... Problem 1.1: (4pts) We want to use supernovae as a standard candle to measure luminosity distance as a function of redshift in order to determine the Hubble Constant. ... Problem 2: In a flat Universe, the luminosity distance to an object at redshift z, in a universe made up of i forms of matter each with an equation of state wi and density, i is given by ,1 / 2 z & ) c 3 + 3wi DL = (1 + z) # dz"(% $i (1 + z") + H0 'i * 0 2.1 (5 pts). ... Assume the universe is radiation dominated the whole time. ...

... Printed in U.S.A. THE STELLAR DISK THICKNESS OF LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS GALAXIES D. Bizyaev 1,2,3 and S. Kajsin 4 Received 2003 October 23; accepted 2004 June 9 ABSTRACT We present surface photometry results for a sample of 11 edge-on galaxies observed with the 6 m telescope at the Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russia. ... We find from a comparison of photometric scales that the stellar disks of LSB galaxies are thinner than those of high surface brightness ( HSB) galaxies. ... UGC 11301 .. ...