... Credit Copyright: NASA Explanation: There are many things about lightning that are not understood. Lightning has been seen in the atmospheres of Venus , Earth , Jupiter , and Saturn . A leading theory is that collisions of particles in clouds cause large areas of positive and negative charge. When large oppositely charged areas get close enough together, electrons and/or ions race between them and create a path where more charged particles can follow - lightning. ...

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• Lightning and the Space Shuttle
• Астронет > Lightning and the Space Shuttle
• The Secret of the Black Aurora

... In a solar prominence, charged particles stream up from the Sun, spiraling around magnetic field structures poking out of the solar surface, and ultimately fall back along those structures into the Sun. ... As evolution would predict, animals' eyes sense the colors of light emitted most strongly by the Sun. ... The tiny Moon can completely cover the disk of the Sun, blocking most of the emitted visible light, and reveal the Sun's faint outer atmosphere called the corona...a mass of incandescent gas ...

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• ASP: Ghostly Particles All About

For particles of very large sizes, scattering can be considered as a result of interference of the rays having multiple reflections and refractions according to the laws of geometrical optics. ... The papers [ 413 , 414 ] presented a method where the scattering field was expressed via the field at the particle surface using the Huygens-Kirchhoff principle, and reflection and refraction laws were employed to find the unknown field (the approach was called physical optics approximation). ...

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• Database of Optical Properties -- Level: subsubpage
• Point matching method
• Database of Optical Properties -- Level: subpage

ION AND ELECTRON ENERGY DETECTOR PAN-2 . ... The energy and angular distributions of charged particles can bring further information on the nature and spatial scales of magnetospheres processes. ... It permits the fast measurements of energy and angular parameters of charged particles in the range 40eV-40keV. ... The sensor unit is an electron electrostatic, axially symmetrical, toroidal analyzer. ... The energy range for both types of charged particles must stepped according to the logarithmic scale. ...

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• MISSION WARNING: The Second International Meeting : Protocol

... Berezhnoy A.A., Kozlova E.A., Shevchenko V.V. Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Moscow University, Russia, Moscow, Universitetski pr., 13, 199992. katk@sai.msu.ru According to the data from "Lunar Prospector" [1] the areas of high hydrogen content in the lunar south pole region coincide with the areas of such craters as Faustini (87.2є S, 75.8є E), Cabeus (85.2є S, 323є E) and other crates. ... We estimate the total permanently shadowed area in the lunar northern polar region at 28 260,2 km2. ...

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• http://selena.sai.msu.ru/Shev/Publications/ms38/ms084.pdf
• http://selena.sai.msu.ru/Shev/Publications/ms38/ms083.pdf
• http://selena.sai.msu.ru/Pug/Publications/Pugacheva%20LPS%2041.pdf

... Armagh Observatory, College Hill, Armagh BT61 9DG, +44 (0)28 3752 2928 . ... Distribution of the speed w of ejecta (bold curve) relative to a platform moving with a horizontal speed of 1650 m/s and at an altitude h=30 km above the lunar surface. The assumed distribution of the ejection speeds at the surface is a power law with a low cutoff value of 100 m/s and an exponent of 1.2. ... The same conclusion holds for the speed distribution of particles near the surface. ...

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• The Big Bang
• SCL Sfit SLV Commands
• Armagh Astropark: Comets

Astronotes Armagh Planetarium's Stellar Blog! ... This image combines orbital imagery with 3-D modelling to show flows that appear in spring and summer on a slope inside Mars' Newton crater. ... Warm season flows on a slope in Newton Crater, possible evidence of salty liquid water active on Mars today. Image credit: NASA) . ... Frozen water is common on and under the surface of Mars but these images are the best evidence to date for the presence of liquid water on the Martian surface today. ...

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New Images Hint at Wet and Wild History For Europa . Chunky ice rafts and relatively smooth, crater-free patches on the surface of Jupiter's frozen moon Europa suggest a younger, thinner icy surface than previously believed, according to new images from Galileo's spacecraft released today. ... These features, which lend credence to the idea of hidden, subsurface oceans, also are stirring up controversy among scientists who disagree about the age of Europa's surface. ... Europa . ...

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• Luna 16
• Ice Volcanoes Reshape Europa's Chaotic Surface
• Hubble Finds Ozone on Jupiter's Moon Ganymede

... Tags: biased , breakdown point , chi-square , confidence interval , coverage , delta chi-square , estimator , LAD , mean , median , plug-in , rmse . ... Thanks to L. Lyons? work discussed in [ArXiv] Particle Physics , I found this paper, titled Systematic Errors describing the concept and statistical inference related to systematic errors in the field of particle physics. ... Tags: bias , confidence interval , confidence region , coverage , Errors , Estimation , inference , Model Selection . ...

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• Charged Particle Subtraction
• The AstroStat Slog LHC
• The AstroStat Slog Search Results LHC

University Satellites and . Space Science Education . ... It is necessary to select a topic interesting from scientific point of view and simple enough to allow students understand and participate in all stages of experiment from measurements via data analysis to physical inference. ... Solar modulation effects and physical characteristics and analysis of the major solar events are possible only by joining data from space-born and surface particle and radiation detectors. ...

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Blackholes2 Forum Message . Forums: . ... Firtual Particles Are Not Only Particle Pairs . ... Posted by Richard Ruquist on October 19, 2004 12:03:20 UTC . ... Vacuum production of virtual particle pairs cannot violate the uncertainty principle. ... This theory is dual to the particle theory of gravitons. ... www.astronomy.net . About Astronomy Net | ... Forum posts are Copyright their authors as specified in the heading above the post. "dbHTML," "AstroGuide," "ASTRONOMY.NET" & "VA.NET" . ...

