... The SAS task especget has been designed to allow extraction of source+background and background spectra, redistribution matrices, and effective area vectors from an EPIC event list with a single command. especget can be launched from the main xmmselect window, in which case an extraction region size optimization algorithm is also ran, which maximizes the signal-to-noise of the net source spectrum. ... When you are happy with your definition, click the button 1D region in the xmmselect window. ...

... Imagine that for every pixel in the color image, you take its luminance value (that's how bright it appears). ... In the end, you will have a histogram which counts how many times each luminance value appears in the image (that histogram can be used to analyze the distribution of the luminance values in the image). ... For the watermark effect, we want to use the same value that we used in the Stretch Contrast step, so that the lightest color will be in fact white (255), and nothing will get clamped...

... Previous: Background Fluctuation Analysis from the Multiscale Entropy . ... A new measure of information is defined which is based on noise modeling and incorporates resolution scale. Properties of this measure are discussed. ... Additionally it allows for image noise modeling, and subsequent noise removal. ... Hence information- and entropy-based processing technologies will be necessary for the effective design and implementation of large, future generation, image databases. ...

Next: Numerical Results Up: Regularization and Smoothing for Previous: Finite Dimensional Approximation . ... Although the mentioned package contains a special coding algorithm for smoothing images, we did not use it, because it is really effective only when the noise is white and this is not true in our case. ... The smoothed image is finally obtained by adding up the coded error to the coded edge image. This image is only roughly smoothed. ...

... champ name : Source ID in the format explained in the Definitions section. ra : RA in decimal degrees. ... pos_error : Source count extraction radius in arcseconds. netB : net counts in B-band. See Definitions section. error_netB : error of net counts in B-band. see Definitions section. netS : S-band net counts, defined analogously to netB . ... See Definitions section. C21 : X-ray color. ... C32 : X-ray color. See Definitions section. rateB : B-band count rate in ksec. ...

Next: Preparing Data Frames Up: Object Search and Previous: What Data Frames . The user is advised to start working with this new kind of observational material by applying commands to small regions of an investigated frame in order to properly tune control parameters. ... Preparing Data Frames . Setting the Low and High Cuts . Setting the Keywords used by SEARCH/INV Command . Executing the ANALYSE/INV Command . Setting the Keywords used by the ANALYSE Command . ...

In the PROJECT we are using the following peculiar . features of RATAN-600 . ... Brightness temperature sensitivity being equal to the antenna temperature sensitivity .. ... Receiver system .. ... Using aperture averaging effect. dual- beam and dual (multi-) frequency filtration, we demonstrated full filtration of the atmosphere noise down to the receiver noise at all scales of acoustics peaks ( Fig.1 , Fig 2 ). ... We select this frequency as the central one in our project. ... Antenna surface . ...

... The orbits as follows are considered: INTERBALL Tail Probe (IB_TAIL) & Auroral Probe (IB_AUR), GEOTAIL (NASA/ISAS), and POLAR (NASA). ... The situation investigation aim is to select the following favourable spatial positions (FSP) : . ... FSP3 : That part of the FSP1 & FSP2 time intervals, which corresponds to the magnetic conjugations of the any couple of the considered spacecraft. ... The polar diagram plot . ... The geocentric distance (GCD) of the 4 spacecraft as a function of the time. ...

Next: Summary Report Up: Phenology Garden Previous: Phenology Garden Contents . ... The creation of a phenology garden in Armagh, a project still in its infancy, is part of this effort. ... There is a need for such gardens to be close to meteorological stations having long time series of observations for calibration purposes, one of the Armagh Observatory's strengths in the environmental field. ... Armagh. ...

... Effective immediately, the following telescope dust closure rules and guidelines will be followed by all users of APO telescopes, both by operations staff and visitors. ... 3.5-m Telescope: . use dust monitor in enclosure when telescope is open. when > 1 micron dust level is in the 2000 to 3000 range, operate enclosure pressurization fan and close louvers while telescope is open, checking enclosure dust level every 15 minutes. if level inside enclosure exceeds 3000, close telescope. ...

I was wondering what conditions should be met to have the "darkest" sky .. ... Upon the above publication of the Southern Galactic hemisphere, TunГ Tezel started seeking opportunities to create the Northern counterpart image. ... So, the initial quest of having the darkest possible sky have delivered us these two all-sky images of the two galactic hemispheres as seen from Planet Earth. Zoomable and 'full-screenable' fisheye view of the "darkest sky" Southern Galactic Hemisphere image. ...

