... Energy . ... The free ions and electrons in a plasma behave the same way. Knowing the temperature of the high atmosphere of Earth, or that of the Sun, we can calculate energies expected of ions and electrons found there. However, ions and electrons actually observed in space are often much, much more energetic, and may move at a respectable fraction of the velocity of light (300,000 km/sec or 186,000 miles/sec). ... Typical energy of an electron in the polar aurora. 40,000 ev . ... 50,000 ev . ...

. You can use the diff command to compare the contents of two directories: diff directory1 directory2 . The information given by the command tells you what to do to make the directories match. If there is no difference between the directories you are returned to the shell prompt . diff reports if a file or directory is only to be found in directory1 or directory2 . It also reports any line by line differences for files that are common to each directory. Example .

... were entered in the atlas. ... In so doing lines were selected which yielded radial velocities close to the symbiotic velocity of MWC 560 (+35 km/s). ... The visible spectrum of MWC 560 is poor in absorption lines especially near the brightness maximum. In our atlas are visible only the blue-shifted components of , , NaI and FeII(42), interstellar lines NaI, a few diffuse interstellar bands (DIB) and telluric lines of and and, at length, traces of the spectra of the M giant. ...

... Armagh Observatory, College Hill, Armagh BT61 9DG, +44 (0)28 3752 2928 . ... A number of interesting discoveries of magnetic fields in several classes of stars have been announced, many of which obtained at a 3 level; some of the discoveries are confirmed by measurements obtained with other instruments, some are not. ... We investigate the reasons for the discrepancies between the results obtained with FORS1 and those obtained with other instruments. ... Results. ...

. Radar data indicate that the walls of the Moon's Shackleton Crater may hold ice. Actual observations (CPR) by LRO's Mini-RF instrument are compared to calculated radar values for 0.5 percent to 10 percent ice. NASA

The following figures show the behaviour of the efficiency factors Q ext , Q sca , Q abs as well as albedo and asymmetry parameter g for porous particles. ... These optical characteristics are compared with results of Lorenz-Mie calculations for corresponding n -layered spheres. ... factors . Qext(x) . Qsca(x) . ... Qabs (x) . ... albedo (x) . ... Henning, Modelling the optical properties of composite and porous interstellar grains, Astronomy and Astrophysics , 429 , 371-381, 2005. ...

. Next: The pulsar birthrate Up: The galactic population of Previous: The derived luminosity and . љ . Assume then . This is the characteristic age . Only available estimate for most cases . Typical age is a few millions . Range from years . Short lived and rare compared to other stars . Characteristic ages not correct for msps, since . Jon Bell . Thu Dec 19 15:15:11 GMT 1996

... The sample of the Local Volume galaxies (distance smaller than 10 Mpc) gives a unique opportunity to study the properties of galaxies including the weakest objects: the absolute magnitude M B -10 and the virial mass M vir 10 9 M x263C;. ... Luminosity function of the Local Volume galaxies. ... The luminosity functions for galaxies are presented: red dashed line - from the 2dFGRS survey (Norberg et al. 2002); blue dash-dotted line - from the SDSS survey (Blanton et al. ...

... This function can also be used for particular types of subtypes or kinds: KIND (0) integer KIND (0.0) floating point number KIND (.FALSE.) logical variable KIND ("A") string of characters There is an intrinsic function SELECTED_REAL_KIND , which returns the kind of the type REAL that has a representation with (at least) the precision and the exponential range requested. ... With the choice SELECTED_INT_KIND (5) all integers between (but not including the limits) -100 000 and +100 000 are permitted. ...

Channel ops are one of the most powerful and simple tools available to you with the GIMP. ... Channel ops are operations that typically involve two images. Each channel operation compares and does some sort of manipulation based on the pixels in two images. ... Add takes two images, and adds the RGB or greyscale values of the pixels. ... If you have a completely black canvas, all the values are zero. ... This channel operation compares two images and results in the darkest values from each image. ...

