Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://www.sai.msu.su/EAAS/presentations/ishkov.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Thu Sep 4 22:54:17 2014 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Mon Apr 11 07:56:55 2016 Êîäèðîâêà: Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: http astrokuban.info astrokuban

: . .. ,
Hiroyuki Maehara, 2012

http://www.space.com/15712-sun-stars-superflares.html , 21-23 2014 .



· 1. . · 2. : . · 3. : , . · 4. : «» «» ­ . · 5. «» «» .

, 21-23 2014 .


, , , , , . , , , «», «» . , . «» XI 1960 ., IV 1984 ., VIII 1, 21-23 2014 . 972 .


BLACKOUT

SP

MAGNETIC STORMS



1 2 3 4 5

. . . .



R X-ray class (Intensity) 1 (10-5/2) 5 (510-5/2) X1 (10-4/2) X10 (10-3/2) X20 (210-3/2)

S Pr >10 (Intensity) 10 pfu 100 pfu 1000 pfu 10 000 pfu 100 000 pfu

G MS ­ A (Intensity) 48 nT ( 80 nT ( 140 nT 240 nT 8, 400 nT

5) 6) 7 9­ 9

­ R: (BLACKOUT) ­ , "chrochet" (R5 ­ - ); ­ S: (SP) ­ , , , (S5­F>10 105 ·-2) VIII 1972­ 8.6·104 pfu); ­ G: (MAGNETIC STORMS) ­ , (G5 ­ >400 nT).
, 21-23 2014 .


, 21-23 2014 .

( ) , .. , , .. R5, S4, G5. (Ishkov, 2005)

, S G , , S , (4.11.2003 ). - G, S, (1.06.1991 , 6.03.1989 .). .


, 21-23 2014 .

GOES US (1 ­ 8å) () . , . 1976 5.4·10-4 ·-2=5.4. 1972 . (, ) , >5.4. GOES 9 (IV 1996 .) =12.5, =17.5.

:






X1 0 >1500 km/s) > 1.8 /2 free)> 8·1032 >1500 mvh

X-ray class mag (potential, erg Spmax


, 21-23 2014 .

Solar extreme events in cycles 22 ­ 23
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 Y 9 9 0 9 9 9 0 9 0 0 9 9 0 9 0 9 / 9 9 0 9 9 9 0 8 0 0 8 8 0 9 0 9 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 9 3 5 9 9 1 1 3 1 M / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 6 6 1 6 6 6 4 8 0 9 3 0 4 1 0 6 D / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 1 6 4 5 4 1 2 6 8 7 6 9 5 5 9 9 I X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X m > > > > > > > > p 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 >1 >1 1 1 1 1 o 2 2 7 2 2 2 7 2 7 7 2 2 4 0 0 0 t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 1 5 5 4 8 0 0 nc 2 2 1 2 1 1 ? ? e 6 6 1 2 9 7 m m m (X28 m m m (X20 (X20 4 2 )2 2 3 1 )1 )6 1 2 5) )4 0 1 0 0 (J/ .44 .55 .30 .85 .53 .81 .50 .70 .80 .60 3.0 .79 .61 .07 .87 .63 m2) N25 N33 S19 N33 N30 N32 N19 S15 S16 S06 N33 S25 S20 S12 S15 N32 E90L248 E44L248 W83L286 W66L248 E70L248 W15L248 W90L152 W85L076 E08L286 E89L229 E71L257 E09L211 W85L001 E90L142 W02L286 E13L248 66 66 104 66 66 66 93 56 104 108 53 57 94 64 104 66 5 5 8 5 5 5 9 2 8 0 9 4 1 7 8 5 9 9 6 9 9 9 3 9 6 8 5 7 5 1 6 9

2657

2505/pH 2459/pH g

7m ?

(X1 (X15

1199/ 2029/ H


THE MOST POWERFUL SOLAR FLARES ON TOTAL INTEGRATED FLUXES IN THE SOFT X-RAY RANGE (1-12.5 keV)
8.198 0.198 6.199 6.199 0.198 1.199 6.199 9.200 6.199 1.200 9.198 6.199 0.200 9.200 4.200 to 054 232 456 337 736 231 810 717 058 929 047 156 951 913 132 (t) >12.5/2N (?) X20 S18W84 L076 S27E10 L211 X>12.5/4B (?) X13 X>12.5/1F (26m) N25E90 L248 X>12.5/3B (19m) N30E70 L248 X5.7/3B S30W57 L211 X9.0/LPS S22W102 L071 X>12.5/3B (22m) N33W66 L248 X17.1/3B S12E89L292 X>12.5/4B (26m) N33E44 L248 X>17.5/2B (12m) (X28) S19W83 L286 X9.8/1B S24W98 L220 X>12.5/3B (17m) N31W17 L248 X17.2/4B S16E08 L286 X6.2/2B S10E58L229 X>17.5/LPS (5m) (X20) N19W90 L152
, 21-23 2014 .

