... Karachentsev I.D., Chernin A.D. DarkEnergy in Nearby Universe. ... P., Chernin A.D., Karachentsev I.D., Valtonen M.J. DarkEnergy in the Environments of the Local Group, the M 81 Group, and the ...
... the increase in CCD dark current attributable to high energy electron bombardment, a ... Figure 14 shows the increase in dark current versus incident electron energies. ...
... This means that the observed properties of the Local Hubble flow give a direct and independent evidence of the presence in the Universe of a specific medium, the darkenergy, discovered from observations of distant Supernovae. ...
... where I 0 is the initial dark current, K is a damage factor, D is the dose, E a is an activation energy, k is Boltzmann’s constant, and T is the absolute temperature. ...
... The sources of noise per pixel have been discussed: unwanted optical signal, dark current shot noise, read noise and dark current fixed pattern noise. ...
... Figure 2. Typical EBS gain versus electron energy for Tektronix backside CCDs with and without a light shield. ... 3.2 Dark Current Shot Noise . ...