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Copyright© 2001 The Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Instrument Science Report WFPC2 2001­009
The WFPC2 Photometric CTE
Monitor
Inge Heyer
October 5, 2001
ABSTRACT
The Charge Transfer Efficiency of the WFPC2 CCD arrays has been monitored since the
instrument's deployment aboard HST in 1993. Since then a significant increase in CTE
loss has been observed.
We examine photometric data from 28 April 1994 to 11 February 2001. The CTE loss
appears to be growing worse in a linear fashion with time. The results from the latest set of
observations show that CTE loss has reached a level of 53% in the worst case scenario.
Introduction
The WFPC2 camera contains four CCDs, and each CCD array consists of 800x800 pixels
arranged in rows and columns. Each pixel receives photons, which are converted to elec­
trons. These electrons are then passed from pixel to pixel along the columns (Y­axis or
parallel axis) to the shift register, which is then read out by passing the electrons along the
shift register (X­axis or serial axis). In each case, but more so for the Y­axis transfers than
the X­axis transfers, not all the electrons are passed along, hence a loss of transfer effi­
ciency. This loss depends on several factors, such as the position on the chip, the level of
the background, the number of counts of the target(s), and epoch. Several previous studies
have examined this CTE loss for point sources (Whitmore and Heyer 1997; Whitmore
1998; Casertano and Mutchler 1998; Riess et al. 1999; Whitmore et al. 1999; Baggett et
al. 2000; Dolphin 2000; Schultz et al. 2001), and three of these (Casertano and Mutchler
1998; Whitmore et al. 1999; Dolphin 2000) have developed formulae to correct for the
CTE loss in WFPC2 data. Further studies have researched CTE in extended sources (Riess
2000), and particularly faint sources (Whitmore and Heyer 2001).

Instrument Science Report WFPC2 2001­009
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The cause of the CTE loss appears to be radiation damage (Janesick et al. 1991), which
accumulates with time. This effect is rather serious for space­borne detectors such as those
of WFPC2, and that of any other present or future HST instruments such as NICMOS,
STIS, ACS, and WF3. As future cameras will have larger CCDs with more pixels, the
impact of CTE loss over the whole detector is potentially larger.
The CTE monitor observes the rich cluster Omega Centauri (NGC 5139) every six
months. The purpose is to measure the CTE loss of the WFPC2 CCDs regularly, to pro­
vide data to adjust the correction formulae if necessary, and to observe the rate of increase
of CTE loss over time and determine if this increase remains linear or accelerates. This has
been done with data obtained from the calibration proposals 7630, 8447, and 8821 and
will be continued in Cycle 10 in proposal 9254.
Data
CTE monitor data has been taken since April 1994. Table 1 provides a brief summary of
the data volume obtained for this project to date.
Table 1. CTE Monitor Data Collection.
Dates Filter Gain Exposure Nominal
Preflash
Average
Backgrounds
(DN; 8/99­2/01)
3/98, 8/98, 2/99, 8/99, 3/00, 8/00, 2/01 F439W 15 80 sec none 0.035
8/99, 3/00, 8/00, 2/01 F555W 15 2 sec none 0.014
3/98, 8/98, 2/99 F555W 15 16 sec none ­­­­­
8/99, 3/00, 8/00, 2/01 F555W 7 16 sec none 0.141
8/99, 3/00, 8/00, 2/01 F555W 7 16 sec 20 electrons 3.933
8/99, 3/00, 8/00, 2/01 F555W 7 16 sec 50 electrons 8.636
8/99, 3/00, 8/00, 2/01 F555W 7 16 sec 200 electrons 32.43
6/96, 3/98, 8/98, 2/99, 8/99, 3/00, 8/00,
2/01
F814W 15 100 sec none 0.496
4/94, 7/94, 2/95, 4/95, 8/95, 6/97, 3/98,
8/98, 2/99, 8/99, 3/00, 8/00, 2/01
F814W 15 14 sec none 0.052
6/96, 8/99, 3/00, 8/00, 2/01 F814W 7 14 sec none 0.117
8/99, 3/00, 8/00, 2/01 F814W 7 14 sec 20 electrons 3.713
8/99, 3/00, 8/00, 2/01 F814W 7 14 sec 50 electrons 11.01
8/99, 3/00, 8/00, 2/01 F814W 7 14 sec 200 electrons 31.57
8/99, 3/00, 8/00, 2/01 F814W 7 14 sec 1000 electrons 230.6