1 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0

6 9 1 4 4 2 5 7 6 4 9 1 8 9 2

.0 .1 .0 .0 .1 .1 .0 .0 .0 .1 .0 .0 .1 .0 .0

9 9 1 1 9 2 1 5 1 3 9 1 3 5 1

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 2

(J/m2) AR5629 6.70 AR5747 4.79 AR6659 4.44 AR6659 3.53 AR5747 3.01 AR7321 2.88 AR6659 2.85 AR10808 2.60 AR6659 2.55 AR10486 2.30 AR5698 2.23 AR6659 1.81 AR10486 1.80 AR10808 1.70 AR9393 1.50


, 21-23 2014 .

ULYSSE, GRB catalog: Date to te

tmax. location class R (AU) Long. Lat. Angle counts s-
6 5 4

1

1991/06/01 152 1509 1614 1529 N25E90 X12.0 3.20 -111.3 1.6 Y 31.15 1.1·10 1991/06/04 155 0337 0730 0000 N30E70 X12.0 3.23 -113.8 1.6 Y 50.29 4.0·10 1991/06/06 157 0054 0215 0112 N33E44 X12.0 3.25 -115.4 1.6 Y 73.61 6.5·10 2003/11/04 308 1929 2006 1950 S19W83 X28.0 5.23 114.5 12.7 Y 44.37 2001/04/15 105 1319 1355 1350 S20W85 X14.4 1.41 127.2 ­30.4 Y 39.38

3.8·10

5

1.3·10

6

2003 XI (1947 UT) For a 200 s full width at half maximum for the hard X2003 X 29 flare has been estimated to be ~ 8 x 1033 ergs ray time profile, we find the total number of 20 keV electrons (Metcalf et al. 2004). accelerated during the flare to be 2.8 ·1041. The total energy dissipated by these electrons during the flare is found to be 2.8·1033 - 1.3 ·1034 ergs. (Kane at al., 2013)


, «», , , , , «» , .
The energy release in a flare varies from 1029 ergs in a sub-flare to 1032 ergs in a typical large event (Priest 1984). It could be up to 1034 ergs in the largest events such as the one on 4 November 2003 (Kane et al. 2004).
Typical physical parameters of AFS are the rising speed ~10 km/s, the plasma downflows ~20-50 km/s, the electron density 5-10x 1010 in cm-3, the gas pressure 0.15-0.25 dyne cm-2, the life time ~1020m and the magnetic field of the order of 50G.
Strouss, 1996

Pariat, 2007 , 21-23 2014 .


, 21-23 2014 .

For appearance region:

normal

active

KanzelhÆhe Solar Observatory ­08 Apr 47

the magnitude is =/> 1012­1013 Wb , and the rate of emergence is V = 107­108 Wb/s.

., (1962)

Greenwich 1488603­30 III-14 IV 1947 B = -24,5° ; L = 83,7° Max. Area = 6132 MH on 08 Apr 1947
08 IV 1947 06 IV 1947 05 IV 1947 03 IV 1947


. . : For large flare MF (EFR): the magnitude is > 1013 Wb Pevtsov et al., 2004 and , 1998 the rate of emergence is V 109 Wb/s.

1. , , 2. . , 1998
, 21-23 2014 .

, 1996




, 21-23 2014 .


, , , .
- 1970 ­ 2014 .
o N20 N31 S1 7 N34 S0 8 S1 4 S1 7 N12 N20 Lo 085 248 354 257 086 156 076 010 152 Sp max 2300 2300 2610 3600 1270 1334 1320 1330 2440 R, S, G R5/S5?/G5 R5/S4/G4 R5/S5G5 >6 R5/S4/G5 R4/S2/GR4/S3/GR5/S4/G4 R5?/S5/G5 R5/S2/G- >2 XRI ? >86.5 2.56 (73.06 >57.0 42.4 >41.4 >26.8 >26.0 5.74 (28.24

CMP AR 1 31 1859 520 1 09 1991 6659 2 29 2003 10486 3 12 1989 5395 4 08 1982 3763 5 04 1974 0433 6 08 1989 5629 7 04 1972 0331 8 28 2001 9393

± -1 +2 ) +3.5 -0 . 5 +2.5 +5.5 -0 . 5 +3.5 ) +1

, 21-23 2014 .


26.08.1859

Carrington, 1860
1.09.1859 28.08.1859

Carrington, 1868

31.08.1859

Carrington 520 (N20W12L085, CMP 31,6.08.1859; Flare 1/09, tmax ­ 11.1 UT, Sp=2300 mvh, , R2)
Newton, 1943 tWL ­ 5m , X>(10 ­ 48) R: 5 S: 5?; F >30= 1.9 â 1010 cm-2 (McCracken et al., 2001 ) G: 5; - 1800 nT (Tsurutani et al. ,2003)

, 21-23 2014 .


AR6659 (N31L248; CMP 09,5.06.1991) Sp max = 2240 m.v.h.; FKC; ; XRI = >86.5; X6>12.5+M26+C39; 41+33+26+120+S73; PFI I (21h) 1 ­ 2.06.1991 ­ X1+M2; PFI II (46h) 4 ­ 6.06 ­ X2+M2; PFI III (67h) 9 ­ 11.06.1991 ­ X2+M11 PFI IV (39h) 13 ­ 15.06. ­ X1+M8;

1991/06/01 152 150 3.20 -111.3 1991/06/04 155 033 3.23 -113.8
, 21-23 2014 .