Next: GOCG Post-Observation Products . ... Reconstructed Orbit . JPL MMNAV Reconstructed Orbit . ... The JPL MMNAV files will be made available on the JPL MMNAV FTP site in directory [RAstron.ODDATA.JPLICV.TRACK] (note the capital letters). back to top . ... What: X-band Doppler tracking data will be transmitted in near real-time from the DSN GTS to the JPL MMNAV team and from the Pushchino GTS to the ASC navigation team, and post-pass (via FTP) from the GBTS to the JPL MMNAV team. ...

Crater Gassendi . ... I made this drawing was made on the 26th of november 2001. If you compare this one with the previous drawing of Gassendi (below) the differences are clear. ... This drawing was made on the 28th of september 2001. After nearly a full month without observations I had a one hour gap between the thicker clouds. ... This drawing was made on the 29th of august 2001. ... This drawing was made on the 27th of august 2001. ... This drawing was made on the 25th of august 2001. ...

... Exposure Time Calculator (ETC) . ... ESO - Public Surveys . ... the recommended values to use for DIT, . ... Detector on-chip integration (DIT): seconds. to your chosen value - a separate page gives recommended values to use for DIT - for modes 1 and 2 below you may wish to start with the maximum recommended values as these will minimize the effect of read noise (a total object exposure of Y secs with DIT=X secs will produce Y/X lots of read noise) and give you a lower limit on the time needed. ...

... Compatibility: Available in Apache 1.3 and later. Available as an External module in Apache 1.1 and later. ... It does its work by comparing each document name in the requested directory against the requested document name without regard to case , and allowing up to one misspelling (character insertion / omission / transposition or wrong character). ... Compatibility: CheckSpelling was available as a separately available module for Apache 1.1, but was limited to miscapitalizations. ...

... 4 November 1994 . orbit . ... 0.0128 . ... orbit period . ... satellite mass . 1950 kg . scientific payload mass . 550 kg . ... For more information send a mail to: info@sputnik.infospace.ru . 1997-2002 SMIS IKI RAN and SRC "PLANETA" Moscow, Russia. ...

Integration and performance of the flight configuration SIR on TELIS P. Yagoubov1, G. de Lange1, A. de Lange, M. Romanini, R. Hoogeveen1, V. Koshelets2, G. Wagner3, M. Birk 1Nation 3 al Institute for ... Netherlands 2Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, IREE, Russia 3Institute for Remote Sensing Technology, DLR, Germany Abstract TELIS (Terahertz and submm Limb Sounder) is a cooperation between European institutes, DLR, RAL and SRON, to build a three- ... LO frequency 624.93 GHz. ...

... The Second International Astronomy Olympiad . ... Problems to solve, 8-10 Form Text of these problems is available in Russian too. ... Two stars have the same absolute magnitude. ... The orbital period of Mars is 687 days. ... See problem 2. for 8-10 Form. ... Problem to solve, 9-12 Form Text of the problem is available in Russian too. ... Problem is about Doppler-effect, to find velosities of two stars using their spectra and spectrum of our Sun, to estimate speed of the Earth moving around the Sun...

... GSAOI Home . Instrument . ... The Gemini South Adaptive Optics Imager (GSAOI) is a near-infrared adaptive optics camera that will be used with the Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) system on the Gemini South 8-m telescope . ... Gemini's major instrumentation goal is to develop its Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) system for scientific use on Gemini South. ... Existing adaptive optics systems use a single natural guide star or artifical laser guide star to measure this image blur. ...

. N orilsk N eutron M onitor . Cosmic rays variation . Atmospheric pressure . Year . Month . Day . Hour . Minute . From . To . Resolution . Type of Data . 1 year 1 month 27 days 1 day 12 hours 6 hours 1 hour 15 min 10 min 5 min 1 min . Corrected for Pressure Atmospheric Pressure Uncorrected for Pressure . Data are also available by FTP . All Data for all Station are available by FTP . Links . Irkutsk .

. english || русский . Main . Location . Telescope . Instruments . Program . Science . Publications . Images . Photos . Links . The following focal instruments are currently available at the telescope: . CCD-photometer . TFOSC -- medium and low resolution spectrometer . ( The page at TUG ) . High resolution echelle-spectrometer in coude focus . High Energy Astrophysics Department 2016 IKI RAN