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NASA's Next Rover: The 2009 Mars Science Laboratory
Alberto Behar, PhD DAN Investigation Scientist Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology


NASA's Mars Exploration Program

Recent missions have discovered and studied a great diversity of environments, including those with evidence of past liquid water

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Future missions are likely to be focused on returning samples or detecting extant life The Mars Science Laboratory extends past investigations and enables future missions by characterizing the habitability of a site, i.e., its potential to support microbial life
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Scientific Objectives for MSL
Explore and quantitatively assess a local region on Mars' surface as a potential habitat for life, past or present. A. Assess the biological potential of at least one target environment.
1. 2. 3. Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds. Inventory the chemical building blocks of life (C, H, N, O, P, S). Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes.

B.

Characterize the geology and geochemistry of the landing region at all appropriate spatial scales (i.e., ranging from micrometers to meters).
1. 2. Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of martian surface and near-surface geological materials. Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and regolith.

C.

Investigate planetary processes of relevance to past habitability, including the role of water.
1. 2. Assess long-timescale (i.e., 4-billion-year) atmospheric evolution processes. Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and CO2.

D.

Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including galactic cosmic radiation, solar proton events, and secondary neutrons.
The data/information contained herein has been reviewed and approved for release by JPL Export Administration on the basis that this document contains no export-controlled information.


Scientific Objectives for MSL
Explore and quantitatively assess a local region on Mars' surface as a potential habitat for life, past or present. · Assessment of present habitability requires: ­ An evaluation of the characteristics of the environment and the processes that influence it from microscopic to regional scales. A comparison of these characteristics with what is known about the capacity of life as we know it to exist in such environments.

­

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Determination of past habitability has the added requirement of inferring environments and processes in the past from observation in the present. Such assessments require integration of a wide variety of chemical, physical, and geological observations.
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·


Needed Capabilities
· A long-lived, roving, robotic laboratory capable of visiting many sites Access to a wide range of candidate landing sites assessed by orbiting spacecraft · A broad and flexible payload including advanced geochemical instruments used in Earth labs A system to acquire and process dozens of rock and soil samples An integrated science team and operations strategy

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MSL Mission Overview
ENTRY, DESCENT, LANDING · Guided entry and controlled, powered "sky crane" descent · 20-km diameter landing ellipse CRUISE/APPROACH · 10-11 month cruise · Spinning cruise stage · Arrive N. hemisphere summer · Discovery responsive for landing sites ±45º latitude, <+1 km elevation · 900-kg landed mass SURFACE MISSION · Prime mission is one Mars year LAUNCH · Sept. or Oct. 2009 · Atlas V (541) · Latitude-independent and long-lived power source, pending approval · 20-km range · 80 kg of science payload · Acquire and analyze samples of rock/regolith · Large rover, high clearance; greater mobility than previous rovers (MPF, MER)
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EDL Timeline (1 of 2)
Entry Interface (r = 3522.2 km) - Pressurize Propulsion System (PV-3, PV-4) Peak Heating Peak Deceleration Heading Alignment Straighten Up and Flight Right Separate Entry Balance Mass Damp Transients

Entry

Supersonic Parachute Descent

Deploy Supersonic Parachute (8 km AGL) Drive MLEs to 1% Throttle Heatshield Separation

Begin Using Radar Solutions Prime MLEs E-0 min E+85 s E+96 s E+230 s E+245 s E+271 s E+279 s

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EDL Timeline (2 of 2)

Powered Flight ­ Includes Powered Descent, Sky Crane, Flyaway Powered Descent
Flyaway

MLE Prime Backshell Separation (2 km AGL)

Powered Approach (1.6 km AGL)

Constant Velocity

Sky Crane
Constant Deceleration Throttle Down to 4 MLEs Rover Separation & Mobility Deploy (19 m) Snatch Touchdown Bridle/ (0.75 m/s) Umbilical Cut

