Bill Kell is a professor of Astronomy at the University of Alabama. He received his Ph. D. from the University of Santa Cruz. He specializes in the study of interacting galaxies and the effects of the environment on galaxy evolution.

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... The resulting morphology and kinematics with different assumed pattern speeds, disc vertical thicknesses and dark halo contributions are compared with observations. Our models reproduce the main morphological features of this galaxy: the four-armed spiral, and the inner and nuclear rings. ... Thus, fast rotating bars could imply that the halo contribution is negligible in the inner parts of the disc. ... Quite often, the spiral arms emerge from an inner ring that surrounds the bar. ...