The Doppler shift is the effect of sound increasing or decreasing in pitch as an object moves towards or away from you. ... Light works the same way, except light is shifted to redder colours when an object is moving away, and to blue colours when an object is travelling towards us. ... Almost every object he observed had its light stretched to redder colours, indicating essentially everything in the Universe was moving away from us. ... So the Hubble constant tells us how old the Universe is. ...

... Printed in U.S.A. THE STELLAR DISK THICKNESS OF LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS GALAXIES D. Bizyaev 1,2,3 and S. Kajsin 4 Received 2003 October 23; accepted 2004 June 9 ABSTRACT We present surface photometry results for a sample of 11 edge-on galaxies observed with the 6 m telescope at the Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russia. ... We find from a comparison of photometric scales that the stellar disks of LSB galaxies are thinner than those of high surface brightness ( HSB) galaxies. ... UGC 11301 .. ...