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Any of these institutions, in any category, might be either public or private, depending on the source of its funding.Some universities and colleges have, over time, gained reputations for offering particularly challenging courses and for providing their srudents with a higher quality of education. The factors determing whether an institution is one of the best or one of the lower prestige are quality of the teaching faculty; quality of research facilities; amount of funding available for libraries, special programs, etc; and the competence and number of applicants for admission, i. e. how selective the institution can be choosing its students.
The most selective are the old private north-eastern universities, commonly known as the League, include Harvard Radcliffe (Cambridge, Mass., in the urban area of Boston), Yale University,(New Haven, Conn. between Boston and New York), Columbia College (New York), Princeton University(New Jersey), Brown University, Cornell University, Datmouth College, University of Pennsylvania. With their traditions and long established reputations they occupy a position in American university life rather like Oxbridge (see page about further education in GB) in England, particularly Harverd and Yale. The Ivy League Universities are famous for their graduate schools, which have become intellectual elite centers. In defence of using the exams as criteria for admission, administratrs say that the SATs provide a fair way for deciding whom to admit when they have ten or twelve applicants for every first-year student seat.
In addition to learning about a college/ university's entrance requirements and the fees, Americans must also know the following :
Professional degrees such as Bachelor of Law or LL.A. or a Bachelor of Divinity or B.D. take additional three years of study and require first a B.A. or B.S. to be earned by a student.
Gradual schools in America award Master's and Doctor's degrees in both the arts and sciences. Tuition for these programs is high. The cources for most graduate degrees can be completed in two or four years. A thesis is required for a Master's degree; a Doctor's degree requirements a minimum of two years of course work beyond the Master's degree level, success in a qualifying exams, proficiency in one or two foreign languages and/or in a research tool(such as statistics) and completion of a doctoral dissertation.
The number of credits awarded for each course relates to the number of hours of work involved. At the undergraduate level a student generally takes about five-hour-a-week courses every semester. Semesters usually run from September to early January and late January to late May. Credits are earned by attending lectures or lab classes and by successfully completing assignments and examinations. One credit usually equals one hour of class per week in a single course. A three-credit course in Linguistics, e.g. could involve an hour of lectures plus 2 hours of seminars every week. Most students complete ten courses per an academic year and it usually takes them 4 years to complete a bachelor's degree requirement of about three- hour courses or 120 credits.
In the American higher education system credits for the academic work are transferable among universities. A student can accumulate credits at one university, transfer them to a second and ultimately receive a degree from three or a third university.
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