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Дата изменения: Unknown Дата индексирования: Sat Mar 1 10:16:26 2014 Кодировка: koi8-r Поисковые слова: annular solar eclipse |
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| OMHROS, ODUSSEIAS, 20, 350
"Toisi de kai meteeipe QeoklumenoV qeoeidhV: "a deiloi, ti kakon tode pasxete; nukti men umewn eiluatai kefalai te proswpa te nerqe te gouna, oimwgh de dedhe, dedakruntai de pareiai, aimati d' erradatai toixoi kalai te mesodmai: eidwlwn de pleon proquron, pleih de kai aulh, iemenwn Erebosde upo zofon: helioV de ouranou ecapolwle, kakh d' epidedromen axluV."" |
Homer,
"Odyssey", 20, 355
Theoclymenus saw this and said, "Unhappy men, what is it that ails you? There is a shroud of darkness drawn over you from head to foot, your cheeks are wet with tears; the air is alive with wailing voices; the walls and roof-beams drip blood; the gate of the cloisters and the court beyond them are full of ghosts trooping down into the night of hell; the sun is blotted out of heaven, and a blighting gloom is over allthe land." Thus did he speak, and they all of them laughed heartily. Eurymachus then said, "This stranger who has lately come here has lost his senses. Servants, turn him out into the streets, since he finds it so dark here."" [It is unlikely that this prophecy is the description of the eclipse] |
| PLOUTARCOU, BIOI PARALLHLOI, RWMULOS,
12, 27, 29
12. "Oti men oun h ktisiV hmera genoito th pro endeka kalandwn Maiwn, omologeitai, kai thn hmeran tauthn eortazousi Rwmaioi, geneqlion thV patridoV onomazonteV. en arxh d' wV fasin ouden emyuxon equon, alla kaqaran kai anaimakton wonto dein th patridi thn epwnumon thV genesewV eorthn fulattein. ou mhn alla kai pro thV ktisewV bothrikh tiV hn autoiV eorth kata tauthn thn hmeran, kai Parilia proshgoreuon authn. nun men oun ouden ai Rwmaikai noumhniai proV taV EllhnikaV omologoumenon exousin: ekeinhn de thn hmeran, h thn polin o RwmuloV ektizen, atrekh triakada tuxein legousi, kai sunodon ekleiptikhn en auth genesqai selhnhV proV hlion, hn eidenai kai Antimaxon oiontai ton Thion epopoion, etei tritw thV ekthV olumpiadoV sumpesousan. en de toiV kata Barrwna ton filosofon xronoiV, andra
Rwmaiwn en istoria bubliakwtaton, hn TaroutioV etairoV autou, filosofoV
men allwV kai maqhmatikoV, aptomenoV de thV peri ton pinaka meqodou qewriaV
eneka kai dokwn en auth perittoV einai. toutw proubalen o Barrwn anagagein
thn Rwmulou genesin eiV hmeran kai wran, ek twn legomenwn apotelesmatwn
peri ton andra poihsamenon ton sullogismon, wsper ai twn gewmetrikwn ufhgountai
problhmatwn analuseiV: thV gar authV qewriaV einai, xronon te labontaV
anqrwpou genesewV bion proeipein, kai biw doqenti qhreusai xronon. epoihsen
oun to prostaxqen o TaroutioV, kai ta te paqh kai ta erga tou androV epidwn,
kai xronon zwhV kai tropon teleuthV kai panta ta toiauta sunqeiV, eu mala
teqarrhkotwV kai andreiwV apefhnato, thn men en th mhtri tou Rwmulou gegonenai
sullhyin etei prwtw thV deuteraV olumpiadoV en mhni kat' AiguptiouV Xoiak
trith kai eikadi trithV wraV, kaq' hn o hlioV ecelipe pantelwV, thn d'
emfanh gennhsin en mhni Qwuq hmera prwth met' eikada peri hliou anatolaV:
ktisqhnai de thn Rwmhn up' autou th enath Farmouqi mhnoV istamenou metacu
deuteraV wraV kai trithV. epei kai polewV tuxhn wsper anqrwpou kurion exein
oiontai xronon, ek thV prwthV genesewV proV taV twn asterwn epoxaV qewroumenon.
