... Using the central limit theorem, the total noise can be approximated by a Gaussian or normal distribution which has the frequency function : . ... where is the mean intensity of the source. ... In the statistical analysis of the probability distribution of data several estimators based on moments are used. ... For a normal distribution, these moments are and while for a Poisson distribution are and . Besides these moments other estimators are used to describe a distribution e.g. median and mode . ...

... In brief: the frequency-dependent radiative transfer equation is solved for a dust under assumption of spherically-symmetric geometry for its distribution taking into account particle size distribution and quantum heating effects for the very small dust particles. ... Table: Model parameters for IRAS04296+3429. ... parameter . ... hot dust shell) . ... The best fit to the spectral energy distribution of IRAS04296 is shown by heavy solid line (see Table2 for details concerning parameters of the model...

Next: When the clock is Up: Keeping Time Previous: The hardware and software . In the Debian system, the system time zone is determined by the symbolic link /etc/localtime љ . ... If it is unset, the system time zone is assumed. ... The date љ command shows the current date and time. ... date љ is also used to set the kernel's software clock: # date 07142157 . ... While each user can have his own time zone, the clock is the same for everyone. date љ only shows or sets the software clock. ...

... WFC3 Data Handbook > Chapter 6: Charge Transfer Efficiency (CTE) > 6.3 The Pixel-Based Model . ... The previous section made reference to the pixel-based model of CTE losses. ... The basic model assumes that each column contains a number of charge traps distributed evenly among its pixels from j=1 to j=2048. ... In the near future, the WFC3/UVIS team plans to use overscan and charge-injection data to construct a rough model of the specific trap distribution within in each column. ...

... Archives . ... Poisson vs Gaussian . ... Probability density functions are another way of summarizing the consequences of assuming a Gaussian error distribution when the true distribution is Poisson. We can compute the posterior probability of the intensity of a source , when some number of counts are observed in a source region, and the background is estimated using counts observed in a different region. ... Tags: background , gaussian , PDF , Poisson . ... Chandra Blog . ...

Distribution of the analyzed SEPs with different >100 MeV proton fluxes ( J 100 ) at the microwave flux density plane ' S 9 vs. ... 1) General correspondence takes place between intensities of microwave bursts and proton fluxes - J 100 increases when S 9 and S 15 rise. ... 3) Powerful microwave bursts ( S 9 , S 15 >3000-10000 sfu ) with hard radio spectra ( S 9 < S 15 ) correspond to majority of powerful proton fluxes ( J 100 >10 pfu ). ...

Next: Identification and Analysis of Binary Star Systems using Probability Theory . ... We present a computing code for modelling energy flux distributions, photometric indices and spectral line profiles of (non-)radially pulsating Main-Sequence stars. ... In the case of slowly rotating stars one can use the zero-rotation approximation to describe stellar pulsations. Such a model was used already by Cugier, Dziembowski & Pamyatnykh (1994) to study nonadiabatic observables of Cephei stars. ...

... We now describe the input parameters to the self-calibration tasks. ... For selfcal , you need not perform source , dra , or ddec selection if you use the selradec option (see below). minants : The minimum number of antenna that must be present before the tasks will attempt to find a solution. ... and phase : This determines whether the self-calibration tasks solve for just phase ( options=phase , which is the default) or amplitude and phase solution ( options=amplitude ). mfs : . ...

... Spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for active galactic nuclei (AGN) are made publicly available by computing self-consistent 2-phase AGN torus models. ... Dust extends from the dust evaporation radius, typically located between pc/10 Heymann Siebenmorgen (2012). We consider fluffy dust particles ( Kr gel Siebenmorgen , 1994). ... As an example we show below the SEDs of an AGN computed with diffuse ISM dust ( Siebenmorgen et al 2014) and fluffy grains ( Kr gel Siebenmorgen 1994) . ...

