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2001. How to tell a sine from a cosine
... Deriving sines cosines . ... Let the sides of the triangle be named ( a,b,c ), each matching the name of the angle across from it. ... a / c = sin A -- "the sine (or sinus) of A" . ... This statement is usually written with the square written sin 2 A (not sinA 2 , which might be taken to mean the sine of an angle equal to A 2 ): . ... The length of side a then approaches that of c , while the length of b becomes very small: therefore as A approaches 90?, sinA approaches 1 and cosA approaches zero. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Strig2.htm -- 8.3 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2002. Trigonometry--what it is good for?
... Sighting the telescope, first at the tree and then at pole B, you measure the angle A of the triangle ABC, equal to the difference between the numbers you have read from the azimuth plate.. ... Why triangles? ... One large surveying project of the 1800s was the " Great Trigonometric Survey " of British India. ... Everest was the one who commisioned and first used those giant theodolites; they are now on display in the Museum of the Survey of India in Dehra Dum. ... Everest . ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Strig1.htm -- 10.0 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2003. Orbits in Space
... All space orbits obey the laws of Kepler and Newton. ... data from orbiting spacecraft . ... An equatorial satellite at this distance has a period of 24 hours and therefore, as the Earth rotates, it stays above the same point on the Earth's equator . ... By Kepler's 3rd law, a spacecraft going around the Sun in a circle smaller than the Earth's orbit will always have a shorter period and will move faster, and if launched from Earth its distance will grow until it and the Earth are well separated. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Sorbit.htm -- 18.3 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2004. Librations of the Moon
... The Moon (1) . ... At any time, only half of the Moon's surface is visible from Earth, but librations allow us to "peek around the edges." ... Just as the rotation axis of the Earth is inclined by (90??23.5?) to the Earth-Sun direction ( drawing above , from section #3 "Seasons of the year"), so the rotation axis of the Moon is inclined by about (90??6.5?) to the mean Moon-Earth line. ... When it speeds up, the rotation of the Moon-Earth line around the Earth (measured in degrees per hour) is faster...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Smoon4.htm -- 16.5 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2005. Hints to Users
... These hints are for my own system--Netscape 3.01 on a Macintosh. ... You can make the text more legible by using a larger font: --On the menu bar, go to Options menu. ... To Disable Images --On the menu bar, go to Options menu. ... Disabling the images speeds up loading from the web--although in "Stargazers" images load quickly, most of them are small and have reduced palettes. ... You may send me questions at the e-mail address on the bottom of the page, and I will answer as many as time allows . ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Shints.htm -- 4.7 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2006. Do Frogs Exist there Too ?
... Astronomy index . ... This tour, of the world of astronomy, physics and spaceflight, may just as well end with a light-hearted 1878 poem by the Czech poet Jan Neruda . ... Do Frogs Exist there Too ?" . ... Like moles they dig for learning. ... They call one foot, that's all. ... Do frogs exist there too?" ... star? jim ?ab?k u?en? . ... teprv jim loket jeden. ... Foot" as used here, in Czech "loket," actually means "cubit," the distance from elbow to stretched fingertips, about a foot and a half. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Sfrogs.htm -- 9.5 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2007. The Aberration of Starlight
... 22a.Starlight Aberration . ... 24a.The Rotating Earth . ... Seen from the boat, the flag always points to the rear, because in the boat's frame of reference, a wind with velocity ?u seems to be blowing. It always points in the same direction. ... The vector PA represents the velocity of light coming from Polaris at c=300,000 km/s. The vector AB represents the velocity ?u of Polaris relative to Earth, equal in size to the Earth's velocity u =30 km/s in its orbit, but in opposite direction. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Saberr.htm -- 19.3 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2008. David P. Stern David P. Stern
... Code 612.3, Goddard Space Flight Center . ... Main interests are mapping and physics of the global magnetosphere, also science education and history of science (headed AGU Committee on the History of Geophysics 1981-88, Eos history editor 1999-2001). ... Using Space to Teach Physics " by D.P. Stern, The Physics Teacher, 37, 102-103 (February 1999). ... A Brief History of Magnetospheric Physics during the Space Age ", Rev. Geophysics, 34, 1-31, 1996. ... Author and curator: Dr. David P. Stern . ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Sstern.htm -- 6.9 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2009. Glossary
... Apparent motion . ... Binding energy . ... Bulge of the Earth . ... Copernican System -- A theory of planetary motions, proposed by Copernicus, according to which all planets move in circular orbits around the Sun, the ones closer to the Sun moving faster, with the Earth itself a planet orbiting between Venus and Mars. ... When one of the frames is accelerated, however, the two are not equivalent: Earth rotating around its axis fits Newtonian mechanics, the Sun going around a fixed Earth does not. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Sgloss.htm -- 127.5 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2010. Problems in Trigonometry
... It is assumed that you have available a calculator which can derive sines and cosines, and also has functions sin -1 and cos -1 which given sinA or cosA can find the angle A, in the range 0 to 180 degrees. A triangle ABC has a right angle C and two sharp angles A and B. The triangle's sides AC and BC on both sides of the right angle C are given as: . ... a) When a beam of light hits the surface of a flat piece of glass, it is generally bent by some angle. ... AP cos? = x sin? + y cos a . ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Strig6.htm -- 14.0 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2011. The Scale of the Solar System