alla tauta men iswV kai ta toiauta tw cenw kai perittw prosacetai mallon
h dia to muqwdeV enoxlhsei touV entugxanontaV autoiV."
|
Plutarch,
Romulus, 12, 27, 29
12. "As for the day they began to build the city, it is universally agreed to have been the twenty-first of April, and that day the Romans annually keep holy, calling it their country's birthday. At first, they say, they sacrificed no living creature on this day, thinking it fit to preserve the feast of their country's birthday pure and without stain of blood. Yet before ever the city was built, there was a feast of herdsmen and shepherds kept on this day, which went by the name of Palilia. The Roman and Greek months have now little or no agreement; they say, however, the day on which Romulus began to build was quite certainly the thirtieth of the month, at which time there was an eclipse of the sun which they conceived to be that seen by Antimachus, the Teian poet, in the third year of the sixth Olympiad. In the times of Varro the philosopher, a man deeply read in Roman history, lived one Tarrutius, his familiar acquaintance, a good philosopher and mathematician, and one, too, that out of curiosity had studied the way of drawing schemes and tables, and was thought to be a proficient in the art; to him Varro propounded to cast Romulus's nativity, even to the first day and hour, making his deductions from the several events of the man's life which he should be informed of, exactly as in working back a geometrical problem; for it belonged, he said, to the same science both to foretell a man's life by knowing the time of his birth, and also to find out his birth by the knowledge of his life. This task Tarrutius undertook, and first looking into the actions and casualties of the man, together with the time of his life and manner of his death, and then comparing all these remarks together, he very confidently and positively pronounced that Romulus was conceived in his mother's womb the first year of the second Olympiad, the twenty-third day of the month the Aegyptians call Choeac, and the third hour after sunset, at which time there was a total eclipse of the sun; that he was born the twenty-first day of the month Thoth, about sunrising; and that the first stone of Rome was laid by him the ninth day of the month Pharmuthi, between the second and third hour. For the fortunes of cities as well as of men, they think, have their certain periods of time prefixed, which may be collected and foreknown from the position of the stars at their first foundation. But these and the like relations may perhaps not so much take and delight the reader with their novelty and curiosity, as offend him by their extravagance. " 27. "He disappeared on the Nones of July, as they now call the month which was then Quintilis, leaving nothing of certainty to be related of his death; only the time, as just mentioned, for on that day many ceremonies are sill performed in representation of what happened. Neither is this uncertainty to be thought strange, seeing the manner of the death of Scipio Africanus, who died at his own home after supper, has been found capable neither of proof or disproof; for some say he died a natural death, being of a sickly habit; others that he poisoned himself; others again, that his enemies, breaking in upon him in the night stifled him. Yet Scipio's dead body lay open to be seen of all, and any one, from his own observation, might form his suspicions and conjectures, whereas Romulus, when he vanished, left neither the least part of his body, nor any remnant of his clothes to be seen. So that some fancied the senators, having fallen upon him in the temple of Vulcan, cut his body into pieces, and took each a part away in his bosom; others think his disappearance was neither in the temple of Vulcan, nor with the senators only by, but that it came to pass that, as he was haranguing the people without the city, near a place called the Goat's Marsh, on a sudden strange and unaccountable disorders and alterations took place in the air; the face of the sun was darkened, and the day turned into night, and that, too, no quiet, peaceable night, but with terrible thunderings, and boisterous winds from all quarters; during which the common people dispersed and fled, but the senators kept close together. The tempest being over and the light breaking out, when the people gathered again, they missed and inquired for their king; the senators suffered them not to search, or busy themselves about the matter, but commanded them to honour and worship Romulus as one taken up to the gods, and about to be to them, in the place of a good prince, now a propitious god." 29. "It was in the fifty-fourth year of his age and the thirty-eighth of his reign that Romulus, they tell us, left the world." |
| Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita, I, 16
"His immortalibus editis operibus cum ad exercitum recensendum contionem in campo ad Caprae paludem haberet, subito coorta tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque tam denso regem operuit nimbo ut conspectum eius contioni abstulerit; nec deinde in terris Romulus fuit. Romana pubes sedato tandem pauore postquam ex tam turbido die serena et tranquilla lux rediit, ubi uacuam sedem regiam uidit, etsi satis credebat patribus qui proximi steterant sublimem raptum procella,tamen uelut orbitatis metu icta maestum aliquamdiu silentium obtinuit." |
Titus
Livius, The History of Rome, I, 16
"After these immortal achievements, Romulus held a review of his army at the "Caprae Palus" in the Campus Martius. A violent thunderstorm suddenly arose and enveloped the king in so dense a cloud that he was quite invisible to the assembly. From that hour Romulus was no longer seen on earth. When the fears of the Roman youth were allayed by the return of bright, calm sunshine after such fearful weather, they saw that the royal seat was vacant. Whilst they fully believed the assertion of the senators, who had been standing close to him, that he had been snatched away to heaven by a whirlwind, still, like men suddenly bereaved, fear and grief kept them for some time speechless. |
| 1. Archilochus: Fragmenta 122 (frg. 74 Bergk):
"crhmatwn aelpton ouden estin oud apwmoton oude qaumasion, epeidh ZeuV pathr Olumpion ek meshmbrihV eqhke nukt, apokruyaV faoV hliou lampontoV lugron d hkq ep anqrwpouV deoV. ek de tou kai pista panta kapielpta ginetai andrasin. mhdeiV eq umewn eisorewn qaumazetw med ean delfisi qhreV antameiywntai nomon enalion, kai sfin qaladdhV hceenta kumata filter hpeirou genhtai, toisi d uleein oroV. " |
Archilochus
"Nothing can be surprising any more or impossible or miraculous, now that Zeus, father of the Olympians has made night out of noonday, hiding the bright sunlight, and . . . fear has come upon mankind. After this, men can believe anything, expect anything. Don't any of you be surprised in future if land beasts change places with dolphins and go to live in their salty pastures, and get to like the sounding waves of the sea more than the land, while the dolphins prefer the mountains." (F.R.Stephenson, 338; Fotheringham; Newton, 1979 p. 190 |
| 2a. HRODOTOU, ISTORIWN,
I, 74; I, 103
"diaferousi de sfi epi ishV ton polemon tw ektw etei sumbolhV genomenhV sunhneike wste thV machV sunestewshV thn hmerhn exapinhV nukta genesqai thn de metallagen tauthn thV hmerhV QalhV o MilhsioV toisi Iwsi prohgoreuse esesqai, ouron proqemenoV eniauton touton, en tw dh kai egeneto h metabolh." "OutoV o toisi Ludoisi esti maxesamenoV ote nuV h hmerh egeneto sfi maxomenoisi, kai o thn AluoV potamou anw Asihn pasan susthsaV ewutw." |
Herodotus,
History, I, 74; I, 103
"Afterwards, on the refusal of Alyattes to give up his suppliants when Cyaxares sent to demand them of him, war broke out between the Lydians and the Medes, and continued for five years, with various success. In the course of it the Medes gained many victories over the Lydians, and the Lydians also gained many victories over the Medes. Among their other battles there was one night engagement. As, however, the balance had not inclined in favour of either nation, another combat took place in the sixth year, in the course of which, just as the battle was growing warm, day was on a sudden changed into night. This event had been foretold by Thales, the Milesian, who forewarned the Ionians of it, fixing for it the very year in