , , ­ . . , . : . .. .
35


, . , . [ Rn]. 2-4 n. , [Rn] , n i1

(dxi)2 = (dxj )2.

(4-3)

, (dxi)2 = 0, i j. , , , . , . ­ . , ( ) n-1. [Rn(1,n-1)]. : (dx0)2 (tanh 2 ­ tanh 2 ) = g0(dx0)2 n1 i1

(dxi)2.

(4-4)

, (tanh2 < tanh2, ds2 < 0), dx0 = 0,
n1


i1

(dxi)2 . ,

, . .. , x0 . (tanh2 > tanh2, ds2 > 0) . (4-4), - dx0, . .. . , [Rn(1,n-1)] , n-1. , , , , n-1. , , .
36


4.3. STR . . -. , , . , Rn(1,n-1) - n n , . n n x0. x0 n, .. dx = 0. 4-2 - , .. (dx0)2 (dx0)2. , , : tanh2 (dx0)2 + = tanh2 (dx0)2. , , , : tanh2(dx0)2 - dx2 = tanh2(dx0)2. = - dx2. , dx0 dx0, x0, dx. dx , x0 x0 . , x0, , x0 x0 , . , dx dx (.. x0 x0 ). , tanh2 = const. : tanh2(dx0)2 = tanh2(dx0)2. : x0 = x0 + , ­ , . ­ , x0 . : 4-1. . , . 4-2. , Rn(1,n-1) , , .

37


. [Rn(1,n-1)] . . 4-1. Rn(1,n-1) tanh2 > tanh 2 tanh2 0 n n dx0 0 dx0 0. , . [Rn(1,n-1)], .. tanh 2 > tanh 2, . [Rn(1,n-1)] , n n, , .. . . : tanh2 (dx0)2 n1 i1

(dxi)2 = tanh2 (dx0)2 -

n1 i1

(dxi)2.

(4-5)

x1 n , dx1 = 0. . : tanh2 (dx0)2 n1 i1

(dxi)2 = tanh2 (dx0)2 ­ 0 -

n1 i2

(dxi)2.

x2. : tanh2 (dx0)2 n1 i1

(dxi)2 = tanh2 (dx0)2 ­ 0 ­ 0 -

n1 i3

(dxi)2.

( x0), : tanh2 (dx0)2 n1 i1

(dxi)2 = tanh2 (dx0)2.

(4-6)

x0, . , dx0 = 0. (4-6) , .. : (dx0)2 (tanh2 - tanh 2 ) = 0.
38

(4-7)


dxi 0, i = 0, 1,...n-1. dxi 0, i = 1,...n-1, dx0 0. dxi = 0, i = 1,...n-1, dx0. , dx0 0 . anh2 > tanh 2 tanh2 0 . , (4-7) . , dx0 = 0 . . , , , , .. x0 dx0, (47) . , , dx0 = 0 tanh2 > tanh 2 dxi = 0, i = 1,2,...n-1, . . . 4-2. Rn(1,n2 2 i 1) tanh < tanh x , i 0, dxi 0. (4-5) : tanh2(dx0)2 n1 i1

(dxi)2 = ds2 0, ds2 < 0.

(ds)2 < 0, , , ( ds = 0 , .. ). . : tanh2(dx0)2 <
n1 i1
n1 i1

(dxi)2.

(4-8)

ds 0,

2

(dxi)2 0. , dxi

0, i 0. , dx0 = 0 , . . tanh = tanh , dx0, dx0 = 0 . 4-2 . , tanh20, 4-2 . 4-1 4-2 : 4-3. [Rn] n ( , , tanh = tanh ) xi, dxi 0.
39


, [Rn] , , .. . , . , ( ); , .. . , . 4-4. Rn(1,n1) . , j, . , dx0 = 0. . j , . , . , , . 4-4 , , , . - - - dx0 0. . , , ( ) . , , . , - . .3. 4-1. - . , , . . - , . . ( 1-16).
40


. 3. ( ) ( ) .
41


(4-5): ds2 = tanh2 (dx0)2 -

n1 i1

(dx)2.

n. dx = 0, d = dx0. , ds2 = tanh2 (d)2. , , dx. ds d, w: w2 =

ds d

2 2

=

tanh 2 d d2

2

= tanh2 .

