... In the course of the BURAN orbiter development, suborbital and orbital launches of BOR-4 and BOR-5 flight vehicles have been produced for aerodynamic analysis and working capacity of thermal protection structures verification. ... The flights of the SPIRAL prototype and BOR-4 and BOR-5 flying vehicles have allowed not only to speed up the BURAN orbiter development, but also to justify the choice of the aerodynamic scheme of the orbital stage of the advanced MAKS aerospace system. ... Buran Orbiter ....

... 000, 1­12 (2009) Printed 11 February 2010 A (MN L TEX style file v2.2) Analytical approximations of K -corrections in optical and near-infrared bands I1gor V. Chilingarian1 2 ,2,3 , Anne-Laure Melchior 1,4 and Ivan Yu. ... Received 2010 February 01; in original form 2009 August 14 ABSTRACT To compare photometric properties of galaxies at different redshifts, the fluxes need to be corrected for the changes of effective rest-frame wavelengths of filter bandpasses, called K -corrections. ... Table 1. ...

... The words are numbered according to the reference mentioned above. ... 59 WORD wSecond ; // 0 .. 59 satellite tracking start time (GMT) float fStep ; // reserved WORD wMass ; // reserved BYTE reserved [12] ; // reserved WORD wExtraBytes ; // reserved } TRAJECTORYHEADER ; NOTE: the satellite tracking start time is a hardware operating start time to follow satellite. typedef struct { // ephemeris at satellite tracking start time double time ; // Epoch time (yyddd.ddddddddd)...

The Solar spots - are the dark formations on the Sun's disk. ... The greatest observed spot is 100 thousand kilomiters. The spots are the places of the magnetic fields' getting out to the solar atmosphere. ... That's why they look so dark . ... The Solar convection zone is the layer with the thickness of 150 - 200 thousand kilomiters, situated under the photosphere; the substance of this layer being in convectional movement transformes the energy from inside the Sun's to its surface. ...

... A non-linear relationship is observed between the sky brightness on clear and overcast nights, with a change in behavior near the rural to urban landuse transition. ... The great variation in skyglow radiance observed from site-to-site and with changing meteorological conditions underlines the need for a long-term international monitoring program. he introduction of artificial light has caused an unprecedented disruption to the nighttime environment over large areas of the Earth. ... Data processing...

Copyright ї 1994 by Maxim V. Tarasenko. ... The end of confrontation, associated with the Cold War, led to political feasibility and economic desirability of extended international cooperation in space. ... For example, during the first half of 1994 the Russian Space Agency got only 10 per cent of its annual request. ... Another aspect of an inter-FSU cooperation is what was supposed to be a joint use of results from space activity, both in terms of scientific research and space applications. ...

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