... Magnetic trapping . ... 10a. Particle Drift . ... The magnetic force on a moving particle is always perpendicular to the motion, as well as to the magnetic field lines. ... Similarly with the charged particle, the magnetic and centrifugal forces are always balanced. ... Because no energy is needed to keep up the motion, it can (in principle) persist indefinitely. ... Out in space, it usually takes electric forces, not just magnetic ones, to change the total speed and energy of the particles. ...

... Future seminars . ... Relativistic magneto-active laser plasmas " . ... Generation of super-strong magnetic fields. ... This method is based on the observation of resonance interaction between the Landau levels in magnetic field and energy levels of plasma ions. ... The important peculiarity of the energy distribution of fast ions is their slow decreasing up to the energy of 1.4 MeV at the laser intensity of 2 10 18 W/cm 2 ; the effective temperature of fast ions is of the order of 350 keV. ...

Comets are small, fragile, irregularly shaped bodies composed of a mixture of non-volatile grains and frozen gases. ... Most become visible, even in telescopes, only when they get near enough to the Sun for the Sun's radiation to start subliming the volatile gases, which in turn blow away small bits of the solid material. ... Nearly 100 known comets have periods (the time it takes them to make one complete trip around the Sun) five to seven Earth years in length. ...

Cosmic Research, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 435­488. Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 453­508. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Veselovsky, Panasyuk, Avdyushin, Bazilevskaya, Belov, Bogachev, Bogod, Bogomolov, Bothmer, Boyarchuk, Vashenyuk, Vlasov, Gnezdilov, Gorgutsa, Grechnev, Denisov, Dmitriev, Dryer, Yermolaev, Eroshenko, Zherebtsov, Zhitnik, Zhukov, Zastenker, Zelenyi, Zeldovich, Ivanov-Kholodnyi, Ignat'ev, Ishkov, Kolomiytsev, Krasheninnikov, Kudela,