... 9a. Earth orbits Sun? . ... 10a. Scale of Solar Sys. ... If the mean distance of Earth from the Sun is 1 AU ("Astronomical Unit"), then that of Venus is 0.723 AU, of Mercury 0.387 AU and that of Mars is 1.524 AU. ... By noting (1) where on the Sun's disk is the crossing seen, (2) timing its duration at two far-apart points on Earth, and (3) comparing the times, one can calculate the distance to Venus and from it the scale of the solar system. ... One occurred in 1639--too early. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Sscale.htm -- 11.7 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2012. The Moon
... The Round Earth . ... Some of the names he used for the Moon's crater are of persons discussed in "Stargazers"-- Tycho (distinguished by bright streaks that radiate from it), Ptolemy ("Ptolemaeus"), Copernicus , Kepler , Aristarchus , Hipparchus , Erathosthenes ; Meton and Pythagoras are on the edge, near the northern pole. ... Those moons display " palimpsest" craters which are merely surface markings, because as time passed, the walls which originally existed sagged back onto the flat surface. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Smoon2.htm -- 21.5 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2013. Flight to Mars: the Return Trip
... Just one: a very stringent requirement on the relative positions of Earth and Mars at the time of launch. ... Suppose the spacecraft which has landed on Mars is a robot , which collects a sample and immediately takes off again for its return trip. ... Since Earth and Mars constantly change their relative position, it stands to reason that if we sufficiently delay the return trip, Earth will move from position (2) relative to Mars to position (3), at which time the return trip can begin. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Smars3.htm -- 13.0 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2014. Flight to Mars: Calculations
... This section calculates two essential details: the velocity boost needed to inject the Mars spaceship into the transfer orbit, and the arrival velocity at the orbit of Mars. ... 22c. Flight (1) . ... 24a.The Rotating Earth . ... As before, r 1 = 1 AU is the distance of Earth from the Sun, r 2 = 1.523691 AU that of Mars, and (as an approximation) both planets are assumed to move in circles. ... Lower-case v identifies velocities associated with orbits around Earth rather than around the Sun. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Smars2.htm -- 25.8 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2015. Flight to Mars: How Long? And along what path?
... 22c. Flight (1) . ... 24a.The Rotating Earth . ... Assuming our rocket and spaceship are provided--how should they be aimed, and how long would the flight take? As an approximation assume that the orbits of Earth and Mars are both circles in the same plane, centered on the Sun. ... That is an ellipse with perihelion P (point closest to the Sun) at the orbit of Earth and aphelion A (point most distant from the Sun) at the orbit of Mars (drawing). ... The length PA of that ellipse is, in AU, . ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Smars1.htm -- 15.3 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2016. Could Earth be Revolving around the Sun?
... The Round Earth . ... 9a. Earth orbits Sun? . ... Aristarchus of Samos, an early Greek astronomer (about 310 to 230 BC), was the first to suggest that the Earth revolved around the Sun, rather than the other way around. ... However, one could guess why he believed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the central body around which the other one revolved. ... At such a time the Moon moves through the Earth's shadow, and what Aristarchus saw convinced him that the shadow was about twice as wide as the Moon...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Sarist.htm -- 14.3 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2017. Far-out Pathways to Space: Great Guns?
... 30a. The HARP cannon . ... in the tube on top, the gun barrel is on bottom. ... Suppose the barrel of the cannon is a mile long (?1600 meter) and the final velocity v , the one with which the shell emerges, is the escape velocity from the surface of the Earth . ... The solution is to use a gun with two connected barrels, an auxiliary barrel as well as a main one in which the payload is accelerated (see drawing ). ... Next Regular Stop: #31 Far-out Pathways to Space: Nuclear Power . ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/SSHARP.htm -- 12.7 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2018. Magnetism afterGilbert "
... Early studies of magnetism were driven by a practical motive: ships navigating the ocean relied on the magnetic compass. ... The current explanation of the Earth's magnetism involves electric currents, deep in the Earth's molten core, as discussed in later sections of this site. ... From his observations Halley created the first magnetic chart (indeed, the first contour chart ever) and it was widely used throughout the 18th century, even when it was no longer up-to-date (see it here ). ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/earthmag/to1820.htm -- 9.0 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2019. Teaching about the Earth's Magnetism in Earth Sciences--Part 3
... Faraday himself in 1832 tried to measure electric currents created this way, by the flow of London's river Thames across the magnetic field of the earth. ... The Earth's Core Neither can we see how the molten iron of the core flows (earthquake waves tell that the innermost part is solid again), even though its flows may be very slow. ... And here is where magnetism entered the picture: as the lava hardened into basalt, it acquired a magnetic polarity , due to the magnetic field of the Earth. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/earthmag/NSTA1C.htm -- 18.0 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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2020. Teaching about the Earth's Magnetism in Earth Sciences--Part 2
... For Teachers . ... Gilbert' Terrella Gilbert carried out many experiments, but the most famous one was his explanation, why the compass pointed north. ... Over the surface of the terrella he moved a magnetic compass. ... It then recounts the later history of the Earth's magnetism, including.. ... Teaching about the Earth's Magnetism in Earth Sciences , a one-hour illustrated talk given by the author 18 November 2000 before the regional meeting of the National Association of Science teachers (NSTA). ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/earthmag/NSTA1B.htm -- 17.3 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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