9 16 1.6 7 07 1.6

14 1529 Y 31.15 30 0000 Y 50.29

N25E90 X>12.0 1.1·106 N30E70 X>12.0 4.0·105


AR 10486 (S17L283, 29,3.10.03); Sp max = 2610 ..., FKC, ; XRI>62.56: X7>17.5+M16+C16; 41+32+17+S49; I (59h) ­ 22 ­ 24.10 ­ X25.4+M69.9;7.6; II (59h) ­ 27 ­ 29.10 ­ X217.4;10+M45;6.7; III (63h) ­ 02 ­ 05.11 ­ X28.3;>17.5+M65.3;

MDI -

AR10486: ~ 1031 cm3 (300 x 300 x 300 arcsec3) (PE) ~ 4.57 x1033 erg ~ 2 x PE ~ 9.2 x1033 erg ~ 4.6 x1033 erg ~ 1.2 x 1033 erg ~1/4 (Gopalswamy, 2003) , 21-23 20

14 .

E (Emslie et al.2004 JGR)


, 21-23 2014 .

1989 . AR 5395 (N34L257, 12,7.03.1989) Sp max = 3600 ..., F, ; XRI=32.6 X11>12.5+M48+C47; 35+221+137+S132; I (83h) ­ 6 ­ 7.03 ­ X2>12.5+M5; II (74h) ­ 9­ 11.03 ­ X44.3+M15 III (14h) ­ 13­ 14.03 ­ X21.1+M6 IV (50h) ­ 15­ 17.03 ­ X36.5+M7 8.4


, 21-23 2014 .

Pevtsov et al., 2004

Su, 2014

, «» , ­ ~ 1023 Mx. , «» (V=1016 Mx/s) Sp~6000 mvh, ~1.23·1023 Mx, , (Su et al., 2014) Efree ~3·1033, , .


, 21-23 2014 .

, (1849­2014) , . (~ ) «» «» , . «» 12 ­ 16 . 24 , , 5 . ---- ---- --


--
----

--





----

-- --
----










20


, 21-23 2014 .


, 21-23 2014 .

,

Janssen, 2011

Shibaev, 2014


, 21-23 2014 .

«» «»
N 10 11 16 17 18 22 23 To W*min Tmax 1855/12 3.2 1860/2 1867/3 5.2 1870/8 5.6 1928/6 3.4 1937/4 7.7 1947/5 Te W*max 1867/2 97.9 1878/11 140.5 1933/8 1944/1 1954/3 78.1 119.2 151.8 TY 4.2 3.4 3.8 4.7 3.6 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.8 3.35 TY 7.2 8.5 7.85 5.6 6.9 7.0 6.95 6.7 8.9 7.8

1923/8 1933/9 1944/2

1986/9 12.3 1989/7 1996/6 8.0 2000/4

1996/5 158.1 2008/12 120.7

TY 11.4 11.9 11.65 10.3 10.5 10.2 10.85 9.6 12.7 11.15

T1m

T2min 34m 34m 65m
in

48m 54m 54m 33m 33m 33m 33m 40m 40m 68m

«» «» , 1±0.5 ­ 2 . , -, (27.08­2.09. 1859 . ­ 10 , 1 ­ 15.06.1991 . ­ 22 , 28.10- 4.11.2003 . ­ 23 );
XVII XVIII XXII XXIII


C-
: - - : G2V; +4.83; T ~230·106 *= ± 50° (5720 - 5830 K) 89-112 % ~ ± 1 . (3.5 ­ 5.6·109 )
( : , . , , (±1), , ...)

, 21-23 2014 .

Kepler planet-hunting satellite: The scientists monitored about 83,000 sunlike stars over 120 days ; and detected 365 superflares from 148 of the stars, each lasting 1-12 h. ; Slowly rotating solar-type stars were responsible for only 101 of the superflares seen in the sample. This suggests that slowly whirling stars like our sun have superflares much less often than rapidly spinning ones.

: HIP 56948 (. ): M = 0.994±0.004 MO, -- 1.14 RO, -- 1.35 LO, -- 5747.9 K. . -- 208±9 . (64±3 ).
24


!

, 21-23 2014 .


XXIII XIV 1 : ­ , , (y m d; to tm te); ­ 1-8 å (12.5-1 ) - Xray/opt, (J*m2); ­ (lt, lg, L, AR); ­ - II IV ; ­ - : , , , (to, v [km/s], H/pH, Pa); ­ (KA, tm, Em(keV); ­ ; ­ - (D|tmax/Ipr /GLE); ­ (R,S,G).
, 21-23 2014 .


Max Energies
------------------------AR Area (mvh) ------------------------· AR0484 1750 · AR0486 2610 · AR0488 1750 ---------------------------------------VB2p /8 (erg) ---------------3.66E+33 4.57E+33 2.76E+33 ------------------------------------Max KE (erg) -----------------------2.4e+32 1.2e+33 1.3e+32 -----------------------