... It seems likely that field-aligned potential drops (upward directed electric fields) are formed to create this effect (e.g., Weimer and Gurnett, 1993), although different wave-related schemes have also been suggested (e.g., Bryant et al., ... Auroral arcs have been related to large, perpendicular electric field structures, electrostatic shocks , observed mostly at geocentric distances 1.4 - 1.8 Re (9000 - 12000 km altitude; Mozer et al., 1977; Torbert and Mozer, 1978; Mozer et al., ... Res. ...

... gradients dependencies on solar wind parameters and IMF; . ... fate of thermal plasma at the dayside magnetopause. velocity-dispersed injections of the thermal and superthermal ions from LLBL at cusp and cleft (lowest energy VDIS-2 events); . ... outer cusp processes, role of outer cusp indentation, plasma entry (laminar reconnection, turbulent diffusion, others), role of turbulent boundary layer; . how is the magnetosheath plasma heated near magnetopause and cusp? . ... cusp/cleft wave emissions. ...

New Images Hint at Wet and Wild History For Europa . Chunky ice rafts and relatively smooth, crater-free patches on the surface of Jupiter's frozen moon Europa suggest a younger, thinner icy surface than previously believed, according to new images from Galileo's spacecraft released today. ... These features, which lend credence to the idea of hidden, subsurface oceans, also are stirring up controversy among scientists who disagree about the age of Europa's surface. ... Europa . ...

Cosmic Research, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 435­488. Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 453­508. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Veselovsky, Panasyuk, Avdyushin, Bazilevskaya, Belov, Bogachev, Bogod, Bogomolov, Bothmer, Boyarchuk, Vashenyuk, Vlasov, Gnezdilov, Gorgutsa, Grechnev, Denisov, Dmitriev, Dryer, Yermolaev, Eroshenko, Zherebtsov, Zhitnik, Zhukov, Zastenker, Zelenyi, Zeldovich, Ivanov-Kholodnyi, Ignat'ev, Ishkov, Kolomiytsev, Krasheninnikov, Kudela,