E+314 s

E+341 s

E+356 s

E+356 s

E+356 s

1000 m MOLA

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MSL - MER Comparison
MSL LV/Launch Mass Prime Mission Redundancy Payload EDL System Heatshield Diam. EDL Comm. Surface Power Surface Comm. Rover Mass Rover Range Landing Ellipse Size Accessible Latitudes Accessible Altitudes Atlas V/4000 kg 1 yr. cruise/2 yrs. surface Dual string, some exceptions 10 instruments (80 kg) Guided entry + skycrane 4.5 m UHF or DTE 2500 W-hr/sol Orbiter Relay (+ DTE) 900 kg (allocation) >20 km 20-km diameter circle 45ºS to 45ºN < +1 km MOLA MER Delta II/1050 kg 7 mo. cruise/3 mo. surface Selective/Dual Mission 5 instruments (~5 kg) MPF Heritage/Airbags 2.65 m DTE + Partial UHF <900 W-hr/sol Orbiter Relay (+ DTE) 170 kg (actual) >600 m (few km actual) 80 10-km ellipse (final) 15ºS to 10ºN < -1.3 km MOLA

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MSL - MER Comparison


Size Comparison

2009 MSL Rover

2005 MINI Cooper S

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Project and Landing Site Milestones
Fiscal Years
2004 2005 2006

MRO Prime Mission
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

A

B

C/D

E

Instrument Selection

PMSR

PDR

CDR

ATLO

9-10/09
Launch Window

8-9/10
Arrival Window

1/06
Announcement

5/06 1st LSW

6/09 10/07 8/08 2nd LSW 3rd LSW 4th LSW
~5 sites Science and Safety Certification

33 sites Prioritized List For MRO

10/08 Select Landing Site Zone L-1 yr
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Select landing ellipse L-1 month


MSL Candidate Landing Sites

4 - Mawrth Vallis

1 - Nili Fossae Trough

10 - Nilo Syrtis

7 - West Candor Chasma

9 - Juventae Chasma

8 - Northern MeridianI

6 - Gale Crater

11 - Melas Chasma

2 - Holden Crater

5 - Eberswalde Crater

3 - Terby Crater

Higher-priority sites are black, others are white. Black lines show ±45º latitude.
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MSL Payload
MastCam ChemCam
REMOTE SENSING MastCam (M. Malin, MSSS) - Color stereo imaging, atmospheric opacity ChemCam (R. Wiens, LANL/CNES) ­ Chemical composition; remote micro-imaging CONTACT INSTRUMENTS (ARM) MAHLI (K. Edgett, MSSS) - Microscopic imaging APXS (R. Gellert, U. Guelph, Canada) - Chemical composition ANALYTICAL LABORATORY (ROVER BODY)

REMS

RAD

DAN

MAHLI APXS Brush Drill / Sieves Scoop
Wheel Base: Height of Deck: Height of Mast: 2 .2 m 1.1 m 2.2 m

SAM (P. Mahaffy, GSFC/CNES) - Chemical and isotopic composition, including organics

MARDI

CheMin (D. Blake, ARC) - Mineralogy ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION DAN (I. Mitrofanov, IKI, Russia) - Subsurface hydrogen MARDI (M. Malin, MSSS) - Descent imagery REMS (J. GÑmez-Elvira, CAB, Spain) - Meteorology/UV RAD (D. Hassler, SwRI) - High-energy radiation

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Mast Camera (MastCam)
Principal Investigator: Michael Malin Malin Space Science Systems
MastCam observes the geological structures and features within the vicinity of the rover · Studies of landscape, rocks, fines, frost/ice, and atmospheric features · Stereo, 15:1 zoom/telephoto lens, from 90° to 6° FOV · Bayer pattern filter design for natural color plus narrow-band filters for scientific color · High spatial resolution: 1200 1200 pixels (0.2 mm/pixel at 2 m, 8 cm/pixel at 1 km) · High-definition video at 5-10 FPS, 1280 720 pixels · Large internal storage: 256 MByte SRAM, 8 GByte flash
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Chemistry & Micro-Imaging (ChemCam)
Principal Investigator: Roger Wiens Los Alamos National Laboratory
Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements

ChemCam performs elemental analyses through laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy · Rapid characterization of rocks and soils from a distance of up to 9 meters · 240-800 nm spectral range · Dust removal over a ~1-cm region; depth profiling within a ~1-mm spot · Helps classify hydrated minerals, ices, organic molecules, and weathering rinds · High-resolution context imaging (resolves ~0.8 mm at 10 m)