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• Holostars: Black Holes Without Event Horizons - an Astronomy Net Blackholes2
• Mass Is Negative Space - an Astronomy Net Bigbang Forum Message
• Testing Convex Surfaces. - an Astronomy Net ATM Forum Message

... Bad Astronomy . Misconceptions . ... Keep Bad Astronomy close to your heart, and help make me filthy rich. ... Comets are not "dirty snowballs" . ... Comets don't lose mass, they gain it . Comets are huge, not dinky . Miscellaneous nonsense . ... McCanney Claim #3: Comets do not lose mass, they gain mass as they near the Sun . This is the core of McCanney's theory. ... The fact that there are features at all on the surface of a comet argues against McCanney's theories. ...

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• Phil Plait's Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions
• Phil Plait's Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions: Astrology

... Tonight's Sky . ... Sky this Month . ... solar system . ... Sky this Week . ... Deflector shields" protect the lunar surface . ... It has long been thought that the swirls were a result of magnetic shielding of the lunar surface from the solar wind, but nobody understood how the relatively weak magnetic fields associated with lunar swirls could sufficiently protect the Moon's surface over hundreds of millions of years to prevent surface darkening and produce such finely detailed patterns. ...

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• Solar wind particles likely source of water locked inside lunar soils |
• Cassini reveals oxygen atmosphere of Saturn's moon Rhea | Astronomy.com
• Solar storms could "sandblast" the Moon | Astronomy.com

... Acceleration of particles in the vicinity of a massive black hole We propose a two-step mechanism for charged particle acceleration in the magnetosphere of a massive black hole surrounded by an accretion disk. Particles first gain energy by stochastic process during the accretion phase. It is shown that effective proton acceleration up to energies eV is possible in the turbulent magnetized accretion disk. ...

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... With this adjustment, the largest three-month range occurs in February-April and is 71 њF. The range for all year, still removing the January 1962 record low, is 88 њF. The expansion coefficient for aluminum alloy 6061 is 24.3 microns/m-њC while that for borosilicate glass E6 is 2.8 microns/m-њC. The expansion coefficient difference is 21.5 microns/m-њC. Combining this number with the scale factor equation from the previous section gives a coefficient of 0.207 mm/њC for primary motion. ...

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• Mirror Cleaning
• Deforming Plug-plates
• Hipparcos Tycho catalog

Lectures . ... Home Lectures Lecture Series 2010-2011 Lecture Series 2010-2011 ? Particle Physics at the LHC and Cosmology? by Michael Tuts . ... Lecture Series 2010-2011 . ... Beyond New York City . ... Observing Resources for Amateur Astronomers - Part 1: Beginning Observers . ... A History of the First Forty Years of the Amateur Astronomers Association . ... Amateur Astronomers Medal . ... 2016 Amateur Astronomers Association of New York Designed by Press Customizr Powered by . ...

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... In brief: the frequency-dependent radiative transfer equation is solved for a dust under assumption of spherically-symmetric geometry for its distribution taking into account particle size distribution and quantum heating effects for the very small dust particles. ... Table: Model parameters for IRAS04296+3429. ... parameter . ... hot dust shell) . ... The best fit to the spectral energy distribution of IRAS04296 is shown by heavy solid line (see Table2 for details concerning parameters of the model...

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• Spiral-Vortex structure excited in shallow water
• CG: Antenna surface

... According to the current estimates, a few percent of Main Sequence B5-F5 stars reveal strong surface magnetic fields reaching the values of tens of kilogauss, which is an order of magnitude greater than the maximal magnetic field in sunspots. ... An important direction in the study of magnetic stars is the study of binary and multiple systems with magnetic components using the techniques of spectroscopy and high angular resolution interferometry. ...

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• Catalog of the LV Galaxies
• Galaxy sector, archive 1996
• Solar activity

... З ПНi Ф УТЪУИ ПУВОЛ ,њflТМВМњ Ф Л~ЛМњ ,УБМЛНМУ,ВМЛfl ЪУ,,У ЩЩВНЪ Л Ф УМОЛБЛ У,М В,,У ЩЛБЛ~ВТНЛИ ТПњТО. к. З. ЗЦСказлдав кУТЪУ,ТНЛИ ,,УТЫ ТЪ,ВММњИ ЫМЛ,В ТЛЪВЪ, кУТЪУ,-М-СУМЫ ЗЗЦСЦзаЦ ї ЗВ ЛМТНЛИ к.З., 1997 1978 . ... ЗЦСказлдав к.З. дЗДзнйЗхв щооЦдн бЦзйзД 71 , , , , 50- .. , , , . дЗДзнйЗхв щооЦдн бЦзйзД. иЦкЗйЦ бзДдйелнЗй . ... 72 лйкйлйЗлдав йЕкДбйЗДнЦгъзхв ЬмкзДг, <9, 1997 a1(t), a2(t). : da 1 i ------- = Va 2 , dt da 2 i ------- = Va 1 , dt (2) - , t - , V - , . ...

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... ATNF Home . About ATNF . ... About ATNF overview . ... Resonant inverse Compton scattering above polar caps: Gap acceleration efficiency for young pulsars . ... Title/Abstract Page: Resonant inverse Compton scattering . ... For a hot polar cap which emits soft photons, RICS can constrain the maximum energies of electrons (or positrons) accelerated in the polar gap in the following two ways: the energy loss competes with acceleration, or by limiting the acceleration length through pair production. ...

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• MNRF Surface extension project
• An HI selected sample of galaxies -- The HI mass function and the surface