(4-9)

, , , d = 0. , Rn(1,n-1) , . (4-9) , ( ). , w u STR. STR [10], w . u w , u 2, w ­ , .. . .. , . w , v v: w2(dx0)2 - v2(dx0)2 = w2(dx0)2 - v2(dx0)2. (4-10)

v n v n. v v. w . 4-10 . ds > 0, |w|>|v|. . 1. , . : w = tanh = const, 0 w 0. ,
42


( ). .. v = var. , , . 2. ( ) , , . 3. , , , . . 4. , , . , (.. ). , . 4.5. 4-4 , , , , . , , . - ( ), (), . STR ( ) . , ­ . , (-), , . STR , () , .. , . ­ STR , : STR , , ; , . , . 4-2. , . , , , . , , : - , , .., v;
43


- ; - , - , , . - , , , , v, , , , -v. , . - , : - - ; - -; - -, , . , , , , ( ). , ( , , .. , ), , , : , ( ) , . . Rn(n) ( 1-9 1-16) : s2 =
3 i1

(xi )2>0.

(4-11)

, R41,3, . ( ), , :
3 i1

(xi )2/(x0 )2 = 1.

(4-12)

R41,3 ( 1-16), - s . , . . , , (4-12) , (412) . R3(3), 0. , (4-12) . ,
44


(4-11), R3(3) ! , R41,3 R3(3) . « »: « ...». , , ­ , - ! R41,3, . . , , ( « » ), .. «-», . , ­ . , . «-» , . , , , (.. ). w. v = : w2(dx0)2 - c2(dx0)2 = 0. |w| = ||, (4-9). 4.6. , , . Rn(n). , , . , , . 1, 2, 3,.... , , . , , () . (j,k), . , n, - , -. , . Rn(n). . , n k j.
45


, i. N, . (j,k) , - i : (x k ­ xij) > 0. xij, dxij > 0. (j,k) n n , K K ( , Kn n ) dxij > 0 Kn dxij > 0 Kn. Rn(n) Kn ( n ) , j k i . Kn ( i). dxij < 0, : = - . . , . . . , , . , , Rn(n) . Rn(n) ­ , Rn(n) Rn(1,n-1). , . , . . 4-3. Rn(n), Rn(1,n-1) (j,k), , , (k,j) = - (j,k), , ( ). , . 4-5. Rn(1,n2 2 1) tanh > tanh : - - Kn dx0 > 0, Kn ( Kn ) - dx0> 0, - Kn Kn1 , - dx0 = - dx0, Kn1 dx01<0, Knk , Kn1 , dx0k < 0. (2-28), :
46


dx0 = dx0 1

tanh tanh

2 2

.

(4-13)

tanh2 . 0 < tanh2 < tanh2. , tanh2 = 0 dx0 = dx0, dx0 > 0 dx0 > 0 tanh2 < tanh2. ( ) . (2-28) :

dx0 = - dx0 1

tanh tanh

2 2

.

(4-14)

, tanh 2 = 0 dx0 = - dx0. Kn, x0 x0 Kn. (4-14) dx0k < 0 . Kn Kn, , dx0 = - dx0. , . . , , . . , Rn(n-1,1) , . . . , - . , , , , Rn(1,n-1), . 4.7. , . 4-4. , : - ; - ;

47


- . n R (1,n-1) , , tanh2 tanh 2, ; tanh2 > tanh 2 x0, dx0 0 ( dt 0). . , , ( , - ). . , , ( 11). , , . , , . 1-19. , , , . ( ), , , . , , . , , .. . , . , . , . , . , , , , , . , , Rn(n-1,1). , . . , . , , , . 4.8. " "
48


. . [Rn(n)] n > 1. , . . , , . Rn(n-1,1). n = 1 . n = 2. [R2(1,1)] . : tanh2 (dx0)2 - (dx1)2 = tanh2 (dx0)2 ­ (dx1)2. , . , . , ! . . n > 2 , , . , . , , , . 4.9. STR , .. . ­ -, ? , , v. , . , . , , . , , , .. , , . , , , . : , , . . , , . ,
49


w. , w . , (.. ) . (.. ) w . , STR, [21]: . STR , ( ), ( ) . , : « ». . « ». . 4.10. . 4-5 - ( ). Rn(1,n-1) , , , : ­ , Rn-1(n-1), dx v = 0 |v| < |tanh |; dt ; -, w = tanh ; . : Rn-1(n-1) : w = tanh , w = - tanh , . , , , , w = 0. v w: 0|v|< |w|, .. w v. , . 4-6. Rn(1,n-1) . () . , , .
50


5. 5.1. - Rn(n-1,1). R3 ( , ). . - , R41,3 , (). , - . , - , , , R41,3 . - , , . R41,3 , - . STR, 0 = t. = const, . () R41,3 4- - rµ = (t,r), () R41,3. r ­ , R3(3). () G, 0 = t. R41,3 , - . R41,3 ' , 4- S . S = t. . 0,1,2,...,n-1, Rn(1,n-1), µ Rn
(1,n-1)

µ =

n1 i0

xii.

