... Matter is made of atoms. Each atom, in its turn, is made of electrically charged components: . ... one or more negative electrons . Nucleus and electrons are held together by the electric attraction between positive (+) and negative (-) charges. ... What is left is an electrically charged atom or " ion, " carrying a positive charge, and the process is known as " ionization. ... The atom of barium is particularly easy to ionize, because its outermost electron is very loosely bound. ...
... On 4 April 2005, INTAS, the International Association for the promotion of cooperation with scientists from the New Independent States(NIS) of the former Soviet Union, launched the first stage of its Open Call for Research Projects Proposals 2005-2006. With an indicative budget of ?12 million, the INTAS Open Call 2005-2006 encompasses basic and applied research with no thematic orgeographical restrictions, but excluding market-oriented technology development. ...
Courtesy of NASA's National Space Science Data Center . ... On-orbit dry mass: 1106.00 kg . Venera 4 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (67-058B) towards the planet Venus with the announced mission of direct atmospheric studies. On October 18, 1967, the spacecraft entered the Venusian atmosphere and released two thermometers, a barameter, a radio altimeter, and atmospheric density gauge, 11 gas analyzers, and two radio transmitters operating in the DM waveband. ... Space History . ...