... The choice of which type of electricity is called "positive" and which "negative" was made around 1750 by Ben Franklin, early American scientist and man of many talents (the stamp on the left commemorates his role as first US postmaster--and colonial postmaster before that). ... Franklin knew of two types of electric charge, depending on the material one rubbed. ... Later, when electric batteries were discovered, scientists naturally assigned the direction of the flow of current to be from (+) to (-...

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• Nonequilibrium distributions
• Current missions and experiments
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Подписка на рассылку обзоров astro-ph на Subscribe.Ru . ... Предыдущий выпуск (N335) . ... Обсудить на форуме Scientific.RU . ... Подписка на рассылку обзоров на Subscribe.Ru . Обзоры препринтов astro-ph . ... Собственно обзоры препринтов. ... Ранее обзоры также были на Астронете и на Scientific.Ru . ... АНКи доступны на Астронете , а с 2006 по 2008 г. также на сайте Элементы.Ру . ... Ранее они также размещались на сайте Астронет и в архиве моих обозрений (кодировка KOI8) на сайте Scientific.Ru . ...

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... These Frontier Fields will combine the power of HST with the natural gravitational telescopes of high-magnification clusters of galaxies. ... We are soliciting gravitational lensing maps for the last four Hubble Frontier Fields clusters (MACSJ0717.5+3745, MACSJ1149.5+2223, AbellS1063, and Abell 370) based upon the exceptionally deep HST FF imaging and other new ancillary data. ... For the full set of proposal instructions and requirements, see the FY16 Frontier Fields Lensing Map Call for Proposals....

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• What work is currently being done to improve the flux calibration accuracy for
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• CSPICE Routines: DAFGS_C

... During a magnetospheric substorm the cross-tail current is disrupted (e.g., Fairfield and Ness, 1970). A current system called the substorm current wedge (SCW; Atkinson, 1967; McPherron et al., 1973) is formed as this current is diverted through a circuit consisting of earthward (downward) field-aligned currents (FACs) on the eastern side of the wedge, a westward auroral electrojet in the ionosphere , and tailward (upward) FACs on the western side of the wedge. ... Res. ... Geophys. ...

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• FAC [Oulu]

CIMA is more than just the observing tool - in fact, the observing tool is just a part of a bigger package called the CIMA software package. ... There is also a another package called the CIMA WAPP software which contains the WAPP software, the special Tcl/Tk interpreter used by CIMA and support libraries. ... All CIMA software components recognize the following general options that are part of the CIMA version selection system: . ... The select_cima script can be used to set up a default version. ...

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• Arecibo Observatory Proposal Submission System
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... Corporate Partners Rock Our Cosmos! Current Partners . ... In addition to Sky & Telescope and SkyandTelescope.com, the comany publishes Night Sky, a bimonthly magazine for beginning astronomers, an annual magazine called SkyWatch, an annual magazine called Beautiful Universe, as well as books, star atlases, posters, prints, globes, and other fine astronomy products. ... We thank our Corporate Affiliates for their annual investment in partnering with the ASP to improve astronomy education. ...

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... The ESO ADS mirror site is currently unavailable. ... Please use one of the ADS sites listed below. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA . ... European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany . National Astronomical Observatory, Tokyo, Japan . ... Beijing Astronomical Observatory, Beijing, China . Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune, India . ... Korea Astronomy Observatory . Send comments to <webmaster@eso.org> . ...

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. Main Sections LabIR main page . Instrument page . Documentation . Science Publications . Special Sections Software Page . Inside the Lab . LabIR staff . Companion Pages Skysoft Home . Tirgo Page . Tirgo Archive . LabIR Hotlist . Lunar occultations . AO star finder . Simple calculator .

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Next: Modes of Operation Up: CCD Scientific Performance Previous: Field of View . Thermal excitation of charge carriers from the valence to the conduction band creates a dark current signal which may vary with position in the array, and also has temporal shot noise variation. ... In a device devoid of localized defects which give rise to individual dark current spikes , most dark current arises from electrons generated at interface states at the surface. ...

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• Membership of the Current Calibration File
• XMM-Newton Current Calibration File: Updates

Function: GETLOGNAM Purpose: Returns the log name of the current user. Category: UTILITY File: getlognam.c Author: K.G. Begeman Use: CALL GETLOGNAM( LOGNAM ) Output CHARACTER*(*) LOGNAM Name of user currently logged in. Warning: System dependent! Currently implemented for UNIX systems. Updates: Apr 27, 1991: KGB Document created.

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• http://www.atnf.csiro.au/computing/software/gipsy/sub/getusernam.dc2
• http://www.atnf.csiro.au/computing/software/gipsy/sub/pgqid.dc2
• Current Status

... M45: The Pleiades Star Cluster . ... In the early evening scene, a satellite seems to streak through the branches, while bright, round, fuzzy Comet Holmes appears to lie just beyond them, near the stars of the constellation Perseus. ... The Inner Coma of Comet Holmes . ... NGC 6888: The Crescent Nebula . ... What caused the Crescent Nebula? Looking like an emerging space cocoon, the Crescent Nebula, visible in the center of the above image, was created by the brightest star in its center. ...

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OptInt PmWiki : Pm Wiki / Fmt Page Name . ... This page describes an internal function in PmWiki's engine called FmtPageName(). ... Returns $fmt , with $variable and internationalisation substitutions performed, under the assumption that the current page is pagename . ... Replace any sequences of the form $XyzFmt with value of any corresponding global variable. ... Typically this is used to handle things like $Name and $Group etc that are specific to the name of the current page. ...