[22]. 5-1. Rn ( ) . , µ = :
51
k i1

µi


xi =

k j1

xij, i = 0,1,...,n-1.

(5-1)

. 5-1. µ R, 0,1,2,...,, < n, µ =
n1 i0

xii Rn

(1,n-1)

µ =

1 i0

xii, < n.

, µ 0 : µ = x00. xi |pr| = P|| = ||cos , : |µpr| = P|µ| = |µ|cosh . ­ i. j Rn(1,n-1) - rµ = (tj,r), rµ = tj0 0. , j 0, .. rµ = rµ, - rµ rµ = (tj,0). Rn(1,n-1) Rn-1(n-1), , Rn-1(n-1). Rn(1,n-1) G, Rn-1(n-1) rµ = (t,0) 0. 5-1. 1, 2,... m, Rn, 0,1,2,...,n-1, x0, 0, G, 1,2,...,n-1. , j, j = 1,2,...m, Rn(1,n-1) rµ = (tj,r). , - rµ j 0: rµ = rµ + r. (5-2)

G Rn-1(n-1) rµ = (tj,0), rµ . j G -, (5-2), - rµ 0 G. G j, 0, G. 5.2. . () : dt 0. . - . t0.
52


, , .. , : t0 = tj. (5-3)

tj ­ , t0. t , . . ' R41,3 0 f. , («» ') 0. 0 tpr. dtpr = cosh ( ) d. t. , , . , . STR cosh ( ) = ( ) ' :
A
f

f

f

tpr = ct0 + c cosh ( )d = ct0 + c
A0
0

( )d = ct0 + c
0

dt d = ct. d

(5-4)

() ­ , 0; ­ , ­ , t0 ­ . , 0 . , , , ( ). 5-1 , G. ' 0 *. ' *, . , STR, . 5-1. t0 = 0 , v1, v2, v3 , ­ . .4. . . t. STR : 1 = t(1)-1, 2 = t(2)-1, 3 = t(3)-1 . . ,
53


t

A v
1

R
v
3

4

(1,3)

v
2

2

G

0= t ()



1

3

O
3

x

R
v
2

(3)

v

3

(b)

v

1

x O
.4. .

54


t1 = 11, t2 = 22, t3 = 33. , t1 = t2 = t3 = t. , , ­ . . , , . , . , R41,3 . 5-2. R41,3 S (t). R41,3 - ', 0 *. * : t = ct* + . (5-5)

, ', v, d. (5-5) d:
dt dt * 1d = + . d d cd

(5-6)

dt dt * = 1 = 2 ­ . d d * 0, ' v , . . 1 = 2. (5-6) :



d d

= 0,

d d

=

d dt 1 v c
2 2

= 0,

d = 0. dt

, (t), ( ). , v = . .. ' ( , ­ ), = 0. L t0. ti. : t0 = ti =
1 L. c

(5-7)

(5-3) t0 ti , 0.
55


0 , . , v = (t). .. 5-2 , , . , , . m ij(t0) = 0, i,j = 1,2,...m, 5-2 (5-4). 5-3. R41,3 n 0 , . , , . ' - S. ' - , . ­ « » , . = 0. 5-2 '. , ' = 0 . , ' , ' . , ' , . . , = 0 , 5-2. sign :

1, if sign = 0, if - 1, if

0, 0, 0.