Following are instructions to build and install the programs in this distribution. Make sure that you have all necessary tools for building executables. ... The automatic build process expects a configuration file called Config.local . ... The configuration file specifies the directory in which to install the binaries, as well as control over the generation of debugging code and reference clock support. ... Cleans out object files, programs and temporary files. make distclean . ...

... One of the most widely used tools of Fourier analysis is the Parseval theorem. It enables the experimentalist to view how the `energy' in the signal is distributed among frequencies. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithms have made power spectra one of the obvious diagnostics tools during data acquisition, and energy maps are a versatile alternative. ... The result is an energy map (Fig. 9), showing the distribution of energy corresponding to the wavelet map (Fig. ...

To construct two-dimension distribution of minor planets user should specify elements/ parameters/ function that will be plotted as abscissas and ordinates. In three-dimension case one should add to them the element plotted on Z axis. ... Though you may choose elements plotted along different axes at will, often there is good reason to plot such elements as a, n, or n" along X axis (two-dimension distributions) and to plot them along Y axis in three-dimension case. ...

Next: Polarization efficiency: size/shape/orientation effects Up: Optical properties of cosmic Previous: The 2175? feature . To model the interstellar polarization one needs to calculate the forward-transmitted radiation for an ensemble of non-spherical aligned dust grains. ... Let non-polarized stellar radiation passes through a dusty cloud with a homogeneous magnetic field. ... The angle between the line of sight and the magnetic field is ( ). ... where the angle is connected with and ( ). ...

... Bisnovatyi-Kogan, Gennady S.; Merafina , Marco; Vaccarelli , Maria Rosaria; Spherically Symmetric Stellar Clusters with Anisotropy and Cutoff Energy in Momentum Distribution. ... We construct numerical models of spherically symmetric Newtonian stellar clusters with anisotropic distribution functions. ... Models of spherically symmetric relativistic stellar clusters with anisotropic distribution functions in relativistic regime are described by using Maxwellian distribution function with energy...

. For a normalised Gaussian distribution: . Where the standard deviation is . The FWHM of this function (assuming is zero) will be: . Temperature from linewidth:

Scale-heights of the Galactic disk subsytems with different ages and metallicities . V.Marsakov & Yu. ... It is based on the fact, that all stars cross the disk plane several times during their Galactic orbital period. ... We have used our representative sample of nearby disk F2-G2 stars Marsakov & Shevelev (1995) in which fundamental stellar parameters was determined on the basis of published date on uvby-photometry, proper motion and radial velocities. ... Marsakov V.A., Shevelev Yu.G. Bull. ...

The project of the informational system creation on the problem of evolution of radio galaxies, as a part of the "Big Trio" project aimed on studing of distant radio galaxies, is designed. This system allows a user to operate with simulated curves of spectral energy distributions (SED) to estimate ages and redshifts by photometry data. Authors use SEDs of several models for different types of galaxies. ... The HTTP and e-mail access is organized to this system. ...

Fast algorithm of reconstruction of absolute conductivity distribution in a cross-section of human body by measurements of electrodes' potentials on the skin surface is described. ... This paper describes fast algorithm for absolute conductivity reconstruction and results of its application. ... The main problem under the absolute image reconstruction is obtaining of reference data, corresponding to the object with uniform conductivity and the same electrode positions. ...

These lesson introduces you to the use of uncertainties. ... It introduces probability distribution functions, the Gaussian Distribution, hypothesis testing and model fitting. This lesson introduces you to the different types of uncertainty, and how you can estimate them from the scatter in your measurements, or from knowledge of your experimental set-up. ... It also covers averaging and how that affects uncertainties. Back Main Lab-Skills Page . ...

... 1) Studying distributions of stars of different ages in irregular and spiral galaxies we found for each galaxy a clear correlation between the age of stars and the spatial size of the subsystems of stars of this age. ... We made a stellar photometry of eight NGC 1313 fields and of its dwarf companion AM 0319-662 and studied the visible distribution of stars of different ages and of metallicity in the galaxy. ... This disappeared galaxy was the cause of the gravitational deformation of NGC 1313. ...