which it actually took place. The Medes and Lydians, when they observed the change, ceased fighting, and were alike anxious to have terms of peace agreed on. Syennesis of Cilicia, and Labynetus of Babylon, were the persons who mediated between the parties, who hastened the taking of the oaths, and brought about the exchange of espousals. It was they who advised that Alyattes should give his daughter Aryenis in marriage to Astyages, the son of Cyaxares, knowing, as they did, that without some sure bond of strong necessity, there is wont to be but little security in men's covenants. Oaths are taken by these people in the same way as by the Greeks, except that they make a slight flesh wound in their arms, from which each sucks a portion of the other's blood." "On the death of Phraortes his son Cyaxares ascended the throne. Of him it is reported that he was still more war-like than any of his ancestors, and that he was the first who gave organisation to an Asiatic army, dividing the troops into companies, and forming distinct bodies of the spea-rmen, the archers, and the cavalry, who before his time had been mingled in one mass, and confused together. He it was who fought against the Lydians on the occasion when the day was changed suddenly into night, and who brought under his dominion the whole of Asia beyond the Halys. This prince, collecting together all the nations which owned his sway, marched against Nineveh, resolved to avenge his father, and cherishing a hope that he might succeed in taking the town. A battle was fought, in which the Assyrians suffered a defeat, and Cyaxares had already begun the siege of the place, when a numerous horde of Scyths, under their king Madyes, son of Prtotohyes, burst into Asia in pursuit of the Cimmerians whom they had driven out of Europe, and entered the Median territory." |
| 2b, 27g. Pliny,
"Naturalis historia", II, 53
"Et rationem quidem defectus utriusque primus Romani generis in vulgum extulit Sulpicius Gallus, qui consul cum M. Marcello fuit, sed tum tribunus militum, sollicitudine exercitu liberato pridie quam Perses rex superatus a Paulo est in concionem ab imperatore productus ad praedicendam eclipsim, mos et composito volumine. apud Graecos autem investigavit primus omnium Thales Milesius Olympiadis XLVIII anno quarto praedicto solis defectu, qui Alyatte rege factus est urbisconditae anno CLXX. post eos utriusque sideris cursum in sexcentos annos praececinit Hipparchus, menses gentium diesque et horas ac situs locorum et visus populorum complexus, aevo teste haut alio modo quam consiliorum naturae particeps." |
Pliny,
"Natural history", II, 53
"Sulpicius Gallus - who was consul with Marcus Marcellus, but a millitary tribune at the time - was the first Roman to make public the explanation of each [kind of] eclipse when, on the day before King Perses was defeated by Paulus , he was brought before the assemly of troops by the commander-in-chief in order to explain an eclipse (ad praedicendam eclipsim), and freed the army from anxiety, and a little later when he wrote a book. Among the Greeks, Thales of Miletus, who explained the eclipse of the Sun which occured in the 4th year of the 48th Olympiad when Alyattes was king, that is, in the 170th year from the founding of Rome [-583], was the very first to make inquiry [about eclipses]. After them, Hipparchus proclaimed the daily progress (cursum) of each star for 600 years, [Hipparchus] who understood the months and days of the nations, the longest daytimes and geographical locations of places, and the appearances of the peoples, and who, as time has shown unequivocally, was partner in the plans of nature." (B.R.Goldstein, A.C.Bowen, JHA, XXVI, 155 (1995)) |
| 2c. Cicero, "De Divinatione", I, 111
"non plus quam Milesium Thalem, qui, ut obiurgatores suos convinceret ostenderetque etiam philosophum, si ei commodum esset, pecuniam facere posse, omnem oleam, ante quam florere coepisset, in agro Milesio coemisse dicitur. Animadverterat fortasse quadam scientia olearum ubertatem fore. Et quidem idem primus defectionem solis, quae Astyage regnante facta est, praedixisse fertur." |
Cicero, "De Divinatione", I, 111, Loeb Classical Library, v.154.
