... It was developed co-operatively by scientific institutions in the USA, Great Britain and Russia to carry out studies on the thermal infrared radiation of the Martian atmosphere. ... The Martian atmosphere consists of 95% carbon dioxide. ... Despite the "hidden" water on Mars, its current role in the planet's life is quite significant: it can even be a regulator, which keeps the content of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at a constant level. ... a) how large are the water resources on Mars? . ...

... On-the-Fly Reprocessing . ... STIS has moved from the On-the-Fly Calibration (OTFC) processing system to the new On-the-Fly Reprocessing (OTFR) system. ... With OTFR, raw data headers are re-built from these pod files, enabling many changes and fixes to be done at this early step, which were impossible with OTFC. ... There will no longer be a column for Used and Best reference files, since you will by default receive the best reference files, and Used becomes meaningless under the OTFR system. ...

... It was designed to observe the solar wind approaching Earth, from a position near the Lagrangian point L1, and it is part of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) Initiative . ... The original plan called for "Wind" to approach its final station over two years, undergoing two close encounters with the Moon to boost its speed. ... If however the object is moving , the encounter is not symmetric, and in the end the spacecraft may have gained or lost speed, depending on its trajectory. ...

... Stellar Evolution is driven entirely by the never ending battle between Pressure and Gravity . As imbalances are reached, the star is driven to find a new Energy source. ... Pressure and gravitational forces are equal, the star is stable and its core is sufficiently hot to fuse Hydrogen into Helium More about main sequence stars . ... The luminosity generated by the core fusion of Helium into Carbon is far greater than the shell luminosity associated with the fusion of Hydrogen into Helium. ...

... Taken from the NASA/JPL information summary "Our Solar System at a Glance". The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) automated spacecraft for solar system exploration come in many shapes and sizes. ... Electrical power is required to operate the spacecraft instruments and systems. ... Between 1959 and 1971, NASA spacecraft were dispatched to study the Moon and the solar environment; they also scanned the inner planets other than Earth -- Mercury , Venus and Mars . ...

... Science . ... Science Users Information > Data Handling and Products > Data Reduction FAQ > I want to process MOS data of the same target from different nights together - how can I do that? ... Observing Facilities . ... Observing with ESO Telescopes . ... However, if you want to process science data from different nights together you should limit the available calibrations to those from one night as the pipeline assumes that the calibration data were taken without mask movement in between. ...

GRANAT is the Russian x-ray sattelite launched to the high apogee orbit (200,000 km) and operated almost for 10 years (1989 -1999) , carrying out four major instruments: French SIGMA coded-mask hard x-ray telescope (30-1000 keV), Soviet ART-P coded-mask telescope (2??-60?? keV), all-sky monitor WATCH (6-150 keV), and a gamma-burst detector PHEBUS . ... Since September 1994, GRANAT is in the survey mode. ... Explore pages devoted to individual GRANAT instruments (including main scientific results): . ...

... Mark C. Lee (Colonel, USAF, Ret.) NASA Astronaut (former) . ... EDUCATION: Graduated from Viroqua High School, Viroqua, Wisconsin, in 1970; received a bachelor of science degree in civil engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1974, and a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980. ... NASA EXPERIENCE: Lee was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in May 1984. ... Lee retired from NASA and the Air Force effective July 1, 2001. ...