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Gr avi t y W aves:
A N ew W ay of Sear chi ng f or Bl ack H ol es and Ot her Ex ot i c A st r ophysi cal Od d i t i es
J i m Br au Cent er f or H i gh Ener gy Physi cs Uni ver si t y of Or egon, Eugene ( LI GO Sci ent i f i c Col l ab or at i on)

Ei n st e i n's T he or i e H ol es s of Bl ack Rel at i v Gr av it y it y W aves N eut r on St ar s
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T he Cosmos

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Ex per i ment al H i gh Ener gy Physi cs at t he Uni ver si t y of Or egon
· St ud y of mat t er / ant i - mat t er asymmet r y at t he St anf or d Li near A ccel er at or Cent er · Sear ch f or Gr avi t at i onal Rad i at i on at LI GO · Sear ch f or H i ggs Bosons and Super symmet r i c par t i cl es at a Li near Col l i d er
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M at hemat i cal Basi s of Gr avi t y W aves

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LI GO
Laser I nt er f er omet r y Gr avi t y- wave Ob ser vat or y

Bui l t b y M I T / Cal t ech, sci ence b ei ng done b y Col l ab or at i on i ncl ud i ng Uni ver si t y of Or egon
Or egon gr oup i s J B, Ray Fr ey, Davi d St r om, Rob er t Schof i el d , I sab el Leonor , M asahi r o I t o, Rauha Rahk ol a
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LI GO
Hanford, WA

Livingston, LA

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Laser I nt er f er omet er

ar m

1

m ar

2

Compar e l engt hs of t wo ar ms

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Laser I nt er f er omet er

LI GO's ar ms ar e 4 k i l omet er s l ong ( ab out 2 .5 mi l es)

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Space- t i me i s war ped b y mat t er and ener gy

LI GO i s measur i ng space wi t h unpr eced ent ed pr eci si on

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Let t er of I nt r od uct i on
1 3 Apr il 1 9 0 1 Pr of essor W ilhelm Ost wald Univer sit y of Leipzig Leipz ig, Ger many Est eemed H er r Pr of essor ! Please f or give a f at her who is so bold as t o t ur n t o you, est eemed H er r Pr of essor , in t he int er est of his son. I shall st ar t by t elling you t hat my son Alber t is 2 2 year s old, t hat he st udied at t he Z ur ich Polyt echnikum f or 4 year s, and t hat he passed his diploma ex aminat ions in mat hemat ics and physics wit h f lying color s last summer . Since t hen, he has been t r ying unsuccessf ully t o obt ain a posit ion as Assist ent , which would enable him t o cont inue his educat ion in t heor et ical & ex per iment al physics. All t hose in posit ion t o give a j udgement in t he mat t er , pr aise his t alent s; in any case, I can assur e you t hat he is ext r aor dinar ily st udious and diligent and clings wit h gr eat love t o his science.

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Let t er of I nt r od uct i on
M y son t her ef or e f eels pr of oundly unhappy wit h his pr esent lack of posit ion, and his idea t hat he has gone of f t he t r acks wit h his car eer & is now out of t ouch get s mor e and mor e ent r enched each day. I n addit ion, he is oppr essed by t he t hought t hat he is a bur den on us, people of modest means. Since it is you, highly honor ed H er r Pr of essor , whom my son seems t o admir e and est eem mor e t han any ot her scholar cur r ent ly act ive in physics, it is you t o whom I have t aken t he liber t y of t ur ning wit h t he humble r equest t o r ead his paper published in t he Annalen f ur Physick and t o wr it e him, if possible, a f ew wor ds of encour agement , so t hat he might r ecover his j oy in living and wor king. I f , in addit ion, you could secur e him an Assist ant 's posit ion f or now or next aut umn, my gr at it ude would know no bounds. I beg you once again t o f or give me f or my impudence in wr it ing t o you, and I am also t aking t he liber t y of ment ioning t hat my son does not know anyt hing about my unusual st ep. I r emain, highly est eemed H er r Pr of essor , your devot ed H er mann Einst ein

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A l b er t Ei nst ei n
18 7 9 - 19 5 5

· 19 0 1- 19 0 2
­ t empor ar y hi gh school t eachi ng j ob s

· 19 0 2 ­ " t echni cal ex per t t hi r d cl ass" ­ Swi ss Pat ent Of f i ce
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A s t hi s cent ur y b egan, A l b er t Ei nst ei n was a young physi ci st i n Eur ope t hi nk i ng ab out t he Uni ver se. Swoecri y l ur celsaft ulvtiheyr i es about t he p ve as c e s i t o H e d evel oped t nat ur e of space and t i me, speci al r el at i vi t y i n 19 0 5 , and gener al r el at i vi t y i n 19 15 .