Instrument Science Report WFPC2 2001­009
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Analysis
Omega Centauri has been observed at the dates, in the filters, and with the gains and expo­
sure times shown in Table 1 above. Each observation was taken with the field centered
once in the WF2 chip, and once in the WF4 chip, thus rotating the field by 180 degrees
with regards to the direction of readout and allowing the same stars to be observed on dif­
ferent positions on the chip, which allows a differential measurement of the CTE effect.
The data reduction was performed using STSDAS tools, such as DAOFIND, METRIC,
and DAOPHOT. Stars are identified in both WF2 and WF4 fields for the same observation
set, and photometry is performed on those stars that are common to both fields. The differ­
ential measurements from the two fields yield the CTE loss for the Y­axis and the X­axis.
The measured stars are then divided into bins according to their counts (20­50, 50­200,
200­500, and 500­2000 counts) for each observation set and plotted to show the increasing
CTE loss with increasing row and column number on the chip for both Y­axis and X­axis,
respectively (see example in Figure 1). After completing this for all observation sets the
data is gathered and plotted as CTE loss vs. time (Figures 2 through 5).
As an example Figure 1 shows three plots for F439W, illustrating the increase of CTE with
position on the chip. The throughput ratio is plotted against the difference in position on
the chip. For both axes, but more so for the Y­axis than the X­axis, the CTE loss increases
the further away the target is from the readout, i.e. higher columns and rows require more
transfers, hence more chances to lose electrons. The top plot shows this for the Y­axis, the
middle plot for the X­axis, and the bottom plot shows the distribution of counts in the sam­
ple. These plots are created for all observations sets.
Figures 2 through 5 show the CTE loss increase for all observed filters and gains, each
Figure for one of the count bins. The CTE loss in percent over 800 pixels is plotted against
time (in MJD). The general trends we can see are:
. CTE loss decreases with increasing counts of the targets. The plots for the higher
count bins show less CTE loss, as do longer exposures.
. CTE loss decreases with increasing background. Filters with higher backgrounds show
less CTE, as do preflashed exposures.
. CTE loss is largest for short (F439W) and long (F814W) wavelengths, and less so for
intermediate (F555W) wavelengths, which is due to the differences in background
level.
. CTE appears to increase linearly with time.
The Figures include measurements for preflashed exposures in two filters. We did these
experiments for two filters (F555W, F814W). The preflash was accomplished by obtaining
an internal flat field with F502N just prior to the Omega Centauri observation. This
increased the background, increasingly so with more preflash, which decreased the CTE
loss as expected. Higher background, however, also increases the noise level.

Instrument Science Report WFPC2 2001­009
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Figure 1: Magnitude difference vs. position difference for the 50­200 count bin of
F439W. The plots show this for the Y­axis (top) and the X­axis (middle). The bottom plot
shows the distribution of counts in the sample vs the magnitude difference.

Instrument Science Report WFPC2 2001­009
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Figure 2: CTE loss in percent over 800 pixels against time (in MJD) for stars with 20 to
50 counts.

Instrument Science Report WFPC2 2001­009
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Figure 3: CTE loss in percent over 800 pixels against time (in MJD) for stars with 50 to
200 counts.

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Figure 4: CTE loss in percent over 800 pixels against time (in MJD) for stars with 200 to
500 counts.

Instrument Science Report WFPC2 2001­009
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Figure 5: CTE loss in percent over 800 pixels against time (in MJD) for stars with 500 to
2000 counts.

Instrument Science Report WFPC2 2001­009
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One curiosity was observed, especially in the lower count bins where CTE loss is more
pronounced. It appeared that the CTE loss was less in the fall (August) measurements,
than in the spring (February or March) measurements. It also appeared that the back­
ground light is systematically somewhat higher in the fall than in the spring, which would
account for the difference. After some digging an interesting fact came to light. The obser­
vation logs show that the parameter SUNANGLE, the angle between the sun and the V1
axis, is lower in August (around 85 degrees) than in March (122 degrees). Also,
SUN_ALT, the altitude of the sun above the Earth's limb, is larger in August (mostly pos­
itive) than in March (always negative). This explains the slightly higher background in the
fall, and therefore the somewhat lower CTE loss at that time.
Linear or Accelerating CTE Loss?
To answer the question as to whether CTE loss increases linearly or accelerates with time
we did two different fits to the dataset with the longest baseline, which is F814W at gain =
15. The data was first fit with a linear fit, then with a second order polynomial. Figure 6
shows the result. In Table 2 we also include the details of the fits, which show that the chi­
square of the linear fit is smaller than the the one for the second order fit. Furthermore, for
the polynomial fit the second order term contributes only about 5% to the CTE loss. We
conclude that CTE loss increases linearly with time, and that any possible acceleration is
statistically insignificant at present. This will be monitored in the future and any changes
will be reported.
Table 2. CTE Data Fitting Parameters for F814W Gain = 15 (Figure 6). X is the differen­
tial Modified Julian Date (MJD­49470).
Fitting Type Fitting Equation Chi­square
Linear 3.68 + 0.0206361 X 1.46
2nd order polynomial 4.27 + 0.0187192 X + 0.0000008 X**2 1.61

