The notion of ions first arose in chemistry. In the 19th century it was well known that water in which salts were dissolved (or acids, or bases) conducted electricity, and that an electric current could separate such dissolved materials into their components. ... In 1898 Ernest Rutherford noted that the radiation seemed to contain two electrically charged components of opposite signs, steered by a magnet in opposite directions--positive "alpha rays" and negative "beta rays." ...

The above process keeps the # of protons and the # of neutrons in the early Universe constant. This is extremely important and will result in a testable prediction later. Remember, a free neutron (one that is not bound in an atomic nucleus) will decay into a proton + electron (+ anti-neutrino) in about 900 seconds. ... During this epoch, the proton-to-neutron ratio is 1.0 . ... The Universe consists of protons, neutrons and electrons plus a photon background and a neutrino background. ...

The space between the planets is far from empty. It contains: electromagnetic radiation (photons); hot plasma (electrons, protons and other ions) a.k.a. the solar wind ; cosmic rays; microscopic dust particles; and magnetic fields (primarily the Sun's). While the Sun 's radiation is obvious, the other components of the interplanetary medium were not discovered until very recently. ... Except near some of the planets, interplanetary space is filled with the Sun's magnetic field. ... Sun .. ...

We present results of new Monte Carlo calculations made with the DIRTY code of radiative transfer of stellar and scattered radiation for a dusty giant late-type galaxy like the Milky Way, which illustrate the effect of the attenuation of stellar light by internal dust on the integrated photometry of the individual bulge and disk components. ... In addition, we find that the structure of the dusty ISM affects more sensitively the observed magnitudes than the observed colors of both bulge and disk. ...

Next: Extinction efficiencies: general behaviour Up: Optical properties of cosmic Previous: Optical properties of cosmic . It is now evident that observed interstellar extinction cannot be explain using particles of only one kind. ... The intensity of radiation after passing a dust cloud is equal to . ... The interstellar extinction is . ... Next: Extinction efficiencies: general behaviour Up: Optical properties of cosmic Previous: Optical properties of cosmic root 2003-04-09 ...

... The fitting procedure will only converge to a unique solution if the components are linearly independent. ... The task calculates for each pair of component images and fails with an error if any is greater than 0.99. ... Hence components may be linearly independent in masked pixels yet still fail the test within the task. ... Finally, since the Poisson image values are necessarily all , negative values are not allowed in the model components. ...

... Files in red?history) . ... Positive Ions . ... In the 19th century it was well known that water in which salts were dissolved (or acids, or bases) conducted electricity, and that an electric current could separate such dissolved materials into their components. ... In 1898 Ernest Rutherford noted that the radiation seemed to contain two electrically charged components of opposite signs, steered by a magnet in opposite directions--positive "alpha rays" and negative "beta rays." ...

... Armagh Observatory, College Hill, Armagh BT61 9DG, +44 (0)28 3752 2928 . ... We present the numerical simulations for an electron-beam-driven and loss-cone-driven electron cyclotron maser (ECM) with different plasma parameters and different magnetic field strengths for a relatively small region and short time-scale in an attempt to interpret the recent discovered intense radio emission from ultracool dwarfs. ... A wide frequency band should therefore be covered by future radio observations. ...

... Archives . ... The PCA and ICA is used for separating mixed components with some assumptions. ... The need of source separation methods in astronomy has led various adaptations of decomposition methods available. ... I rarely come up with a paper which gathered and summarized component separation methods applicable to astronomical data. In that regards, the following paper seems useful to overview methods of reducing dimensionality for astronomers. [arxiv:0805.0269] . ... Chandra Blog . ...

This all-sky image shows the spatial distribution over the whole sky of the galactic haze at 30 and 44 GHz, extracted from the Planck observations. In addition to this component, other foreground components such as charged particles accelerated radially, known as synchrotron radiation, thermal dust, spinning dust, and extragalactic point sources contribute to the total emission detected by Planck at these frequencies. ... ESA/Planck Collaboration ...