The following figures show the behaviour of the efficiency factors Q ext , Q sca , Q abs as well as albedo and asymmetry parameter g for porous particles. ... These optical characteristics are compared with results of Lorenz-Mie calculations for corresponding n -layered spheres. ... factors . Qext(x) . Qsca(x) . ... Qabs (x) . ... albedo (x) . ... Henning, Modelling the optical properties of composite and porous interstellar grains, Astronomy and Astrophysics , 429 , 371-381, 2005. ...

... The J, H and K bands are characterized by a bright background, such a background is mainly due to the emission of atmospheric lines and of thermal radiation. ... If the source cover a large fraction of the slit, spectra off-source must be observed to adequately sample the sky background. ... The on chip integration time (time spent in each position of the slit) must not exceed 40 seconds in J and H bands and 60 seconds in K band. ... We suggest a sequence of 10 for each elementary integration time. ...

... Primordial theory review : Dick Bond . Defects and the CMB review : Andy Albrecht . ... Gravitational wave contribution to CMB anisotropies : V.B. Lukash and E.V. Mikheeva . C_l from cosmic strings : Lloyd Knox . Some aspects of CMB anisotropies induced from topological defects : Mairi Sakellariadou . ... CMB anisotropies from scaling sources : Ruth Durrer . ... SZ observations I : Sarah Church . ... Holes in the microwave sky? ... Detecting cosmic strings in the CMB : James Robinson . ...

Next: The Corotation Radius Up: ``Ecology'' of Magnetic Rotators Previous: The Stopping Radius in . Apparently, the magnetic field of a star becomes significant only when the stopping radius exceeds the radius of the star, . ... Most presently observed NS have magnetic fields  G and dipole moments  G cm , so the magnetic field must necessarily be taken into account when considering interaction of matter with these stars. ... Sat Feb 22 18:38:13 MSK 1997 ...

... COMPUTER SIMULATION OF RADIOWAVE MULTIPLE SCATTERING EFFECTS IN IONOSPHERE USING MONTE-CARLO METHOD . ... Distribution of reflected radiation on the ground is computed. ... Such influence can be remarkable if the scattering is multiple, i.e. the optical thickness for the scattering process is considerably greater than a unit. ... Radiation energy transfer in the slab is modeled by distribution of some particles carring small portions of radiation energy. ... The isotropic plasma approximation is...

... They cover a period of 4 days in which the Supernova continues to rise in brightness (what astronomers call magntiude). ... First Image Taken on March 11 at 8:22 UT. Second Image Taken on March 12 at 8:52 UT. ... The supernova is the same brightness as in the previous image taken 2 hours ago . ... This image, taken 24 hours after the previous image, shows the supernova to be another 0.21mag (or about 25%) brighter. ... Hopefully the images do show that the brightness of the Supernova is changing. ...

Follow-up astrometry and recoveries are made with the ANU 40 inch (1.0-m) f/8 reflector at Siding Spring Observatory (IAU code 413). ... A routine follow-up of 2003 WY153 on 2003 Dec 15 became much more than routine when a faint object with unusual motion vector was found close to the target asteroid. ... During routine astrometry with the 1.0-m to improve the orbit of the Apollo asteroid 2004 CB, the asteroid was found on March 30 to have a short tail! ... Siding Spring Survey Main Page . ...

hstpolsim -- Produce simulated polarization input data frames for HST instruments . ... inint = "" [name] . ... Name of the HST instrument for which simulated polarization images are to be produced. ... Name of the instrument specific polarizing filter for simulated images (ignored for SPECIAL instrument). filtname = "" [name] . Name of the instrument specific colour filter for simulated images. ... The header parameter FILTER provides the filter name and POLANG the polarizer angle. ...

... ATNF Home . ... About ATNF overview . ... Australia Telescope Steering Committee . ... Management | ... Astrophysics graduate student programs . ... Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory . ... Parkes radio telescope . ... Visiting Parkes radio telescope . ... Parkes radio telescope webcam . ... an ATNF upgrade of its Compact Array radio telescope to operate at high frequencies (corresponding to millimetre wavelengths), and an extension of its very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) capabilities; . ...