... Avg: the average value of the spectra (maybe throwing out some channels at the edges). <>:average over the spectra (throwing out points at the edges if you want). gCal(f) :- frequency dependence of the tabulated cal values. ... calInK(Avg): Scaler cal value averaged over the band. calOffSpc(Avg): cal off value averaged over the band (in spectrometer counts) . ... cntsToK(avg) = calInK(Avg) / (calDif_cnts(Avg)) . To convert a spectrum b_cnts in spectrometer counts to b_K in Kelvins using cntsToK: . ...

... Many Miriad tasks support on-the-fly selection and averaging of the channels to be processed. ... Channel-0' data (data formed by averaging all spectral channels together) are also treated as continuum data. ... For the spectral data, if the channel number does not correspond reasonably directly with velocity ( e.g. if Doppler tracking was not used), then it might be desirable to resample the spectral data at equal increments in velocity. ... channel . This gives raw or averaged spectral channels. ...

Calibration and Data Reduction . The pipeline calibrated data are not flux calibrated and the data are in units of Data Numbers (DN). However a flux calibration is implicit in the header. To get flux density, multiply DN by the value of the keyword PHOTFLAM in the calibrated (. c0h ) science header file, and divide by the value of the keyword EXPTIME. ... Table 8.1 was generated using SYNPHOT to provide rough conversions to the Johnson UBVRI and Cousins RI systems. ...

... Watchouts . ... Any XMM-Newton users, who need to convert OM count rates in the optical and UV filters into fluxes (expressed, e.g. , in erg/cm/cm/s/A), can do it by following any of the methods we outline below. OM count rates can be obtained with SAS. ... UVW1 . ... UVM2 . ... convert from count rate, obtained with SAS (files *SWSRLI*, corrected count rate in CORR_RATE column), to flux, selecting the most appropriate factor for the chosen spectral type and filter from the following Tables: . ...

... QPOE event times are typically expressed in units of an on-board spacecraft clock. ... The conversion is automatically performed as part of the timing corrections in 8.7.2. The stand-alone task scc_to_utc allows conversion of an arbitrary spacecraft time to UTC. input files: xtimingdata$scc_to_utc.tab ti> scc_to_utc tbl_fname = xtimingdata$scc_to_utc.tab # ROSAT # conversion table input spacecraft clock time (1606720.) ...

... The results are used in quasireal time by the observing process, but also as input by hardware quality control, by the dynamical scheduler, and by the Science Pipeline. Among processing operations are the calibration of the atmospheric absorption, of phase radiometric correction, of pointing scans, of phase and amplitude reference measurements, .. ... Using the last few measurements, we will determine a provisional amplitude calibration curve (to be also used by the Quick Look pipeline). ...

... The choice of the spectrograph design (Fig.2) is determined by the quantity R, the overall dimensions of the PF cage and the restrictions on the rigidity of the structure of the device. ... As the camera's objective a fast 4-lens aplanat is used having a focal distance F cam =140 mm and a relative aperture of 1:1.8, the resolution at the centre is no less than 80 gr/mm, that over the field at a distance of 3 mm from the edge along the frame ( ) diagonal is 35 gr/mm. ...

... This possibility is certainly helpful in case you did not obtain separate bias calibration frames or in case you want to determine the bias offset for each science frame individually. ... Table: CCD keywords for overscan fitting . ... In case of a zero order fit the correction is a simple constant. ... After an interactive fit has been completed the command will ask you if you want to fit the next frame interactively as well, or if you want to apply the overscan correction to all subsequent frames. ...

The visibility amplitude bias (there is also a closure phase bias, but this one is nominally corrected by the raw data averaging pipeline) is related to non-Poisson detector statistics due to after-pulsing, and to fixed pattern noise due to non-linearities in the modulation stroke. We determine the bias using so-called incoherent scans, which record data even though the delay lines are deliberately set away from the white light fringe. ... Averaging triple products.. ... Background data loaded. ...

Модернизированные блоки преобразования частот (БПЧ) диапазонов волн 13 и 3.5 см со встроенными гетеродинами собраны в типовых термостатированных блоках, которые были разработаны для прежних высокочастотных блоков (БПТ) приемной системы радиотелескопа, не содержавших гетеродинов. ... Микросборка ШПК 3.5 см; . ... Сравнение параметров модернизированных БПЧ и штатных БПТ диапазонов волн 13 и 3.5 см (табл.) показывает, что БПЧ совместим с БПТ, но по ряду параметров разработанные блоки лучше прежних. ...