"Such men we may call 'foresighten' - that is, 'able to forsee the future'; but we can no more apply the term 'divine' to them than we can apply it to Thales of Miletus who, as the story goes, in order to confound his critics and thereby show that even a philosopher, if he sees fit, can make money bought up the entire olive crop in the district of Miletus before it had begun to bloom. Perhaps he had observed, from some special knowledge he had on the subject, that the crop would be abundant. And, by the way, he is said to have been the first man to predict the solar eclipse which took place in the reign of Astyages." |
| 2d,6c,12. Cicero,
"De Republica", I, 25
"(25) Atque eius modi quiddam etiam bello illo maximo quod Athenienses et Lacedaemonii summa inter se contentione gesserunt, Pericles ille et auctoritate et eloquentia et consilio princeps civitatis suae, cum obscurato sole tenebrae factae essent repente, Atheniensiumque animos summus timor occupavisset, docuisse civis suos dicitur, id quod ipse ab Anaxagora cuius auditor fuerat acceperat, certo illud tempore fieri et necessario, cum tota se luna sub orbem solis subiecisset; itaque etsi non omni intermenstruo, tamen id fieri non posse nisi intermenstruo tempore. quod cum disputando rationibusque docuisset, populum liberavit metu; erat enim tum haec nova et ignota ratio, solem lunae oppositu solere deficere, quod Thaletem Milesium primum vidisse dicunt. id autem postea ne nostrum quidem Ennium fugit; qui ut scribit, anno trecentesimo quinquagesimo fere post Romam conditam 'Nonis Iunis soli luna obstitit et nox.' atque hac in re tanta inest ratio atque sollertia, ut ex hoc die quem apud Ennium et in maximis annalibus consignatum videmus, superiores solis defectiones reputatae sint usque ad illam quae Nonis Quinctilibus fuit regnante Romulo; quibus quidem Romulum tenebris etiamsi natura ad humanum exitum abripuit, virtus tamen in caelum dicitur sustulisse." [II, 17: "Roma condita est secundo anno Olympiadis septumae, in id saeculum Romuli cecidit aetas ..."] |
Cicero, "De Republica", I, (XVI, 25) Loeb Classical Library, v.213.
(XVI, 25) Something of that kind also happened in that great war which was fought with such ferocity between Athens and Sparta. When an eclipse of the sun brought sudden darkness and the Athenians' minds were in the grip of panic, the great Pericles is said to have told his fellow-citizens a fact which he had heard from from his former tutor Anaxagoras, namely that this thing invariably happened at fixed intervals when the entire moon passed in front of the sun's orb; and so, while it did not occur at every new moon, it could not occur except in that situation. By pointing out this fact and backing it up with an explanation he released the people from their fear. At that time it was new and unfamiliar idea that the sun was regularly eclipsed when the moon came between it and the earth - a fact which was reputedly discovered by Thales of Miletus. On a later occasion the point was also noted that by our own Ennius. He writes that about three hundred and fifty years after the foundation of Rome on June the fifth the moon and night blocked out the sun. In this area there is so much scientific sophistication that earlier solar eclipses are calculated from this day (recorded by Ennius and the Major Annales) right back to the one which occured on July the seventh in the reign of Romulus. In that darkness nature carried Romulus off to a normal death; yet we are told that on account of his valour he was raised to heaven." |
| 2e. | Diogenes Laertius I.23
"[Thales] seems by some accounts to have been the first to study astronomy, the first to predict eclipses of the sun, and to fix the solstices; so Eudemus in his History of Astronomy. It was this which gained for him the admiration of Xenophanes and Herodotus and the notice of Heraclitus and Democritus" Aetius II.28, The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, 3710 "[Thales] says that eclipses of the sun take place when the moon passes across it in a direct line, since the moon is earthy in character; and it seems to the eye to be laid on the disc of the sun". |
| Pappus
en gar tw prwtw peri megeqwn kai aposthmatwn lambanei [IpparcoV] fainomenon touto ekleiyin hliou en men toiV peri ton Ellhsponton topoiV olou tou hliou akribwV gegenhmenhn wste mhden autou parafainesqai, en Alexandreia de th kat Aigupton ta d malista pempthmoria thV diametrou ekleloipota. |
Pappus, Commentary on the Almagest
