The first indication that the sun might be emitting a "wind" came from comet tails , observed to point away from the Sun, whether the comet was approaching the Sun or whether it was moving away. ... Comet Halley, with plasma tail kink . ... Sunlight pressure cannot explain such behavior, but in 1943 Cuno Hoffmeister in Germany, and later Ludwig Biermann, proposed that apart from sunlight, the Sun also emitted a steady stream of particles, a "solar corpuscular radiation" which pushed the ions. ...

... A violent event of a different type occurred in March 1991, when a powerful interplanetary shock wave hit the Earth's magnetic field and created a new radiation belt. ... At 03:42 Greenwich time on March 24, 1991, the population of high-energy electrons and protons trapped in the Earth's magnetic field suddenly received huge reinforcements. ... The passage of the shock also left Earth with a new long-lived belt of high-energy protons. ... The horizontal axis measures distance from the Earth's center...

... Views of Martian Clouds . ... Although not as pronounced as on Earth , clouds are common features on Mars. The Martian atmosphere has only a trace of water vapor; however, the temperature and pressure is such that the atmosphere is usually close to saturation and produces clouds. Even from Earth based telescopes, clouds have been observed by transient brightening on the surface of Mars. ... Lee waves . ... Wave clouds . ... Image Credit: Calvin J. Hamilton) . Lee Wave . ... Wave Clouds . ...

Cosmic Research, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 435­488. Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 453­508. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Veselovsky, Panasyuk, Avdyushin, Bazilevskaya, Belov, Bogachev, Bogod, Bogomolov, Bothmer, Boyarchuk, Vashenyuk, Vlasov, Gnezdilov, Gorgutsa, Grechnev, Denisov, Dmitriev, Dryer, Yermolaev, Eroshenko, Zherebtsov, Zhitnik, Zhukov, Zastenker, Zelenyi, Zeldovich, Ivanov-Kholodnyi, Ignat'ev, Ishkov, Kolomiytsev, Krasheninnikov, Kudela,