5-2 5-3 , sign = inv . , , , , , (« »). . , (), G. , R41,3 , . , STR. , , . ' t' ' 2 : 1 1 2 2. , ' = 0. t1 t2 . . t1 1 1, 2 . t2 2 2, 1 .
56


2 ' ' = 0, ' = 0. , 1 2 0 . , G , . , ' 1 2 1 2, , .. = 0. 5-2 5-3 : (t), sign = inv. (5-8)

. () ( ). j, j = 1,2,...m, Rn(1,n-1), , 0 = ct , j G, .. G, , ( ) . : , G, G , . G 0 * G, . G j, j = 1,2,...m, . , Gi , . Gi Rn-1(n-1) , . () Rn(1,n-1). 5.3. . . . 5-4. ' R41,3, S 0, . = 0, .. G. , , 0 G1 ( G1) G2 (' G2). , ,
57


, ( ) . 0 . = 0 , , . 5.4. STR , . , w . w v ( - ). , , , . n : w2dt2 ­ dx2 = w2d2. (5-9)

, tanh2 = w 2. (5-9) d2 d2 = dt2/2, dx/dt = v: w2 2 - v 2 2 = w2. : u = (w, v). (5-11) (5-10)

, w = u: u = (, v). (5-12)

STR, , , - u, 2. ( , ). (5-11) ­ , .. , ( ) . . 5-2. , . Vs. Vf . Vf = Vs, , . , .. Vf < Vs, . , Vf = Vs . . ,
58


­ . w . 1 v = w, = , 2 = ( ) 2 , .. 2 w 1 ( ) . , . , . w. w = , , , . . , , w . : , w . 4- . , (5-12) , . (5-4) , (.. ), , . STR , . (5-10) , (5-4). , n n . (5-10) : w2 - v 2 = w2 (1

v2 ). w2

(5-9) , , ,
1

n n, ,

v2 . w w2 = c .

,

6. ( ) 6.1. ()

59


, . . m ( ) . , ( ) . n : w2dt2 ­ dx2 = w2d2. (6-1)

, m2, d2: m2w 2 dt2/d2 ­ m2dx2/d2 = m2w 2. (6-2)

, w = c, dt2/d2 = = (1-v2/c2)-1/2, = mv, = m2, (6-2) : (/)2 ­ 2 = (mc)2. (6-3)

, (6-1) - (6-3). STR . -. mc , , . , . , mc : , , . -. / . , , . , (6-3) , m, . , (6-3) , . (6-3) (6-1) , , , n n. , . ( ). (.. m 0) w = . (6-3) : pt2 ­ p2 = 2. (6-4)

: - pt = / w = n;
60


- p = mv ­ n, - = mc - ( ) n, w = . , (6-3) (6-4) , , (6-3). (6-4) 4- : = (pt, ). (6-5)

, pt = / 4- [23]: = (/, ). (6-6)

()2 = (mw)2 = const, .. , . . Rn(1,n-1) = mc. , , m 0. Rn(1,n-1) , tanh2 0. m = const, = const, = mc = const. m 0 tanh2 = const. 6.2. , , ­ 0 = mc2, , , . , , . , , , , : r(v) ( ) ( ) t(w), ..: = t(w) + r(v). : t(w) = - r(v). (6-8) (6-7)

(6-8) , 0, .. t(w) = 0. ,
61


. , . , , ( ), . , . t(w) = 0 = mc2 , t(w) = inv, .. . , t(w) = m tanh2 , (6-9)

, t(w) . . Rn(1,n-1) t(w), (6-9). , , m 0. Rn(1,n-1) , tanh2 0. (6-9) , t(w) . m 0 tanh2 = const. m 0 t(w) 0 , 0, .. . 0 , = 0 , . :

m c2 = = = tanh2 = inv. m
M = m. , , , = . , .. , , Rn(1,n-1) , .. . , Rn(1,n-1). , 0 µ0 , , : 0µ0 =
1 2 1 . tanh 2

, Rn(1,n-1), , . , = mc2. c2 = w2 = tanh2 = mw2 =
62


mtanh2 . . , , , .. . [11], uµ aµ : uµaµ = 0. m, : u
µ

dmu = 0. d

(6-10) , , ,

. , . . 6.3.

. m . . , . , . () , , , , . m , w. , Rn(1,n-1). , . R1n(1,n-1) dx 1 v1 = 1 . , dt1 dx1 dt1, v1 < tanh2 1. v2 R2n(1,n-1) 2. , v1 > tanh2 2. , v2 tanh2 2, v2 < v1. .. , dx1 R2n(1,n-1) , R1n(1,n-1). 6.4.