Mast Unit

Body Unit

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Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)
Principal Investigator: Ralf Gellert University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Canadian Space Agency Heritage: Pathfinder, MER
APXS determines the chemical composition of rocks, soils, and processed samples · Combination of particle-induced X-ray emission and X-ray fluorescence using a 244Cm source · Rock-forming elements from Na to Br and beyond · Useful for lateral / vertical variability, surface alteration, detection of salt-forming elements · Factor ~3 increased sensitivity, daytime operation compared with MER
The data/information contained herein has been reviewed and approved for release by JPL Export Administration on the basis that this document contains no export-controlled information.


Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)
Principal Investigator: Kenneth Edgett Malin Space Science Systems
MAHLI characterizes the history and processes recorded in geologic materials encountered by MSL · Examines the structure and texture of rocks, fines, and frost/ice at micrometer to centimeter scale · Returns color images like those of typical digital cameras; synthesizes best-focus images and depth-of-field range maps · Wide range of spatial resolutions; can focus at infinity; highest spatial resolution possible is ~9 m/pixel · White light and UV LEDs for controlled illumination, fluorescence
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Chemistry & Mineralogy (CheMin)
Principal Investigator: David Blake NASA Ames Research Center
CheMin derives definitive mineralogy · X-ray diffraction (XRD); standard technique for laboratory analysis · Identification and quantification of minerals in geologic materials (e.g., basalts, evaporites, soils)

The data/information contained herein has been reviewed and approved for release by JPL Export Administration on the basis that this document contains no export-controlled information.


Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM)
Principal Investigator: Paul Mahaffy NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
SAM Suite Instruments Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMS) Gas Chromatograph (GC) Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS)
· Search for organic compounds of biotic and prebiotic relevance, including methane, and explore sources and destruction paths for carbon compounds · Reveal chemical state of other light elements that are important for life as we know it on Earth · Study the habitability of Mars by measuring oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide · Investigate atmospheric and climate evolution through isotope measurements of noble gases and light elements The data/information

· QMS: molecular and isotopic composition in the 2-535 Dalton mass range for atmospheric and evolved gas samples · GC: resolves complex mixtures of organics into separate components · TLS: abundance and precision (<10 per mil) isotopic composition of CH4, CO2

contained herein has been reviewed and approved for release by JPL Export Administration on the basis that this document contains no export-controlled information.


Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)
Principal Investigator: Igor Mitrofanov Space Research Institute (IKI), Russia
DAN measures the abundance of hydrogen (e.g., in water or hydrated minerals) within one meter of the surface
Large albedo flux of thermal neutrons Small albedo flux of thermal neutrons

Pulsing Neutron Generator

Thermal & Epithermal Neutron Detectors

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Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD)
Principal Investigator: Donald M. Hassler Southwest Research Institute
RAD characterizes the radiation environment on the surface of Mars · Measures galactic cosmic ray and solar energetic particle radiation, including secondary neutrons and other particles created in the atmosphere and regolith · Determines human dose rate, validates transmission/transport codes, assesses hazard to life, studies the chemical and isotopic effects on Mars' surface and atmosphere · Solid state detector telescope and CsI calorimeter. Zenith pointed with 65º FOV · Detects energetic charged particles (Z=126), neutrons, gamma-rays, and electrons
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Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS)
Principal Investigator: Javier GÑmez-Elvira Centro de AstrobiologÌa (CAB), Spain
REMS measures the meteorological and UV radiation environments · Two 3-D wind sensors · Ground and air temperature sensors
Boom 1

· Pressure sensor · Humidity sensor · UV radiation detector (200 to 400 nm) · 1-Hz sampling for 5 minutes each hour

Boom 2
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Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)
Principal Investigator: Michael Malin Malin Space Science Systems
MARDI provides detailed imagery of the MSL landing region · Provides images over three orders of magnitude in scale, tying post-landing surface images to pre-landing orbital images · Bayer pattern filter for natural color · Short exposure time to reduce image blurring from spacecraft motion · High-definition, video-like data acquisition (1600 1200 pixels, 5 frames/sec) · Large internal storage: 256 MByte SRAM, 8 GByte flash
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Sample Acquisition, Processing, & Handling
Two-Meter Robotic Arm

