... Consideration of climatic indicators for antenna location during its design and operation . ... Climatic indicators define snow, wind, ice and temperature loads affecting AU elements during operation and influence on selection of structural materials, AU stiffness, unit weight, deformations caused by snow and weight loads, AU thermal deformation, inertia moment of rotation elements, power of drive electric motors, subsequently on static and dynamic errors of AU targeting and AU cost. ...

... In most cases it will however be necessary to compute an appropriate airmass using the COMPUTE/AIRMASS . ... It is important to keep in mind that ``mean airmass'' and ``mean atmospheric extinction correction'' are different from the values at mid-exposure, especially for larger zenith distances. ... For reasonable combinations of exposure time and zenith distance, the weighted mean airmass supplied by COMPUTE/AIRMASS should be appropriate. ...

Next: Examples of data contained Up: Electronic database Previous: Future plans . In astrophysics, the optical constants mainly are used to calculate the optical properties of scatterers, i.e. cross-sections, scattering matrix, etc. ... Optical properties derived from such models have been discussed in some books (see, e.g., [ 2 , 3 ]) and in principle can be calculated by using various light-scattering tools which are freely available via the internet [ 4 ]. ...

... Since image restoration algorithms are highly sensitive to the accuracy of the calculated PSF, a significant portion of our research effort is devoted to accurately modeling the PSF which is a highly non-linear problem. Our approach is based on analytical modeling of the wavefront phase using Zernike polynomials. ... In the Fourier domain, we scale the phase map by an observed PSF to more accurately account for the HST/FOC combination. ... The final result is an improved estimate of the phase map. ...

. Next: Spectral-Line Observing Up: Astronomer's Guide to the Previous: Pulsar Observing . The prospective new user may be unfamiliar with computing the sensitivities to be expected from using the Arecibo telescope. Hence, we present here some formulae for calculating the rms noises that can be expected for various forms of observing at Arecibo. Subsections . Spectral-Line Observing . Pulsars . Robert Minchin 2012-02-22

... The file names' construction . The flight (m) stage's file set . ... the orbital data used for the flight operation monthly (m) long-term planning, . ... The orbital calculations are based on the initial orbital data determined by KIAM RAN using the orbital radio- measurement treatment. The determined initial orbital data are presented as a state vector (satellite position and velocity) in the J2000 reference. ... Accept the file with extension '.bgr', where the Moscow time (MT=UT+3h) is used. ...

Program: MEAN Purpose: Program to calculate the mean of a number of subsets. ... To be used when program is run under an alias name. INSET= Set and subsets for which to calculate the mean subset. Maximum number of input subsets is 2048. BOX= Box for which to calculate average in input subsets [entire subset]. ... WEIGHTS= Weights for individual subsets [1.0]. ... This keyword will be repeated until default is used or the number of weights equals the number of input subsets. ...

Nickolai Copernic: "making the Sun stop, pushing the Earth". ... The aim of Copernic's investigations is improving the calculating schemes. ... In heliocentric system appeared an opportunity of calculating real proportions of Solar system using the radius of the Earth's orbits as an astronomical unit. Copernic's book "About Rotation of Celestial Bodies" contains a discription of astronomical devices as well as a new more exact catalogue of stable stars. ...

ChangeLog for rgsfluxer =============================== Version 1.7 - 2005-04-20 (JAC) ----------- + adapted to cope with TOTAL spectra, removing backcounts + if no background given, no change to previous algorithm + adapted to deal with background spectra as produced by rgsbkgmodel + error calculations updated for new background consideration Version 1.6 - 2003-10-20 (CG) ----------- + bug in initialisation of _qualityRank fixed ...

Next: *upspecrdf, downspecrdf* - Transform Up: Spectral Analysis Previous: *grid_plot* - Plot Results . The conversion of count rate to flux depends on the intrinsic spectrum of the source, so xflux must be used in conjunction with fit . Fit generates a table of the best fit intrinsic spectrum ( _int.tab extension). xflux uses this table to calculate either the integrated flux between two energy limits or the flux density at a specific energy. ... This produces ``..._obs.tab'' file. ...