63


. , . , , . 'i ­ i- ', i - i- , pt0 - (i = 0) ', pt0- . , 'i*, i*, pt0*, pt0* - . : 'i = icosh - pt0sinh . : 'i* = i*cosh - pt0*sinh .
i

(6-11)

(6-12)

' = 'i*, i = i*. (6-11) (6-12), : pt0 = pt0*. . : . 6.5. . 6-1. , - S, () . , S , , t. , S. , . , F, : F=
d . dt

(6-13)

. [18], 4- :

64


= (

1 v 1 w
2 2

Fv,

1 v2 1 w2

F).

(6-14)

4- . F - 4, , . . , ­ , . , , , ( ). , , , .. . . ­ 4- 4- . , , F - 4- Fµ, , 4- -. 6.6. - - , , . 0, - 0µ. - . U: U + 0 = U ( - ). k: k0 = 0. U: U + (-U) = 0. - 0µ Rn(1,n-1). - 0 , . - , . - - - : . , , : 0µ = (0, ); || 0. (, ). :
65


(0)2 ­ 2 = 0. , 0: (0)2 = 2.

(6-15)

(6-16)

. , (6-15) , - . , 1 Uµ = (U0,0), U0 0. : Uµ + 0
µ

= Uµ .

: Uµ + 0
µ

= ((U0 + 0),(0 + )) = Uµ.

(6-16) : (U0 + 0)2 ­ 2 (Uµ)2. , 1 : Uµ 0µ . -. , , -. , - . µ = (0,). 0 , - , . µ , , . , . : 0 = - . (6-17)

, µ - 0µ, , -, 0 , . , , 0 - 0µ . , - 0µ : 0µ = (0, (-,)). (6-18)

. - 0µ : Uµ + 0µ = Uµ,

66


Uµ = (U0,U) - . - 0µ. : Uµ + 0µ = ((U0 + 0),(U ­ + )), : (U0 + 0)2 ­ (U - + )2 = (U0)2 ­ (U)2. , 0µ (6-18) 1 . , . - . - 0µ : - ; - , ­ ; - . , . , , , : 0µ = 0µ. 6.7. , , . . - : Fµ = 0µ, , . F, . , , : F. - , (6-18). , . , . . - 0µ , - . ­ . - , ­ () Fµ. , 4- : Fµ = (Ft, (-F,F)) = 0µ, Ft 0. Ft 0 . , , .. - .

67


6.8. - . . (5-7), . , . . ( - , ', ) ­ . , ' , , (. .5a). , . , (. .5b), ' () - .

' ­

-

' ­





(a)

(b)


' ­

-

' ­



. 5. . () . (b) - . ' . ' ( ) - - . , - . . , , .. « ». , R41,3. 6-1. ' R41,3, S 0, R41,3. . 4- - x , ­ 4- - x . 4- Sµ (. . 6).
68


R

n

(1,n-1)

ct = ct = '



.

S
ct




x x


Arrow of time
ct
0


ct


x

x
'

'

ct0*

x

0

x0
xi i = 1,2,3

. 6. 6-1. :
µ x + S = x .

(6-19)

, , : Sµ = 0µ. (6-20)

0µ - 4- -. ' 4- - x0 ,
69


- - 4- - x0 . 4- x , - 4- x . x :
x =x
0

x

+ x , x = x0 + x .

(6-21)

(6-21) (6-19), :
x
0

+ x + Sµ = x

0

+x .

(6-22)

(6-22) : (t0*,r') + (t,r) + (,r) = (t0,r0) + (t,r). : x : t0* + t + = t0 + t. , t t ­ R41,3 t0* t0 t0 = t0* : t0* + = t0* + ', : = '. , ' ( ) ' 0 . , (6-20) , ' . , (.. ), R41,3 . , , . , . , , , R41,3 , .. R41,3. , , , . , 6-1 . .
70
0

(6-23)

= (t0*,r'), x = (t,r), Sµ = (,r), x0 = (t0,r0),

x = (t,r). (6-23)

(6-24) . (5-3) : t = t. + '. (6-24)


