MATHEMATICAL MODELING: . ... This model is developed on the base of the probabilistic description of the collisional aeronomical processes and is realized on a computer as the numerical system (stochastic model). ... Shematovich, V.I., Bisikalo , D.V.             Nonequilibrium processes in the planetary and cometary atmospheres. ... In Russian) . ... Piarnpuu , A. A.; and Shematovich, V. I.       Construction of structural stochastic models of collision processes in rarefied gas media (abstract) . ...

spaceweb@oulu.fi - last update: 28 May 1995, 0800 UT . Advanced plasma theories are extremely important when one tries to explain, for example, the various waves and instabilities found in the plasma environment. ... In the kinetic theory it is necessary to know only the distribution function for the system of particles. ... The dependence of the distribution function on the independent variables r , v , and t is governed by an equation known as the Boltzmann equation . ... Hot plasma theory . ...

The efficiency of interaction of radiation with a particle and hence its optical properties depend on the particle chemical composition, size, shape, structure, etc. ... Particle size expressed in units of the wavelength of incident radiation, together with chemical composition, most strongly affects the optical properties of a scatterer. ... There are many methods to solve the light-scattering problem for a homogeneous spheroid (our survey of the light-scattering methods see here ). ...

Next: Results Up: HST Image Restoration with Previous: The FMAPE Algorithm . ... Up to now, we have considered to be an adjustable parameter belonging to object space that is constant for a given image. ... To solve this problem several approaches have been presented in this conference (Katsaggelos 1994, Lucy 1994, Puetter 1994, Stark et al. ... Our approach consists in the introduction of a space variant hyperparameter in the Bayesian framework. ... 3 is space variant in the object space. ...

Do we need various assumptions to get a good FCN? A new multiple layer spectral method Cheng-li HuangMian Zhang Shanghai Astron. ... No FCN ! ... FCN,FCN,FCN.. Multiple layer spectral method (MLSM) + Linear Operator Method (LOM) Finite Element Method (FEM) · · Traditional approach solves one order ellipsoid only. ... Main Idea of FEM Boundary Surface could be described as: Let's consider how to solve the dynamic equation: Traditional Approach: Equivalent Spherical Domain . ...

There are many ordinary/partial differential equations/systems describing various phenomena in physics, mechanics, chemistry, biology, sociology, etc. ... Prerequisites: 1 semester "Advanced Calculus", 1 semester "Linear Algebra". Optional: 2 semester "Advanced Calculus", 2 semester "Linear Algebra", 1 semester "Functions of Complex Variables", elements of the functional analysis and the ordinary differential equations theory. ... Laplace transform for linear differential equations . ...

... 8, ``Celestial Mechanics'', 2002 Investigation of stability of NEAs orbital resonance motions by numerical methods L. E. Bykova Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia The problem of orbital stability of resonance Near­Earth asteroids (NEAs) is considered. Most of NEAs have multiple close approaches to the inner ma­ jor planets. ... The technique of the investigation of NEAs orbital stability has been devel­ oped by author on the basis of the construction of possible motion domains (R) of asteroids. ...

Geometric Algebra 3 Dirac Theory and Multiparticle Systems Chris Doran Astrophysics Group Cavendish Laboratory Cambridge, UK Dirac Algebra · Dirac matrix operators are · These act on 4-component Dirac spinors · These spinors satisfy a first-order wave equation MIT3 2003 2 STA Form · Adapt the map for Pauli spinors · Action of the various operators now Imaginary structure still a bivector Dirac equation MIT3 ...

... Files in red?history) . ... Trapped Motion . ... 10a. Particle Drift . ... Fast Particles . ... The fact charged particles circle around field lines was well known to J.J. Thomson when he experimented with electron and ion beams in a magnetic field. ... The notion of adiabatic invariance is tied with the early years of quantum theory. ... By about1910, physicists realized that these patterns indicated changes in the laws of physics as one approached atomic dimensions. ...

... Zodiacal Light and the False Dawn . ... An unusual triangle of light will be particularly bright near the eastern horizon before sunrise during the next two months for observers in Earth's northern hemisphere. Once considered a false dawn, this triangle of light is actually Zodiacal Light, light reflected from interplanetary dust particles. APOD: 2004 August 24- Supply Ship Approaches the Space Station . ... Looking Out Over Mars . ... Earth at Night . ... Lightning on Earth . ... August . ...