... We have calculated the binary coalescence rate with time using the ``Scenario Machine'' code, which allows us to simulate evolution of large ensembles of binary stars in an artificial galaxy using a Monte Carlo method (see Lipunov 1992, Lipunov et al 1994, 1995 and references therein). ... The source evolution in a galaxy with given star formation rate is thus calculated as , where is the redshift at the turn-on of star formation, which is the second important parameter of the model. ...

... The cross entropy for this complex image is given by ( 16 ) and ( 17 ). ... Differentiating ( 31 ) with respect to and , we find the gradient of is given by . and upon differentiating once more we find the Hessian (curvature) matrix of has the form . ... and its Hessian matrix reads . ... From ( 16 ) and ( 17 ), we find the components of the gradient vector of the cross entropy are given by . ... Differentiating once more we find the components of the Hessian of the cross entropy to be given by . ...

... Meade Instruments Corporation . ... How to Calculate Power . How to Calculate Power: The magnification, or power, at which a telescope is operating is a function of the focal length of the telescope's main (objective) lens (or primary mirror) and the focal length of the eyepiece employed. ... Example: The Meade DS-2070AT telescope has an objective lens focal length of 700mm; when this telescope is used with a 25mm eyepiece, a power of 700/25 = 28 power (written as "28x") results. ... about meade | ...

Blackholes Forum Message . ... So How Can We Calculate The Mass Of The BH? ... Posted by Lukas on January 25, 2005 14:00:31 UTC . ... Gravity is the weakest force of all - secretary - January 25, 2005 - 18:53 UTC . Singularity - bazukaz - January 25, 2005 - 23:19 UTC . Only in theory - secretary - January 26, 2005 - 02:15 UTC . ... www.astronomy.net . ... Forum posts are Copyright their authors as specified in the heading above the post. "dbHTML," "AstroGuide," "ASTRONOMY.NET" & "VA.NET" . ...

... Next: The PROS Big Up: Software Systems Previous: Data Reduction Software . ... The srcinten task provides PROS users with a tool to compute count rates for point sources in the ROSAT High Resolution Imager (HRI). ... Corrected upper limits are cited at locations where the count rate falls below the source detection threshold. ... Srcinten is a new PROS task that computes and applies the above correction factors to the net counts in a user-specified aperture. ...

The Arcetri Spectral Code (Landi and Landini 1998) allows to evaluate the spectrum of continuum and line radiation emitted by hot and optically thin plasmas in the spectral range 1-2000 Angstrom. The Code is composed by a large database of atomic data and transition probabilities for calculating spectral line emissivities and a suite of fortran programs able to evaluate free-free, free-bound and two-photon continuum radiation. ... To get he Arcetri Spectral Code related publications . ...

This diagram shows the six superimposed "layers" of the CSS table model. This diagram illustrates the algorithm for calculating a cell's final background. ... The diagram shows how, looking down on the six rectangles, one may compute the background color of each cell. ... A cell without a background color in the top layer is depicted as a "window" onto the lower layers, which give its final background color. ...

... Tonight's Sky . ... Astronomy for Kids . ... Do orbital motions between galaxies affect calculations of the cosmological redshift? ... RELATED TOPICS: COSMOLOGICAL REDSHIFT . ... The observed redshift, or wavelength shift due to motion, of a galaxy s characteristic light spectrum is a combination of the galaxy s motion with respect to its neighbors ( peculiar velocity ) and the expansion of the universe ( cosmological redshift ). ... Get instant access to subscriber content on Astronomy.com! ...

SiD Tracking using VXD Nick Sinev, University of Oregon Plan Motivation Track reconstruction algorithm Performance for single tracks Does it have any limits ? With backgrounds To do Motivation Tracking in SiD is a challenge, especially pattern recognition. ... Limitations caused by reconstruction speed consideration In the presence of high number of background hits, number of 3-point combinations used as track seed became enormous if we consider all combinations. ...

MAIN METROLOGICAL CENTER RUSSIAN FEDERATION National Research Institute for Physical-Technical and Radio Engineering Measurements (VNIIFTRI) e ­ mail: pasynok@vniiftri.ru, ru bezmenov@vniiftri.ru JOURNEESE 2014 VNIIFTRI as the Russian Main Metrological Center of Time, Frequencies and Earth Rotation Service th ti carried out the rapid EOP processing based on GNSS, VLBI and SLR observations for many years. 2 VNIIFTRI takes participation in GNSS and SLR observations of IGS and ILRS too. ...