SPECI A L RELA T I VI T Y · T he speed of l i ght i= mcnst ant E s co 2
­ ( t hi s i s t r ue no mat t er what your r el at i ve mot i on)

· N ot hi ng can move f ast er t han t he speed of l i ght · Space and t i me ar e mi x ed · T i me sl ows d own when a syst em i s i n mot i on
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T he Speed of Li ght i s Const ant
M i chel son and M or el y at t empt ed t o measur e t he mot i on of t he Ear t h t hr ough space, 18 8 7

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T he Speed of Li ght i s Const ant
· 18 6 ,0 0 0 mi l es per second
­ 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 k i l omet er per second

· W het her you ar e si t t i ng at r est on t he Ear t h, or movi ng r api d l y on a spaceshi p, you wi l l al ways f i nd l i ght t r avel s at t hi s speed · A nd , N OT H I N G can t r avel f ast er t han l i ght · Uni ver sal speed l i mi t = 18 6 ,0 0 0 mi l es per sec
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T i me T r avel ?
T her e once was a l ad y named Br i ght who t r avel ed much f ast er t han l i ght . She d epar t ed one d ay i n a r el at i ve way, and came home t he pr evi ous ni ght . I f we coul d t r avel f ast er t han l i ght , we woul d b e ab l e t o t r avel i nt o t he past
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T i me Di l at i on
· Wowciouad imeasur el ohk ispmoviofg.l i ght b y t i mi ng t he N e m l g ne t he c t c e s eed n · pencodt lhghspteak eoft o ghtunce ncetaneen ,mt r t ak es Si r i e i e t ed s l i b o i s u b h w ged i i r or s l onger , and t i me i s sl owi ng d own

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Fi r st Q ui z
· T wo spaceshi ps ar e movi ng t owar d one anot her at 9 0 % of t he speed of l i ght

· Fr om t he M ar t i an shi p, what i s t he appar ent speed of t he Ear t h shi p?
· A . 18 0 % of t he speed of l i ght · B. 9 9 % of t he speed of l i ght · C. I have no cl ue
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SPECI A L RELA T I VI T Y
E = mc2 · T he speed of l i ght i s const ant
­ ( t hi s i s t r ue no mat t er what your r el at i ve mot i on)

· N ot hi ng can move f ast er t han t he speed of l i ght · Space and t i me ar e mi x ed · T i me sl ows d own when a syst em i s i n mot i on
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GEN ERA L RELA T I VI T Y
· Pr i nci pal of Equi val ence: Consi d er t hese t wo syst ems

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GEN ERA L RELA T I VI T Y
· Pr i nci pal of Equi val ence: Ei nst ei n - > You can't t el l whi ch syst em you ar e i n f r om i nsi d e t he encl osur e T he Laws of Physi cs ar e t he same wi t hi n each syst em
accel er at i on = gr avi t y i ner t i al mass = gr avi t at i onal mass

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Pr ed i ct i ons of Ei nst ei n's Gener al Rel at i vi t y ( GR)
· Let 's consi d er si x pr ed i ct i ons of GR
­ t hr ee ar e t he cl assi c t est s of GR t hat convi nced physi ci st s of i t s val i d i t y ­ t hr ee ar e of cur r ent act i ve sci ent i f i c i nt er est i ncl ud i ng t he pr edi ct i on of gr avi t y waves, our f ocus t od ay

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Ei nst ei n's T hr ee T est s of GR
1

M er cur y's or b i t al pr ecessi on
­ k nown b ut unex pl ai ned pr i or t o Gener al Rel at i vi t y ­ i n N ewt on's physi cs t he or b i t woul d not pr ecess

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Ei nst ei n's T hr ee T est s of GR
2

Bend i ng of st ar l i ght
­ t he f and t ­ 19 19 Sol ar ab r i c of space i s b ent near massi ve ob j ect s he b ent space wi l l t ur n l i ght 's t r aj ect or y Ed di ngt on mount s t wo ex ped i t i ons dur i ng ecl i pse

· Pr i nci pe ( W est coast of A f r i ca) · N or t her n Br az i l

­ Ei nst ei n's pr ed i ct i on conf i r med ­ BI G N EW S
· ( N ew Yor k T i mes)

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Ei nst ei n's T hr ee T est s of GR
3