Solar Flare Origin - critical analysis" Lev Pusti'lnik We analyze current approach to solar flare origin in 3 aspects: a. Pre-flare equilibrium state of current-magnetic structure above active region and its evolution to flare state, b. Possible reasons of stability loss with transition of system in flare state c. Flare energy release in turbulent current sheet and particle acceleration in this system. ...

Next: Field of View Up: CCD Scientific Performance Previous: Back Illumination . The CCD acts as a storage medium, and with frame times of the order seconds, there is no obvious method of employing prompt co-incidence rejection of charged particle events. ... In conventional CCDs, a m track length results in an equivalent energy deposition of 5 - 6 keV, and significant confusion with X-ray events arises. ... A trade-off between rejection efficiency and spectroscopic efficiency is required. ...

... COMPUTER SIMULATION OF RADIOWAVE MULTIPLE SCATTERING EFFECTS IN IONOSPHERE USING MONTE-CARLO METHOD . ... Distribution of reflected radiation on the ground is computed. ... Such influence can be remarkable if the scattering is multiple, i.e. the optical thickness for the scattering process is considerably greater than a unit. ... Radiation energy transfer in the slab is modeled by distribution of some particles carring small portions of radiation energy. ... The isotropic plasma approximation is...

... Ah ha~ Once I questioned, ?what is systematic error?? (see [Q] systematic error. Thanks to L. Lyons? work discussed in [ArXiv] Particle Physics , I found this paper, titled Systematic Errors describing the concept and statistical inference related to systematic errors in the field of particle physics. ... Tags: coverage , Heinrich , likelihood , Lyons , nuisance parameter , objective priors , p-value , particle physics , statistical error , subjective priors , systematic error . ...

Recent evidence suggests that the Universe is filled with something termed "Dark Energy". ... Baryons are normal particles (e.g. protons and neutrons) which make up all of ordinary matter. ... What are some resolutions to this problem and how do "Low Surface Brightness Galaxies" fit in to the problem of missing baryons. ... In this exercise, you will use a computational engine to model two interacting galaxies to see if you can reproduce the observed morphology of two real systems. ...

... Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. September 27, 1998 . Albert Einstein Describes Space and Time . Explanation: Albert Einstein (1879-1955) is considered by many the greatest astrophysicist. ... One reason Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics was to make the prize more prestigious. ... About APOD > . ...

Next: Background Definition Up: Echelle Spectra Previous: Order Definition . ... Their removal is a rather delicate step, because in high-contrast images (such as well-exposed echelle spectra) there is always a danger of damaging the scientific contents of the frame. Particle hits can be removed from scientific exposures by splitting the exposure and comparing spectra of the same target obtained under the same instrumental configuration. ... Note that the background has been subtracted already. ...

... This calibration approach is recommended when dealing with high frequency data from the old ATCA correlator, especially at 3mm wavelengths. ... The approach described here exploits the dual frequency bands that were available with the old correlator. ... Rather the current approach assumes that you have a single Miriad dataset containing bandpass calibrator, phase calibrator, flux density calibrator and program source. ... MFCAL . ... Input multi-source, dual-band dataset. select=source(1921-293) . ...

Nonlinear harmonics in plasma. Nonlinear electromagnetic wave in plasma. ... Turbulence spectra. Wave- wave interaction. ... Brillouin back- scattering. Parametric instability. The balance equations. ... Wave- particle interaction in random phase approach. ... Stimulated scattering of waves by particles. Weak turbulence processes. Inverse energy cascade in plasma. ... Inverse scattering method. ... Nonlinear Schrodinger equation. ... Strong nonlinear 3- wave interaction. ...

... According to the big bang theory, huge amounts of energy were released, giving rise to matter, antimatter and dark matter. ... The Big Bang Theory has enabled scientists to make certain predictions. ... These particles are the building blocks of matter, antimatter and dark matter. ... This could theoretically happen if the hydrogen was shockheated to over 100000 C. The Big Bang Theory is only a theory and so there is no concrete evidence to suggest that it is entirely correct. ...