... corresponding to temperatures between 100K and 1000K cooler than the photosphere ... of about 20% (assuming spots 500K cooler than the ambient photosphere) is about 10 ...
... Angular momentum will still be transferred from the core to the photosphere, but the rate at which the photosphere accelerates is a strong function of the strength of the coupling between the core and the envelope, which is not well determined. ...
... When the photosphere is becoming dimmer, there can be a very bright group of data points. ... For a star with warmer spots, 300K cooler than the photosphere, more flux is removed from the V band than the I band, therefore ...
... loop structures support the hot (10 million Kelvin) plasma; however, we do not understand whether the structures are stable or constantly flaring, how the plasma is heated, or how material is transported between the corona and the underlying photosphere ...
... Classical T Tauri stars are viewed as composite systems of a stellar photosphere, an accretion zone and a circumstellar disk of cool material (Bertout et al . ...
... However, assuming that the exposed regions are in radiative equilibrium, the material above the disk's photosphere is optically thin in the thermal-IR so it may be expected to be roughly isothermal in z , in analogy with planetary atmospheres (Chamberlain ...