... Section M-7 describes the basic problem of trigonometry (drawing on the left): finding the distance to some far-away point C, given the directions at which C appears from the two ends of a measured baseline AB. ... That means that the angle ? ... 2? r covers an angle 360њ . ... Suppose you want to estimate the distance to some distant landmark--e.g. a building, tree or water tower. ... Alpha Centauri, the sun-like star nearest to our solar system, has a distance of 4.3 years and a parallax of 0.75"....

... Concerning those theories, Tycho believed that all planets revolved around the Sun, but the Sun circled Earth. ... That was when he published his first two laws of planetary motion: . ... Kepler's 3rd Law . ... Earth . ... Not only were Kepler's laws confirmed and explained by later scientists, but they apply to any orbital system of two bodies--even artificial satellites in orbit around the Earth. ... By Kepler's formula . ... More will be said about Kepler's first two laws in the next two sections...

Titan . ... Hubble Space Telescope Images of Titan's surface . ... Later that year, it will release the European-built Huygens probe for a descent through Titan's atmosphere. ... This artist's rendering shows the European Space Agency's Huygens probe descending into the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan after being released by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. ... This artist's rendering shows the Huygens probe on the surface of Saturn's moon Titan after being released by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. ...

Cosmic Research, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 435­488. Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 453­508. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Veselovsky, Panasyuk, Avdyushin, Bazilevskaya, Belov, Bogachev, Bogod, Bogomolov, Bothmer, Boyarchuk, Vashenyuk, Vlasov, Gnezdilov, Gorgutsa, Grechnev, Denisov, Dmitriev, Dryer, Yermolaev, Eroshenko, Zherebtsov, Zhitnik, Zhukov, Zastenker, Zelenyi, Zeldovich, Ivanov-Kholodnyi, Ignat'ev, Ishkov, Kolomiytsev, Krasheninnikov, Kudela,