Gr avi t at i onal r ed shi f t
­ T i me r uns sl ower i n a gr avi t at i onal f i el d ,
· t he st r onger t he gr avi t y, t he sl ower t i me r uns · at t he cr i t i cal poi nt , t i me wi l l appear t o st op

­ H ar var d T ower ex per i ment ( Pound and Reb k a)

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Cur vat ur e of Space
· N ewt on vi ewed gr avi t at i on as act i on t hr ough a d i st ance · Ei nst ei n i nt r oduced a d i f f er ent i dea ( Gener al Rel at i vi t y) · M at t er " t el l s" space how t o cur ve and space " t el l s" mat t er how t o move

H owever , space i s st i f f , so i t t ak es a l ot of mass t o b end space
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Ot her Pr ed i ct i ons of Gener al Rel at i vi t y
4

Ex pand i ng Uni ver se
­ Ei nst ei n d i d not l i k e t hi s concept and put a f ud ge f act or i nt o hi s equat i ons t o k eep t he Uni ver se f r om ex pand i ng ­ 19 2 5 - H ub b l e d i scover s t he Uni ver se i s ex pand i ng
­ Bi g Bang

­ Ei nst ei n cal l s hi s i nvent i on of t hi s f ud ge f act or hi s gr eat est b l und er
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Ot her Pr ed i ct i ons of Gener al Rel at i vi t y
5

Gr avi t at i onal Lenses ( and ar cs)
­ Doub l e quasar d i scover ed i n 19 7 9

­ Recent phot os f r om H ub b l e Space T el escope
· 12 0 gr avi t at i onal ar cs
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Gr avi t at i onal Lens

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Ot her Pr ed i ct i ons of Gener al Rel at i vi t y
6

Gr avi t y W aves
­ Ri ppl es on t he f ab r i c of space- t i me ­ T r avel at t he speed of l i ght

­ T he cur vat ur e of space is not st at ic if t he mass which cur ves it is not st at ic

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Gr avi t y W aves
( d i st ances ar e changi ng)
3

L = 15 0 yar d s

· Di st ance changes 10 0 - 10 0 0 t i mes per second
L L ± L st r ai n, h = L / L
- 21

· But , h i s onl y 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 10 · · L = h L = 1.5 x 10 - 19 yar d s L = di amet er of t he at om / 1,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 !!!!!
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Det ect i on of Gr avi t y W aves
· Recal l t he hi st or y of t he d i scover y of el ect r omagnet i c waves
­ 18 6 4 ­ 18 7 9 M ax wel l pr edi ct ed ex i st ence of el ect r omagnet i c waves Pr ussi an A cad emy of Sci ence of f er ed a pr i z e f or ex per i ment al pr oof of M ax wel l 's t heor y H er t z cr eat ed pr i mi t i ve t r ansmi t t er and r ecei ver of el ect r omagnet i c wave and det ect ed t he el ect r omagnet i c waves

­ 18 8 6

· Can we envi si on a si mi l ar l ab or at or y d emonst r at i on of gr avi t y waves
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Lab or at or y d emonst r at i on
· Gr avi t y waves ar e gener at ed b y movi ng masses, as el ect r omagnet i c waves ar e gener at ed b y movi ng char ges
10 0 0 r ot at i ons per second

1 t on mass

1 t on mass

2 met er s

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Lab or at or y d emonst r at i on
· N ow l ook f or waves f r om t hi s sour ce

L = 3 0 0 k i l omet er s

Gr avi t y wave d et ect or

h = L / T hi s .0 0 0 0em 0 0 0 0 0 0onl0 0 cr eat e0 0 0 0 0ai n 0h) 0 0 010 - 3 8 · L = 0 syst 0 0 0 woul d 0 0 y 0 0 0 0 0 0 a st r 0 0 0 ( 0 0 of 1 = 10

- 38

· N o hope of det ect i ng such a smal l change i n l engt h
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Pot ent i al sour ces of Gr avi t y W aves
· W e cannot cr eat e i n t he l ab or at or y a sour ce of d et ect ab l e waves · W e ar e t her ef or e compel l ed t o t ur n t o ast r onomi cal b od i es
­ much l ar ger masses

· W e need l ar ge mass accel er at i ng r api d l y · Bi nar y b l ack - hol e or b i nar y neut r on- st ar

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Bl ack H ol es
· J ust as Ear t h has an escape vel oci t y, ever y massi ve ob j ect has an escape vel oci t y
­ escape vel oci t y of t he Ear t h
· 7 mi l es/ second = 2 5 ,0 0 0 mi l es/ hour

