... Hiorter and Celsius note that the polar aurora is accompanied by a disturbance of the magnetic needle. ... Richard Carrington in England observes a violent and rapid eruption near a sunspot; 17 hours later a large magnetic storm begins. ... Using it he observes a solar flare and confirms the connection between flares and magnetic storms. ... Explorer 1, launched by the US January 31, observes the radiation belt; Explorer 3, launched in March, comes up with the first clear evidence for its existence....