, t : t0, , 0(t0) = 0, ; t0, , 0(t0) 0, . , (t) 0 , , ­ - . 7. ( ), . ti ­ , i 0 . R41,3 Gi, t = ti. , , = t - ti = 0, sign = 0. , , R41,3. Gi R41,3 : t > ti ( ZiF), ­ t < ti ( ZiP). ZiF ZiP = t - ti 0, sign 0. , 6-1 , ZiF ZiP, . R41,3 , R41,3 = ZiFUGiUZiP, ZiFGi = GiZiP = ü. , ZiF, Gi, ZiP. , Gi: t = ti. : Gi ZiF, Gi Z i . ( Gi) . Gi, , ( « »). , , , R41,3. , , R41,3 R3, . , Gi ( R41,3 ), ZiF Zi, , . , R41,3, Gi, . , . [3], . R41,3 (Gi) (ZiF Zi) , , R41,3, . , , , . sign 0.
71


t

Arrow of time

ZF

Horizon

+

G

Horizon
ZP x
2

-

x

1

. 7. «» - G, ZP ZF . , , sign 0 . , , WIMP. 8. , . , . , ,
72


, , , .. , .. . . , . 8-1. ( ) , , . , , . , , , .. . , , , , , ( ) , , . , ( ). ij, i j :
( xi ) a2
2

(x j ) b2

2

1. 1

(8-1)

­ . (), ( ) . . 0i, i 0, :
( x0 ) c2
2

( xi ) d

2

1.

(8-2)

d ­ . ­ (8-2) ­ (8-1) , (8-2) , .. . . , , . ( ) , ( ) . , .

73


t

Arrow of time

ZF

Horizon
G
i

G
ZP x
2

i-1

Horizon
x
1

. 8. Gi-1 Gi - ( ).
9. : 1. , R41,3 , ­ . 2. , (, , ) .
74


. 3. 4- 3- (.. ). 4. sign 0 , . 5. , , . , . R41,3 , . . , , . . 6. () ( ), , Gi, , . , , , (. . 8). 7. R41,3 R3, . , , .. . , , . , . .. , . 10. () . . . . sign . , . . - . - . . - , (), , , ­ ( ).
75


, . , , , w. - , , , . . v < w = c. ( ) , . () , 1.3. 1. . , . , . 2. , , . , «» , . 3. , . , ( ), ( ), . 4. , . , . ( ) . . 5. . , . 6. - , ( , ). . , . , , . 11.
76






11.1. - ? . Rn(1,n-1) . , , . , . . , Rn(1,n-1), N = +1, ( ) ( {+ +}); N = -1 - {+ ­ }; N = 0, , {+ 0}. N = 0 , . , . , , , . . . , , . ­ . .9. . 11-1. Rn(1,n-1) , . . . Rn(1,n-1) , , . , . . . , . , Rn(1,n-1) N. 11-1 , . , , . . . , .. N
77


. , . , .

t

R

n

(1,n-1)

Arrow of time +dt

x

Arrow of time -dt

. 9. R .

n

(1,n-1)



78


«» «» . , . [11]:

m

d 2x d2

e

dx F. d

, , .. d ­ d. , , . [24]. , . , - , 11-1. , «-» . : + + - 2 , , «» . . (, ). - +1, -1, = 0. . . . . . L . L (, -) . L = +1 , L = -1 , L = 0 . = +1 µ- µ-, = -1 , = 0 . , L, . + L + = const. , - ( ) . , N = +1, N= 1, : + L + = N. , N . , G, . , . {+ ­}. . , - , , , .
79


(Richard Feynman) [25]. (, . . ) ­ ,

t

2 4

3 1

x
. 10. 1 2 . 3 4 . . .10 1 2. , ( G ), : 3 - , 2, ­ 4, . . . , +dt ­d, . , 11-1 , . 11.2. . , ( ). , , ,
80


(),

Arrows of time

t
Universe G+

x1

Antiuniverse G

-

. 11. G+ G- , . G+.

­. , . ­ . . 11. 11-1. , .
81


. () ( ) ( +dt +d, , {++}), ( ) ( -dt -d, , {--}). . , , , . , , ( ), . , () , - , , , . , . , , , . , . , ( ). .. , ( ), . , . , . , . . . (.. ). :

nB nB n

6 10 10.

ni ­ , [26]. , -- , . , , . , ,
82


CP- . , , - - , -- -- , . , . . , CP. , CP-. 2010 , [27]. , . , , . , ­ .. [28], . . , .. [29], . . . , . . . . . . 1999 . .. « ». . . , , , -, [26]. , , , , . .. . , . , 11-1 , . ­ , , . , , - . 11.3. , .
83


. , , .