ALMA | ... Phase Correction Algorithms | ... On this page, we describe what the phase correction algorithms set out to do and the framework we have developed to optimally use all of the available information. ... We are developing a Bayesian framework to combine all the information we have about the current and future meterological conditions (which are naturally accommodated as priors in a Bayesian scheme) with detailed physical models of the atmosphere. ...

Isabel Leonor University of Oregon searched 25 S2 GRBs for coincident G-waves of duration ~1 ­ 10 ms used crosscorrelation method explored data conditioning in the frequency domain, included whitening and phase correction ­ luxury of limited on-source and off-source data to analyze injected signals to study sensitivity of pipeline used playground data with no GRB trigger data analysis code (standalone), injection and calibration scripts, written using Matlab ...

Some radio clocks and related timekeeping gear have a pulse-per- second (PPS) signal that can be used to discipline the local clock oscillator to a high degree of precision, typically to the order less than 50 us in time and 0.1 PPM in frequency. ... Either way requires conversion of the PPS signal, usually at TTL levels, to RS232 levels, which can be done using a circuit such as described in the Gadget Box PPS Level Converter and CHU Modem page. ...

... The International Conference "Mode Conversion, Coherent Structures and Turbulence" will be held in the Space Research Institute of RAS during the period from 23 up to 25 November 2009. ... The international conference MSS-09 is organized by Space Research Institute with participation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Dynasty Foundation, the Russian foundation of fundamental researches, the European Geosciences Union, the Education and the Scientific Council on Nonlinear Dynamics of RAS. ...

... We study in this paper the effect of shock excitation of leaky and surface modes by the p-polarized electromagnetic wave incident on the rapidly ionized gaseous or solid layer. ... For example, if [pic] (solid density, multiple ionized plasma), the basic frequency [pic], [pic], [pic] we find, that the wavelength of leaky wave [pic] is in soft x rays band. ... If [pic] (low density gaseous plasma), the basic frequency [pic], [pic], [pic] we find, that the wavelength of leaky wave [pic] is in THz band...

Radio Interferometry Principles . Radio Interferometry Signal Processing . ... A radio interferometer consists of a pair of directional antennas that are tuned to receive radio emissions from a source in a desired RF band. ... The antennas are pointed at the radio source of interest and are set up to receive the signal and process it into a form suitable for transmission to the correlator. ... In connected element interferometry, the digital signal goes directly to the correlator. ...

Integration and performance of the flight configuration SIR on TELIS P. Yagoubov1, G. de Lange1, A. de Lange, M. Romanini, R. Hoogeveen1, V. Koshelets2, G. Wagner3, M. Birk 1Nation 3 al Institute for ... Netherlands 2Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, IREE, Russia 3Institute for Remote Sensing Technology, DLR, Germany Abstract TELIS (Terahertz and submm Limb Sounder) is a cooperation between European institutes, DLR, RAL and SRON, to build a three- ... LO frequency 624.93 GHz. ...

... ON APPLICATION OF MULTI-FREQUENCY SYNTHESIS FOR RADIOASTRON MISSION. ... The first problem for RadioAstron mission for K-band will improved with using a new LNA / probably identical to . ... For RadioAstron mission it is proposed to operate one K-band circular polarized channel at fixed frequency 22.232 GHz. ... B. One circular polarization channel operates at frequency F0 and the opposite polarization channel operates at minimal frequency F-4. ... Signal and LO frequencies. ...

... It has been largely superceded by MatWeb . Conversion Factors . Material properties . Physical constants . Astronomical constants . This table gives conversion factors to convert various units to their SI equivalents. ... The units are SI. This is a short list of physical constants in SI units. ... Boltzmann constant . ... Gas constant . ... Mass . ... Plank's . ... Radiation constant . ... This is a short list of astronomical constants in SI units. ... Sun . ...

Astronomy Picture of the Day . The Average Color of the Universe . ... 2.07.2002 . ... This whimsical question came up when trying to determine what stars are commonplace in nearby galaxies. ... The resulting cosmic spectrum has some emission in all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum , but a single perceived composite color. ... July 2002 . ... NASA Web Site Statements, Warnings, and Disclaimers . ... Publications with keywords: universe - color . Publications with words: universe - color . ...