"So Hipparchus, being uncertain concerning the Sun, not only how great a parallax it has but whether it has any parallax at all, assumed in his first book of "On Sizes and Distances" that the Earth has the ratio of a point and centre to the Sun [...]. For in Book 1 of "On Sizes and Distances" he takes the following observation : an eclipse of the Sun, which in the Hellespontine region was an exact eclipse of the whole Sun, such that no part of it was visible, but at Alexandria by Egypt approximately four-fifths of the diameter was eclipsed. By means of the above he shows in Book 1 that, in units of which the radius of the Earth is one, the least distance of the Moon is 71, and the greatest 83. Hence the mean is 77 [...]. Then again he himself in Book 2 [...] shows from many considerations that, in units of which the radius of the Earth is one, the least distance of the Moon is 62, the mean 67 1/3 and the Sun s distance 490. It is clear that the greatest distance of the Moon will be 72 2/3" (Fotheringham, Newton, 1970, p. 104, 110; Stephenson, p.351-359) |
| KLEOMHDOUS, KUKLIKHS QEWRIAS
METEWRWN PRWTON
"Gegone de kai toiade tiV thrhsiV epi thV kata ton hlion ekleiyewV. OloV pote en Ellhspontw ekleipwn ethrhqh en Alexandreia para to pempton thV idiaV ekleipwn diametrou, oper esti kata thn fantasian para daktulouV duo kai bracu dokei gar dwdekadaktulon einai proV fantasian to megeqoV tou hliou kai thV selhnhV omoiwV." |
Cleomedes, De Motu Circulari Corporum Caelestium
"Moreover, such an observation has been made in the case of an eclipse of the Sun. Once when the Sun was wholly eclipsed in the Hellespont, it was observed in Alexandria to be eclipsed except for the fifth part of its diameter, which is according to the sight, except for digits and a little more." (Fotheringham, Stephenson) |
| 3. "tauthn de polin (Larissan) basileuV o Perswn, ote para Mhdwn thn archv elambanon Persai, poliorkwn oudeni tropw eduvato elein hlion de nefelh prokaluyasa hfanise mexri exelipon oi anqrwpoi, kai outwV ealw" | Xenophon,
"Anabasis", III, 4
"[3.4.6] After faring thus badly the enemy departed, while the Greeks continued their march unmolested through the remainder of the day and arrived at the Tigris river. [3.4.7] Here was a large deserted its name was Larisa, and it was inhabited in ancient times by the Medes. Its wall was twenty-five feet in breadth and a hundred in height, and the whole circuit of the wall was two parasangs. It was built of clay bricks, and rested upon a stone foundation twenty feet high. [3.4.8] This city was besieged by the king of the Persians at the time when the Persians were seeking to wrest from the Medes their empire, but he could in no way capture it. A cloud, however, overspread the sun and hid it from sight until the inhabitants abandoned their city; and thus it was taken." (Newton, 1979 p. 195) |
| 4. HRODOTOU, ISTORIWN,
IX, 10
"aphge de thn stratihn o KleombotoV ek tou Isqmou dia tode quomenw oi epi tv Persh o hlioV amaurwqh en ouranv." |
Herodotus,
History, IX, 10
"Such was the counsel which Chileus gave: and the Ephors, taking the advice into consideration, determined forthwith, without speaking a word to the ambassadors from the three cities, to despatch to the Isthmus a body of five thousand Spartans; and accordingly they sent them forth the same night, appointing to each Spartan a retinue of seven Helots, and giving the command of the expedition to Pausanias the son of Cleombrotus. The chief power belonged of right at this time to Pleistarchus, the son of Leonidas; but as he was still a child Pausanias, his cousin, was regent in his room. For the father of Pausanias, Cleombrotus, the son of Anaxandridas, no longer lived; he had died a short time after bringing back from the Isthmus the troops who had been employed in building the wall. A prodigy had caused him to bring his army home; for while he was offering sacrifice to know if he should march out against the Persian, the sun was suddenly darkened in mid sky. Pausanias took with him, as joint-leader of the army, Euryanax, the son of Dorieus, a member of his own family." |
| 5a. HRODOTOU, ISTORIWN,
VII, 37
"ama tw eari pareskeuasmenoV o stratoV ek twn Sardiwn wrmato elon eV Abudon ormhmenw de oi o hlioV eklipwn thn ek tou ouranou edrhn afanhV hn out epinefelwn eontwn aiqrihV te ta malista, anti hmerhV te nux egeneto." |
Herodotus,
History, VII, 37
"And now when all was prepared- the bridges, and the works at Athos, the breakwaters about the mouths of the cutting, which were made to hinder the surf from blocking up the entrances, and the cutting itself; and when the news came to Xerxes that this last was completely finished- then at length the host, having first wintered at Sardis, began its march towards Abydos, fully equipped, on the first approach of spring. At the moment of departure, the sun suddenly quitted his seat in the heavens, and disappeared |