(a)


' Z
i F

G


Z

i





U ' xi i =1,2,3

R

4

1,3



x0 = ct

U



(b)

G1 G2
///// Gi /..//

Gn Gn


-1

xi

i =1,2,3

. 12. R41,3. () R41,3 , G, ', . G Zi ZiF . ' R41,3, . U, , . (b) U . ( ), Gi.
84


, , . , , , . , . «» , . Gi ( , - ). . , - , , , . , . , ( ) , , .. . 11.4. , , Gi ( ), , Gj, i j, . , . 1. , . , , . , , , . 2. , ( , , , - ). 3. ( ). 4. 5-4 , Gi, , . 5. , Gi . 6. .
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7. , . 8. , , . 9. , . 6-1 , , , , , , , . . 10. , . 11. 5-4 . , . 12. , . 11.5. : WIMP - , , . , -, ­ , . , , , , . , , , . , , . , , , 4 - 5 ! , , , , , . , , . . 1932 , , (Fritz Zwicky) , 18 , , , , , ( ). ,
86


500 , . - . - , (dark matter) -- , , [30]. , , . 1960­70- , (Vera Cooper Rubin) . , , . ­ Abell 2390 13 % .

.13. : , , . , . , ( ). ­ . ­ ( MOND), , . .
87


.14. WMAP , .. WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) , 4% (), ­ 96% - , 22-26% [31].

. 15. WMAP.
88


, , [32,33]. . , . MACHOs (Massive Compact Halo Objects). MACHO EROS [34] 55 . . MACHOs, , , 15% . , , ­ MACHOs, [35]. , - , . , , . [35], , , , . , , , [ 33,36]. WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), . WIMP [37-43]. , WIMP, (Supersymmetry ­ SUSY). WIMP . . WIMP, . [35], . WIMP , .. . [35]. . , (LHC). (), WIMP. . WIMP : , .. , WIMP . WIMP , , -. . SuperKamiokande, MACRO, « » ( ), «», AMANDA (Antarctic Muon Neutrino Detector Array). IceCube, . 80 , 1400-2400 . 1 3 [44,45].
89


-. - -, WIMP. - EGRET (Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope) CGRO 9 : 1991 2000 . 2008 - GLAST (Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope). AMS (Alpha Magnetic Spectrometr) AMS-2 - - , .

. 16. AMS-2 1,5 . . Endeavour. 2005 2200 . MAGIC 17 . WIMP. 1800 4 HESS. 107 2, 382 . HESS2 28 . CANGAROO, CANGAROO-II CANGAROOIII . 2007 - VERITAS 12 . . Milagro, 1999 , - 2300 . . , 2,4â107 . 723 . CACTUS . 2004 CELESTE ( 1650 .). .

90


, . , . HEAT (High Energy Antimatter Telescope) 1994-1995 . BESS 1993 1998 . CAPRICE 1998 . PAMELA -1, 2006 . . , WIMP . , . , . . IGEX (International Germanium Experiment) ­ 2450 (...) . 2 . , . HDMS (Heidelberg Dark Matter Search) ­ - , 3400 ... . Drift-II- , 1100 . WIMP . MIMAC (Micro-tpc Matrix of Chambers) ­ , , WIMP 3, , . . DAMA (Dark Matter) ­ -, 100 NaI(TI).

. 17. -.
91


6,3, DAMA WIMP. [35]. 2003 DAMA/LIBRA. NaIAD ­ , , NaI. ANAIS 14 NaI . Kamioka-CaF2(Eu) ­ 2700 ... KIMS (Korea Invisible Mass Search) ­ , 700 . PICOLON ­ Oto Cosmo, 1200 ... . ZEPELIN (Zoned Proportional scintillation in liquid Noble gases) ­ 3.1 . ZEPELIN-II ZEPELIN-III, . . ROSEBUD ­ , . Kamioka-NaF ­ , 8 . CRESST-I ­ - . , . , . . , . COUPP ­ ­ , NuMI 300 ... PICASSO (Project in Canada to search for Supersymmetric Objects) ­ C4F10, , . ­ SNO (, ) 6000 ... WIMP, . SIMPLE ­ LSBB 1500 ..., . Orpheus ­ , WIMP . . , . CRESS-II ­ WIMP , , . , . CDMS (Cryogenic Darc Matter Search) ­ , WIMP . 2002 . 2003 CDMS-II () 2090 ... EDELWEISS ­ , , . , . ZEPELIN-II ­
92


