The efficiency of interaction of radiation with a particle and hence its optical properties depend on the particle chemical composition, size, shape, structure, etc. ... Particle size expressed in units of the wavelength of incident radiation, together with chemical composition, most strongly affects the optical properties of a scatterer. ... There are many methods to solve the light-scattering problem for a homogeneous spheroid (our survey of the light-scattering methods see here ). ...

... The high energy particles (mainly protons and alpha particles) found in the interplanetary space constitute what is called cosmic rays. ... galactic cosmic rays (GCR) originating far outside our solar system . ... anomalous cosmic rays" (ACR) originating from the interstellar space beyond the heliopause . ... The anomalous cosmic rays are most likely produced by neutral atoms in the interstellar space, which . ... The anomalous cosmic rays differ from others by their composition. ...

... In order to disentangle the effects of different climate variables on tree-ring growth rates of different species, and to explore the possibility that more than one species could improve the accuracy of the reconstructions of climate using tree rings, a methodical study of trees in close proximity to the Armagh Observatory climate station was initiated together with Ana Maria Garc?a Su?rez, and continued as part of the latter's PhD thesis with John Butler and Professor Mike Baillie (QUB). ...

... Magnetic fields, subatomic particles, etc., traveling in different directions fill the universe. Do they deflect or otherwise affect one another? If so, isnт??t the information we get from them distorted? ... Neutrino astronomy, which is still in its infancy, is attractive because neutrinos interact so weakly with matter that few of these distorting effects occur. Get instant access to subscriber content on Astronomy.com! ...

... SiD workshop, Fermilab, April 9-11 2007 April 9, 2007 Nick Sinev, SiD design Workshop, Fermilab 1 Topics 1. ... What and how was simulated What and was One column clusters effects Accepted background density Hit reconstruction efficiency Hit efficiency How to improve efficiency Conclusions April 9, 2007 Nick Sinev, SiD design Workshop, Fermilab 2 What is this April 9, 2007 Nick Sinev, SiD design Workshop, Fermilab 3 Marty's idea Shift charge in neighboring columns in opposite directions. ...

... In brief: the frequency-dependent radiative transfer equation is solved for a dust under assumption of spherically-symmetric geometry for its distribution taking into account particle size distribution and quantum heating effects for the very small dust particles. ... Table: Model parameters for IRAS04296+3429. ... parameter . ... hot dust shell) . ... The best fit to the spectral energy distribution of IRAS04296 is shown by heavy solid line (see Table2 for details concerning parameters of the model...

... The shape of the spectrum and its overall level are closely tied, which is why both sensitivity and vignetting were discussed in the previous section. ... Therefore, undulations in the sensitivity function, which have length scales of many ngstroms, at most have a small linear effect across a given spectrum. ... Thermal drifts caused a spectrum to move on the photocathode, so the GHRS routinely performed a SPYBAL (spectrum Y-balance) to properly center the spectrum on the diode array. ...

... Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2002 January 22 . Neutron Bounce Quantized in Earth Gravity . ... Explanation: For the first time, Earth's gravity has been used to isolate quantum energy levels of the neutron. The effect may be used in the future to test for slightly different effects of gravity on neutrally charged particles of different mass . ... About APOD | ...

Next: The Stopping Radius in Up: ``Ecology'' of Magnetic Rotators Previous: The Environment of the . Now we consider qualitatively the effect of the electromagnetic field of a magnetic rotator on the accreting plasma. ... What is important is that both relativistic particles and magnetic dipole radiation will transfer their momentum and hence exert pressure on the accreting plasma. ... 2) The pressure of the accreting plasma is high enough to permit the plasma to enter the light cylinder . ...

... For this paper: postscript PPEUC CMB index 1 Introduction.. ... We present a new model for the formation of spherically symmetric clusters in an expanding Universe. Both the Universe and the collapsing cluster are governed by the same pressure less fluid equations for which a uniform initial density profile is assumed. ... The computation of photon paths allows us to evaluate the gravitational effects imprinted on a Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) photon passing through such an evolving mass. ...

