... East Siberian Center for the Earth's Ionosphere Research has been set up to provide access to unique experimental data and to conduct experiments with the Russia's only incoherent scatter radar (IS) which is on the list of RF unique experimental instruments, and with the  ionosonde with linear modulation of frequency (Chirp ionosonde), operating in vertical, oblique and back-scattering ionospheric sounding modes which is an important element of the Russian chirp ionosondes net . ...

Introduction to PLASMA ASTROPHYSICS (Selected 10 lectures) Boris V. Somov Astronomical Institute and Faculty of Physics Moscow State University Pushino-na-Oke, 2008 Contents Ab out These Lectures 1 Particles and Fields: Exact Self-Consistent Description 1.1 Liouville's theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Continuity in phase space . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 The character of particle interactions 1.1.3 The Lorentz force, gravity . . . . . . . . . 1.1.4 Collisional friction . . . . . . . . . . . .