... Астронет | ... Термин "component" . ... компонента . ... составляющие [компоненты] радиоизлучения Солнца . ... составляющие [компоненты] солнечного радиоизлучения . ... основная компонента (радиоизлучения Солнца) . ... составляющая (радиоизлучения всплесков IV типа) в сантиметровом диапазоне (радиоизлучения Солнца) . ... жесткий компонент (напр. корпускулярного излучения) . ... спорадическая [быстрая] компонента (радиоизлучения Солнца) . ... составляющие [компоненты] радиоизлучения (напр. ...

... Among simple infinite-dimensional graded Lie (super)-algebras two are especially interesting for the potential applications. ... The talk is based on joint work of the author and V.Kac and will present an approach to constructing the representation theory of these algebras, in particular the generalized Verma modules and complexes of the Verma modules. ...

... Research . ... Geophysical Institute of Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech . ... plasma analysator . ... Space Research Institute,Berlin, . ... Space Research Center, . Polish Academy of Sciences,Warsaw, . ... particles analyser . measurement of particles 0.05 - 1.0 KeV for 0.1 sec . Space Research Institute,Sofia,Bulgaria . ... Prague University, . Research Institute of Nuclear Physics,Moscow State University;Russia . ...

CIMA is more than just the observing tool - in fact, the observing tool is just a part of a bigger package called the CIMA software package. ... There is also a another package called the CIMA WAPP software which contains the WAPP software, the special Tcl/Tk interpreter used by CIMA and support libraries. ... All CIMA software components recognize the following general options that are part of the CIMA version selection system: . ... The select_cima script can be used to set up a default version. ...

... Modules . ... Classes . Files . ... File List . File Members . components . ... National Radio Astronomy Observatory 00023 //# 520 Edgemont Road 00024 //# Charlottesville, VA 22903-2475 USA 00025 //# 00026 //# $Id: ComponentModels.h 20691 2009-07-14 03:13:54Z Malte.Marquarding $ 00027 00028 #ifndef COMPONENTS _ COMPONENTMODELS _H 00029 #define COMPONENTS _ COMPONENTMODELS _H 00030 00031 # include components / ComponentModels /ComponentType.h 00032 00033 # include components / ...

... Minute Values of Geomagnetic Field Components . ... AA 1868 - Present (3 hourly and daily) (monthly) (yearly) (Lists and histograms of geomagnetic disturbance and Solar Sunspots) KP_AP 1932 - Present (3 hourly and daily) (Lists and histograms of geomagnetic disturbance and Solar Sunspots) AE_HV 1957-75, 78-88 (hourly) AE_MIN 1978-881-6;198903;1990-94 (minute) DST 1957 - Present (hourly) PC 1975 - Present (15-minute) AMANAS 1959 - Present (3 hourly and daily) KMKNKS 1983 - Present (3 hourly) . ...

Proceedings of the Particle Physics and Early Universe Conference (PPEUC). ... M.P. Hobson & A.W. Jones . ... A maximum entropy method (MEM) is presented for separating the emission due to different foreground components from simulated satellite observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). In Jones & Hobson (1998, these proceedings) , the method is applied to simulated observations by the proposed Planck Surveyor satellite. ... 1 Introduction . ... PPEUC Proceedings . ...

Seven months ago, on Mar 19, 2008, at 09:12 Moscow time, a new star appeared on the sky. The Sun had already risen over the Russia, but people of the Western hemisphere might be able to see by their eyes a faint starlet near one of Bootes constellation stars. This starlet appeared and faded by an order of magnitude in a minute. Astronomers named it GRB080319B or, informally, the Naked-Eye Burst, as it was twice as bright as human eye can see a star. ... Royal Astronomical Society . ...

... DpmkSpace (part of SAS) . Cdb server (part of calibDB, in Garching only . Dpserver (part of SA, in Garching only) More about P2PP checks to be performed when installing/configuring it. Go to top of page . More about OT-tcl/tk checks to be performed when installing/configuring it. ... More about Java-OT checks to be performed when installing/configuring it. ...

... Among the objectives of Principal Components Analysis are the following. dimensionality reduction; љ . the determining of linear combinations of variables; љ . ... identification of groups of objects or of outliers. ... Finding a set of principal axes allows the objects to be adequately characterised on a smaller number of (artificial) variables. ... Reduction of dimensionality is practicable if the first new axes account for approximately 75 % or more of the variance. ...