. ZEPELIN-III ­ . XENON10 ­ -. . . 2006 . WIMP 2008 XENON100. WARP (WIMP Argon Programme) ­ , 2006 . , . WIMP «/», , . . ( ) ­ . , . OGMA ­ , -, . . , WIMP. , . , (Tarek Saab), CDMS II, - , , 5 , . WIMP 10 . , . , , . . , . 16 2008 NO-VE2008, , Tor Vergata (Rita Bernabei), -- DAMA, ­ , . . 2008 PAMELA, , . , . , EGRET, WIMP, -, LAT "" .
93


"" ­ ATIC, . , WIMP . 2010 , CDMS II, Science , , WIMP . , . oGeNT . XENON100 100 2010 3 , . , - , . 2011 . , . - , . , . , , . , , , . , WIMP, . . . WIMP . , , , , . , , WIMP ­ . , . , , , « », . WIMP , : « , ».
94


11.6. : 11.6.1. , , , . 4 - ­ . ? , . - . 4- - . , , - . . . ­ () . , , . . . - . , , , . .. , . , , . () ( ) ( ), . - . () , . , , . , . ­ . 8. , ­ , , . , , . .
95


, , , . , 4- Gi; Gj, j i, , , . 1. - . , , , (. .8). 2. , , , . 3. , , . . , . 4. . 5. , ( ), . 6. , , . . , ­ , ­ . . 7. ­ , , , . . . 8. Gi. 9. , (.. ) , , ­ .
96


. . . , , , . , ­ . . , , , . . , , , . , , , . , . 11.6.2. , ( ), , .

. 18. («») (, ). «» . , "" , - . .
97


. 19. - "" , - . , (gravitational lensing) ­ , . , [46,47,48,49]. (Hablle) ­ . , . , . , . , , . (Chandra). , (, , ) . ( -) , . 11.6.3.
98




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. , , ­ . .20. , 2008 [50]. . SCP 06F6. , . SCP 06F6 [51]. , . , . , . . 2009 NGC 26. , , , , . «» , . . , - , -- . 11.6.4. (HST) , . , . .

. 21. , .
100


. 22. - SNR 0509-67.5.

.23. NGC 2392.
101


. 24. MyCn18. Hourglass Nebula MyCn18 - . 1996 (R. Sahai and J. Trauger, the WFPC2 Science Team and NASA). , , , , . . . ­ . . 25. , , . , , ( ). , , , . « », .

102




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.25. . .

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11.6.5. 2009 Nature 28 , ( arXiv.org). , . , . , , , . , , , , "". , « , ». , , . , . 11.6.6. The Astrophysical Journal MACSJ0025.4-1222 , - . , 1015 , . , , . . , . , , ­ , .

.26. MACSJ0025.4-1222. . , ­ .
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. 33. 64 (NGC 4826). , . , , , ! . , , , . .34.

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. 2009 , , Hubble. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. ­ - , 250 . 30 , , . , . . 11.6.10. (Milky Way)

.35. . , . . , . ­ ­ S, . .
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­ (bar). (bulge)­ , . ­ S, . « » (Hubble sequence).

.36. « ». SBbc , (M31) (33), - , , , . 100 000 1000 . 200 . 2009, 6â1042 . . , . , , .

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.37. «» , . , . . : , ? , , , . .. , , «» , ­ . .38.

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. . , . , , . , , , . . , . , , . , SA SB. SB, , SA. 11.6.11. , 10 11 . . 2003 . (Sloan Great Wall - SGW).

. 39. . 1 , 1,37 . . , .. SCl 126, SGW, SCl 111. SGW , . SCl 126 ( , SGW) , SCl 111 -- , «» . . , ­ . ,
115


­ , . , - . . , . «» . , - . , () . Chandra , , ( Astrophysical Journal Letters). 2008 14 , 1,5 . , , 30 , . « . , , , », - (Noah Brosch) - ( New Scientist). . , « », , , . Gi c ( , ). (Alexandre Amblard) , 2011 , « », «». , ­ . . 40.

116


. 40. « », SPIRE «». 11.6.12. ­ (Great Attractor).

. 41. 2 (2MASS). .
117


, , , , . , , (Pirin Erdodu) (Nottingham University). . , . «Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society», arXiv.org. , (Shapley Concentration), Abell 3558. , 2MASS (The 2MASS Redshift Survey (2MRS) aims to map the distribution of galaxies and dark matter in the local universe), , , 1986 . 491 +/- 200 , , .. ( , ). , , 5â1016 . , Abell 3627, , . , . 12. , , , , , , . , , . , , . . , . , . , . . - , , . , . [52]: « ­
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