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... We demonstrate through numerical simulations that model parameters estimated with our technique are essentially bias-free, even when the average number of counts per bin is 1. ... The IW technique avoids such biases by estimating through successive iterations, where for each iteration, j, , and the best-fit parameters are determined by minimization of . ... In our sample, we find that the minimum values and best-fit parameters converge after about 6 iterations. ...

If the calculated chi-squared statistic exceeds a tabled value for the appropriate number of degrees of freedom, then observed values are significantly different from expected values at the confidence level indicated by p. For one degree of freedom: . p=0.05, 3.84; p=0.025, 5.02; p=0.01, 6.64; p=0.005, 7.88 . For two degrees of freedom: . ... For three degrees of freedom: . ... For four degrees of freedom: . ... For five degrees of freedom: . ...

One possible way for spiral galaxies to internally evolve would be for gas to flow to the center and form stars in a central disk (pseudo-bulge). ... In this paper we present radial profiles of stellar and 8 ЮМm emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 11 spiral galaxies to investigate whether the interstellar medium in these galaxies contains a central concentration above that expected from the exponential disk. ...

... I.A.Dynnikov, Three-page approach to knot theory. ... Universal semigroup, Funktsional'nyi Analiz I Prilozhenija, 34 (2000), no.1, 29-40 (Russian); English translation in Functional Analysis and Its Appl. 34 (2000), no.1, 24-32. I.A.Dynnikov, Finitely presented groups and semigroups in knot theory. ... Math. 2000, no. ... English translation: Russian Math. ... A.Vershik, Numerical invariants of exponential groups, and a locally free approximation of braid groups (in Russian), Zapiski Nauchn. ...

... Let be a random deviate which follows a Poissonian probability distribution about the expectation value . Although the Poisson distribution itself is only defined for integer , one can find the following continuous `envelope function' to the Poisson values: . ... where is the gamma function . ... The expectation value of is . ... Equation 5 is used both in the present program and in boxdetect to estimate the null-hypothesis probability distribution of the weighted sum of Poissonian images. ...

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... S.P. KOROLEV ROCKET AND SPACE CORPORATION ENERGIA . ... OAO RSC "Energia" . ... Company's History . ... History . Brief History of Rocket and Space Technology . ... Project History . ISS Russian Segment . Steps of ISS Assembly . ... ISS 45/46 . ... Rocket Space Complexes . ... Automatic Space Systems . Universal Space Platform . ... History of flights . ... UDOD . ... Man in space | ... Kit "UDOD-КRM", including data storage device "UDOD. ... 2015 JSC "S.P. Korolev RSC "Energia" . ...

... The degree of correlation between two parameters can visually be estimated by plotting them. Numerically this is expressed by the correlation coefficient : . ... When the correlation coefficient indicates a significant correlation, the functional relation is given by the regression line which is computed by least squares methods for normal distributions or maximum likelihood procedures (see Section ). ... Such transformation may also be used to make the variance of a variable homogenous. ...

... Archives . ... It refers to the spread in the measured energy of an incoming photon, and even astronomers often stumble over what it is and what it contains. ... The R edistribution M atrix F ile (RMF) is, at its most basic, a description of how the detector responds to incoming photons. ... The process of measuring the energy introduces a measurement error, which is encoded as the probability that incoming photons at energy E are read out in detector channels i . ... Comment ( RSS ) | ...

... Unexpected X-rays from Comet Hyakutake . ... 11.04.1996 . ... Credit Copyright: C. Lisse, M. Mumma (NASA/GSFC), K. Dennerl, J. Schmidt, and J. Englhauser (MPE) Explanation: The first X-rays ever detected from a comet were discovered from Comet Hyakutake with the ROSAT satellite on March 27th. ... One possible explanation is that X-rays emitted from the Sun are absorbed by water in the comet's coma causing fluorescence. ... Information: The Scale of the Universe Debate in April 1996 . ... April 1996 ...