· N ow, i magi ne you gat her so much mass i nt o such a smal l space t hat t he escape vel oci t y ex ceed s t he speed of l i ght . T hen, not hi ng can escape, not even l i ght · M assi ve st ar s may col l apse t o b l ack hol es at t he end of t hei r b ur ni ng phase

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N eut r on St ar s
· A t t he end of l i f e, some st ar s d o not col l apse t o a b l ack hol e, b ut onl y t o nucl ear d ensi t y
­ 1 t easpoon of t hi s mat t er wei ghs a t on

· Such st ar s ar e seen as r ad i o pul sar s

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Ex per i ment al evi d ence f or Gr Rad T ayl or - H ul se Bi nar y ( PSR 19 13 +16 )

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Ri ppl es i n Space f r om t he Bi nar y Pul sar

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Fut ur e of t he T ayl or - H ul se
Radiating grav. energy

Not much today In 300,000,000 yrs coalesce with a burst of gravitational radiation

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Det ect or s
· Bar s · Laser I nt er f er omet er s

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Hanford, WA

Livingston, LA

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Laser I nt er f er omet er ( Beam T ub e)
· Li ght pat h i n vacuum ( 10 - 6 t or r i ni t i al ) · Beam t ub e wi t h 1.2 2 met er d i amet er · 10 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 l i t er vacuum syst ems

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LI GO Vacuum Chamb er s
· A l l opt i cal component s ar e mount ed i n hi gh vacuum chamb er s

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LI GO Vi b r at i on I sol at i on
· A l l opt i cal component s ar e mount ed on spr i ng st ack i n hi gh vacuum

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LIGO SCHEDULE 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 NSF funding secured ($ 360M) Construction Underway (mostly civil) Facility Construction (vacuum system) Interferometer Construction (complete facilities) Construction Complete (interferometers in vacuum) Detector Installation (commissioning subsystems) LHO 2km commissioning Single arm test (summer 2000) Power-recycled Michelson (Winter 2000) Commission Interferometers (first coincidences) PRM with FP arm cavities (Summer 2001) Sensitivity studies (initiate LIGO I Science Run) LIGO I data run (one year integrated data at h ~ 10 -21 ) Begin LIGO II upgrade installation
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2001 2002 2003+ 2005


LI GO and t he W or l d - wi d e N et wor k of Laser I nt er f er omet er Det ect or s

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Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA)
(the next generation)

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Gr avi t y waves open a new wi nd ow
radio X-ray

infrared

gamma

visible

Gravity waves ? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??
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H i gh Ener gy Physi cs at UO
· T he sear ch f or gr avi t y waves i s par t of t he ex per i ment al hi gh ener gy physi cs pr ogr am at t he Uni ver si t y of Or egon whi ch i ncl ud es
­ st ud y of mat t er / ant i - mat t er asymmet r y ­ sear ch f or t he H i ggs b oson and super symmet r i c par t i cl es ­ sear ch f or gr avi t at i onal r ad i at i on ( gr avi t y waves)
­ Pr of essor s Br au, Fr ey, St r om, T or r ence
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Summar y
· Ei nst ei n's t heor y of Gener al Rel at i vi t y pr ed i ct s t hat space i t sel f i s vi b r at i ng ( gr avi t y waves) · T he LI GO pr oj ect wi l l soon b egi n oper at i on t o sear ch f or t hese waves wi t h unpr eced ent ed sensi t i vi t y · T her e may b e some BI G sur pr i ses i f si gnal s ar e f ound
­ Dar k M at t er ­ Ex t r a Di mensi ons

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T hat 's A l l Fol k s

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Gener al Rel at i vi t y " pr ed i ct s" t he ex i st ence of gr avi t at i onal r ad i at i on
· N ewt on's l aws assume act i on at a d i st ance,
­pot ent i al r eact s i nst ant l y ­t her e i s no wave equat i on, no r ad i at i on

· Gener al Rel at i vi t y, b ei ng a r el at i vi st i c t heor y, assumes a char act er i st i c t i me f or f i el d r esponse ( c=speed of l i ght ) , and yi el d s a wave equat i on f or t hi s r esponse

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T wo pol ar i z at i ons
· W ave wi l l d i st or t a r i ng of t est masses l i k e t i d al d ef or mat i on · speci f i c movement of t he t est masses d ur i ng one per i od of t he wave d epend on pol ar i z at i on


u

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EM and Gr av. r ad i at i on
·Source ·Nature ·Interactions ·Frequency ·Detector ·Measure of strength · · · El ect r omagnet i c accel er at i ng char ge osci l l at i ng f i el d pr opagat es t hr u space ab sor b ed , scat t er ed b y mat t er f > 10 7 H z d et ect or s d i r ect i onal Gr avi t at i onal
· accel er at i ng mass · osci l l at i ng space- t i me · negl i gi b l e i nt er act i on wi t h mat t er · f < 10 4 H z · d et ect or s omni d i r ect i onal · measur e ampl i t ud e

