... Hazy skies usually mean steady skies, and steady air is just what the doctor ordered for observing planets and double stars. Mars is well past opposition and becoming less an item of interest as it shrinks in size, but Jupiter and Saturn are well placed in the early morning August sky. ... Their magnitudes are 4.2 and 6.0. ... It has an easily observed 10.6 magnitude central star. ... Cygnus is also host to a lot of small open star clusters that stand up to inspection under hazy skies. ...

Introduction to PLASMA ASTROPHYSICS (Selected 10 lectures) Boris V. Somov Astronomical Institute and Faculty of Physics Moscow State University Pushino-na-Oke, 2008 Contents Ab out These Lectures 1 Particles and Fields: Exact Self-Consistent Description 1.1 Liouville's theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Continuity in phase space . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 The character of particle interactions 1.1.3 The Lorentz force, gravity . . . . . . . . . 1.1.4 Collisional friction . . . . . . . . . . . .