Instrument Science Report WFPC2 2001­009
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Figure 6: Linear and quadratic fits to F814W 14sec CTE data.
Conclusions
The above data show that the CTE loss appears to increase linearly with time, and that
CTE loss is less for higher backgrounds and higher target counts, which among other
things explains finding less CTE loss for preflashed exposures, as well as middle range
wavelength filters.
The CTE loss has increased to 53% for the worst case scenario (F439W), i.e. faint stars on
a very faint background at Y=800. However, typical WFPC2 exposures are much longer
than these short calibration images, resulting in higher backgrounds and higher target
count rates, and therefore experiencing significantly lower CTE loss.

Instrument Science Report WFPC2 2001­009
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Recommendations
The CTE monitor program will be continued in Cycle 11, and future updates to Figures 2
to 6 will be issued in ISRs and at AAS meetings.
Observers can mitigate the effects of CTE on their observations by heeding the following:
. Avoid excessively short exposures (i.e. avoid low background).
. Place small targets near read­out amplifier (e.g. at pixel X,Y ~ 150).
. Preflashing may be beneficial in certain situations.
. Apply corrections after observations.
Future Plans
Further ISRs will be issued discussing the preflashed CTE Monitor data, and comparing
the results to the correction formulae available to determine the usefulness of these pre­
flashes. We will also continue to incorporate new data as it becomes available, as well as
examine in more detail the results from the other filters.
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank John Biretta, Sylvia Baggett, and Vera Platais for constructive
comments, suggestions, and help during the writing of this document.
References
Baggett, S., Biretta, J., Hsu, J. C. 2000, ``Update on Charge Trapping and CTE Resid­
ual Images in WFPC2,`` WFPC2 Instrument Science Report 00­03 (STScI).
Casertano, S., Mutchler, M. 1998, ``The Long vs. Short Anomaly in WFPC2 Images",
WFPC2 Instrument Science Report 98­02 (STScI).
Dolphin, A. 2000, PASP, 112, 1397.
Janesick, J., Soli, G., Elliot, T., Collins, S. 1991, Proc. SPIE, 1447, 87.
Riess, A. 2000, ``How CTE Affects Extended Sources``, WFPC2 Instrument Science
Report 00­04 (STScI).
Riess, A., Biretta, J., and Casertano, S., 1999, ``Time Dependence of CTE from Cos­
mic Ray Trails,'' WFPC2 Instrument Science Report 99­04 (STScI).
Schultz, A. B., Heyer, I., Biretta, J. 2001, ``Noiseless Preflashing of the WFPC2
CCDs,`` WFPC2 Instrument Science Report 01­02 (STScI).
Whitmore, B. C. 1998, ``Time Dependence of the CTE on the WFPC2,`` WFPC2 Tech­
nical Instrument Report 98­01 (STScI; available at http://www.stsci.edu/
instruments/wfpc2/wfpc2_doc.html#Stat)

Instrument Science Report WFPC2 2001­009
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Whitmore, B. C., and Heyer, I., 1997, ``New Results on Charge Transfer Efficiency and
Constraints on Flat­Field Accuracy,'' WFPC2 Instrument Science Report 97­08
(STScI).
Whitmore, B. C., and Heyer, I. 2001, ``Charge Transfer Efficiency for Very Faint
Objects and a Reexamination of the Long­vs­Short Problem for the WFPC2,``
WFPC2 Instrument Science Report (STScI), in progress.
Whitmore, B. C., Heyer, I., and Casertano, S. 1999, PASP, 111, 1559.