The SA/SPaH has the following capabilities: · Brush rock surfaces · Place and hold contact instruments · Acquire samples of rock or regolith via powdering drill and scoop
Scoop

· Sieve samples into fines and deliver the processed material to the analytical lab instruments · Provide the opportunity to observe sieved samples
Sieves

APXS

Drill

MAHLI Brush
The data/information contained herein has been reviewed and approved for release by JPL Export Administration on the basis that this document contains no export-controlled information.


Summary: Investigations vs. Objectives
Objective: Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds. Inventory the chemical building blocks of life (C, H, N, O, P, S). Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes. Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near-surface geologic materials. Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and regolith. Assess long-time scale atmospheric evolution processes. Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and CO2. Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including galactic cosmic radiation, solar proton events, and secondary neutrons.
MastCam ChemCam MAHLI APXS SAM CheMin MARDI DAN REMS RAD

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Each objective addressed by multiple investigations; each investigation addresses multiple objectives; provides robustness and reduces risk.


A Typical Payload Operations Scenario
· The MSL science objectives and mission capabilities suggest a natural flow of operations focused primarily toward acquiring samples, punctuated with fixed "decision points" for the science and engineering teams. Each decision involves contributions from multiple payload elements. Ideally the pace of science operations would be limited only by these decisions.
Action on Mars Traverse, remote sensing Approach target; remote sensing Subsequent Decision on Earth Is there an interesting target? Is there a target in the workspace worth examining further? Is the target worth sampling? Is the sample worth analyzing? Drive away from target site?

·

4-decision sampling sequence

Contact science, rock brushing Acquire sample; more imaging and contact science Process sample in analytical laboratory

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Management of Science Operations
· Achieving MSL's science objectives requires an integrated and interdependent set of investigations, accomplished through an integrated set of operations on the rover · These interdependencies imply that:
­ resources such as time, energy, data volume, and consumables be managed at the group level ­ tactical and strategic decisions are made by the science team in an efficient, coordinated fashion ­ sharing of data between investigations be immediate and complete

· Development of plans for tactical and strategic processes in science operations is underway, following an approach based on the successful Pathfinder and MER models
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Typical Instrument Activities vs. Sol Type
DAN Traverse / Recon
hydrogen survey (active) hydrogen measurement (active) hydrogen measurement (passive) hydrogen measurement (passive) hydrogen measurement (passive) intensive hydrogen survey LIBS / imaging of powdered sample geological / geochemical investigations hand-lens imaging of powdered sample geological investigations elemental analysis of powdered sample geochemical investigations GCMS / TLS analysis of sample

MastCam
panoramic imaging

ChemCam
LIBS / imaging untargeted and targeted LIBS / imaging of target; workspace

MAHLI
soil and rock survey

APXS
soil and rock survey

SAM

CheMin

Approach

workspace imaging multispectral imaging, preand postbrushing

soil and rock survey

soil and rock survey elemental analysis, preand postbrushing XRD quicklook analysis

Contact

LIBS / imaging of workspace

hand-lens imaging

Sampling

Analysis Additional Science Campaigns

XRD analysis of sample

geological investigations

atmospheric analyses

Long integrations

· ·

RAD and REMS perform regular observations throughout the mission. Multiple payload elements provide decision-critical data (shaded) on each sol.
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Mars Community Involvement in MSL
· · Over 130 PIs, Co-Is, and collaborators The Mars science community is invited to participate in the selection and certification of the MSL landing site. The first workshop was held in June 2006. The next workshop is scheduled for October 23-25, 2007, in Pasadena. Scientists can also provide scientific and safety analyses through the Critical Data Products and Mars Data Analysis programs. NASA has appointed a Landing Site Selection Steering Committee co-chaired by John Grant (Smithsonian Inst.) and Matt Golombek (JPL). NASA plans to call for MSL Participating Scientists. Selected scientists would join the Project several months before launch and participate in operational readiness tests.
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