... Particle Sizes in Saturns Rings . ... Credit Copyright: RSS , JPL , ESA , NASA Explanation: What size particles compose Saturn's rings? To help find out, the robot Cassini spacecraft now orbiting Saturn broadcast radio waves of three different wavelengths right through the rings to Earth earlier this month. The experiment was sensitive to ring particle sizes because ring particles much larger than a broadcast radio wavelength will reflect those radio waves away. ... NASA Official: Jay Norris. ...

... gradients dependencies on solar wind parameters and IMF; . ... fate of thermal plasma at the dayside magnetopause. velocity-dispersed injections of the thermal and superthermal ions from LLBL at cusp and cleft (lowest energy VDIS-2 events); . ... outer cusp processes, role of outer cusp indentation, plasma entry (laminar reconnection, turbulent diffusion, others), role of turbulent boundary layer; . how is the magnetosheath plasma heated near magnetopause and cusp? . ... cusp/cleft wave emissions. ...

... So far, there are no corrections for the particle background component that may be different in the source and background regions. ... These calibrations, which are critically required, should tell us about the most reliable way to estimate the particle component in a given region. ... The most straightforward way will be to decompose the background input spectrum as the sum of a ``sky'' component and a particle component computed in the background region. ...

... We want to use HPC resources, exploiting hybrid architectures that allow to load and process data in an acceptable time. ... No race conditions ·Can be used with MPI OpenMP parallel rendering process Process 1 Patch 1 Patch 2 Process 2 Process 3 Patch 3 Patch 4 Process 4 Data in memory OpenMP performances Scaling of the CPU time (total wallclock time ) with the number of OpenMP threads used for visualizing 100 million particles for an 800x800 pixel display ...

... Laboratory for Spectroscopy of Molecular Structures . ... Optics and spectroscopy of molecular and liquid crystals, fullerenes, superthin molecular films. Optical studies of structure, phase transitions, pretransitional phenomena, structural modifications in external field and under high pressure. ... Methods developed in the laboratory enable to determine in free standing films of different types liquid crystals values of polarization, two-dimensional constants of orientational elasticity. ...

Atmospheric influence on the different radio-engineering system functioning . ESTIMATION OF ATMOSPHERIC OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REMOTELY SANSED IMAGE CORRECTION . ... Direct transmittance estimation results for 12 channels of the spectrometer CHRIS. ... We have managed to develop a direct method of estimating the discrete Normalized Atmospheric Point Spread Function (NAPSF) from available images alone, not using any external sources of information about the atmosphere. ... IRE RAS 1996-20 11 ...

... The polarimetry group at the Arcetri Observatory has been working for several years, mainly from the theoretical-interpretative side, on the polarization of the radiation emitted by objects of astrophysical interest. ... E. Landi Degl'Innocenti "The physics of polarization" in "Astrophysical Spectropolarimetry", J. Trujillo Bueno, F. Moreno Insertis, F. Sanchez (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 1. ... E. Landi Degl'Innocenti "The Zeeman effect: applications to solar physics" Astron. ...

... Colours of stars and galaxies hold information on intrinsic and extrinsic parameters, such as stellar temperatures and galaxy populations, selective absorption and colour changes due different dust contents and inclination angles of galaxies, as well as galaxy redshifts and evolution. ... The colour magnitude diagram of 65000 galaxies to which all above-mentioned quantities and others contribute can only be explained by comparison with simulations. ... Colours are also of technical help. ...

... Because of the low conductivity, the magnetic coupling is weak and depends critically on density, temperature, ionisation rate and charged species. ... Implications When the Hall regime dominates near the midplane and ambipolar diffusion is dominant closer to the surface, a thicker layer of the disc is unstable to MRI perturbations and modes grow faster than under the ambipolar diffusion approximation. ... Right panel: For weak coupling, Hall limit perturbations grow until vA/cs ~ 2.9. ...

Masses of asteroids 10 Hygiea and 152 Atala obtained by the dynamical method . ... Masses of asteroids 10 Hygiea and 152 Atala have been obtained by the dynamical method. ... m 152 = 1.34 0.27 (10 -11 Sun )]. ... Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Small Solar System Body (SSSB), mass of asteroids 10 Hygiea, mass of asteroids 152 Atala, the dynamical method, perturbing asteroids, the additional acceleration, the Yarkovsky effect, elimination of erroneous observations, optical observations. ...