· ·

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· measur e i nt ensi t y


A st r ophysi cal Sour ces
· Bi nar y compact st ar syst ems
­ composed of neut r on st ar s and / or b l ack hol es

· N on- ax i symmet r i c super nova col l apse · N on- ax i symmet r i c pul sar ( per i od i c) · Ear l y uni ver se
­ st ochast i c b ack gr ound r ad i at i on most sour ces ar e not seen as EM emi t t er s good chance f or sur pr i ses ( unex pect ed sour ces)

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N ear b y st el l ar mass d i st r i b ut i on
· T hese event s ar e r ar e, so we need a r each t o l ar ge d i st ances t o have a chance ( r 65 l y)

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Back t o t he b i nar y st ar syst em
· A b enchmar k syst em f or gr av. Rad i at i on i s a b i nar y neut r on st ar ( compact ) · consi d er t he st r engt h
40 km M = 3 â 1030 kg R = 20 km f = 400 Hz r = 1023 m (10 Mly) h 6 â 10-21 (10 Mly / r)
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Ear l y uni ver se ( st ochast i c b ack gr ound r ad i at i on)

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Laser I nt er f er omet er
· Requi r ement s f or sensi t i vi t y ( h = L/ L)
T he r el at i ve phase change of l i ght emer gi ng f r om t he t wo cavi t i es i s = B L / = h L /

Power recycled Michelson
L = L1 - L2 = cavi t y l engt h d i f f . B = numb er of t i mes l i ght b ounces ( ef f ect i ve ar m l engt h BL) = l aser wavel engt h So we need t o max i mi z e B and L, and mi ni mi z e eg. B = 20 0 , L = 4 k m, = 1.0 6 µm = 7 .6 â 10 11 h

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Laser I nt er f er omet er ( N oi se)

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LI GO
· k m- scal e Laser i nt er f er omet er s at t wo si t es · Bui l t b y col l ab or at i on of Cal t ech and M I T · Sci ence wi l l b e d one b y LI GO Sci ence Col l ab or at i on: A CI GA , Cal t ech, Car l et on, Cor nel l ,
Fl or i d a, GEO, H ar var d , I A P, I nd i a I UCA A , I owa St at e, J I LA , LSU, La. T ech, M I T , M i chi gan, M oscow St at e, N A OJ - T A M A , Or egon, Penn St at e, Sout her n, St anf or d , Syr acuse, T ex asBr ownsvi l l e, W i sconsi n- M i l wauk ee · ( Or egon gr oup: J B, R. Fr ey, M . I t o, R. Rahk ol a, R. Schof i el d , D. St r om)

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Sensi ng and Cont r ol Syst em
· 4 l engt h and 12 al i gnment d egr ees of f r eed om must b e cont r ol l ed t o mai nt ai n st r ai n sensi t i vi t y

· Must hold lengths to 10-13 m in presence of 10-5 m seismic noise · Test masses controlled by electromagnets driven by feedback

Eigenfreq. of suspension 0.5 - 0.7 Hz
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Cosmi c Ray M oni t or
Look for coinicidences to prevent false discovery

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Dat a A cqui si t i on
· Gr avi t y wave channel i s d i gi t i z ed at 16 k H z , b ut many ot her channel s ( ab out 2 0 0 0 chan.)
ver y l ar ge dat a r at e ­ moni t or and cont r ol ­ PEM channel s

· 14 M b yt e / sec · st or e f ul l d at a st r eam on d i sk f or 1 d ay · r ed uce d at a t o mi ni - d at a set s f or anal ysi s
­ ar chi ve r est

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LI GO Sensi t i vi t y t o Bi nar i es

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LI GO Sensi t i vi t y t o Bur st s

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LI GO Sensi t i vi t y t o Pul sar s

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CON CLUSI ON S
· Gr avi t at i onal r ad i at i on shoul d b e d i scover ed i n t hi s d ecad e · W i t h i t shoul d come ad vances i n und er st and i ng Gener al Rel at i vi t y · and , per haps, d i scover i es of new phenomena i n t he uni ver se W A T CH FOR SURPRI SES

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Gr avi t at i onal Lens

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