ST ScI Preprint #1399

Gravitational Lensing of Distant Supernovae in Cold Dark Matter Universes

Ongoing searches for supernovae (SNe) at cosmological distances have recently started to provide large numbers of events with measured redshifts and apparent brightnesses. Compared to quasars or galaxies, Type Ia SNe represent a population of sources with well-known intrinsic properties and could be used to detect gravitational lensing even in the absence of multiple or highly distorted images. We investigate the lensing effect of background SNe due to mass condensations in three popular cold dark matter cosmologies (CDM, OCDM, and SCDM) and compute lensing frequencies, rates of SN explosions, and distributions of arrival-time differences and image separations. If dark halos approximate singular isothermal spheres on galaxy scales and Navarro-Frenk-White profiles on group/cluster scales, and are distributed in mass according to the Press-Schechter theory, then about one of every 12 SNe at z~1 will be magnified by m 0.1 mag (SCDM). The detection rate of SNe Ia with magnification m 0.3 is estimated to be of the order of a few events yr^-1 deg^-2 at maximum B light and I_AB 25, 100 times smaller than the total rate expected at these magnitude levels. In the field, events magnified by more than 0.75 mag are 7 times less frequent; about one-fifth of them give rise to observable multiple images. While the time delay between the images is shorter than 3 days in ~25% of the cases (shorter than 30 days in 50%) (SCDM), a serious bias against the detection of small-separation events in ground-based surveys is caused by the luminosity of the foreground lensing galaxy. Because of the flat K-correction and wide luminosity function, Type II SNe dominate the number counts at I_AB 25 and have the largest fraction of lensed objects. The optimal survey sensitivity for Type Ia SNe magnified by m 0.75 mag is I_AB 23. Magnification bias increases their incidence by a factor of 50 in samples with I_AB 22, dropping to a factor of 3.5 at 24 mag. At faint magnitudes, the enhancement is larger for SNe II.

Status:

Appeared in: The Astrophysical Journal

Affiliations:

¹⁾ Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
²⁾ Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Beirut 2-4, 34014 Trieste, Italy
³⁾ Also Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK.