... At the summer date, at the chosen time, the Sun is high in the sky. at point S, while at the winter date, it is low in the sky, at point W. The shadow of the gnomon is always in the plane containing the Sun and the points A and B. If AB is a thin line, the shadow will also be a thin line, the intersection of this plane with the base of the sundial. ... Summer or winter, the shadow is therefore along the same line, the intersection of the above plane and the base of the sundial. ...

... And night unto night revealeth knowledge; . ... They noticed that the stars in that celestial canopy, the "firmament," maintained fixed patterns-- constellations --night after night. ... Like a globe, the sphere of the sky has two points around which it turns, points that mark its axis --the poles of the celestial sphere. ... The axis around which the Earth spins points in a certain direction in the sky, and that is also the direction of the pole star (or more accurately, the northern celestial pole...

Phobos 1 and 2 to Mars . ... Launch Date: July 7, 1988 (Phobos 1) and July 21, 1988 (Phobos 2) . ... Phobos 1, and its companion spacecraft Phobos 2, were the next-generation in the Venera-type planetary missions, succeeding those last used during the Vega 1 and 2 missions to comet P/Halley . ... perform observations of the Sun ; . ... Below these were mounted four spherical tanks containing hydrazine for attitude control and, after the main propulsion module was to be jettisoned, orbit adjustment. ...

Cosmic Research, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 435­488. Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 453­508. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Veselovsky, Panasyuk, Avdyushin, Bazilevskaya, Belov, Bogachev, Bogod, Bogomolov, Bothmer, Boyarchuk, Vashenyuk, Vlasov, Gnezdilov, Gorgutsa, Grechnev, Denisov, Dmitriev, Dryer, Yermolaev, Eroshenko, Zherebtsov, Zhitnik, Zhukov, Zastenker, Zelenyi, Zeldovich, Ivanov-Kholodnyi, Ignat'ev, Ishkov, Kolomiytsev, Krasheninnikov, Kudela,