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36941. Venera 11 Descent Craft
... The Venera 11 descent craft carried instruments designed to study the detailed chemical composition of the atmosphere, the nature of the clouds, and the thermal balance of the atmosphere. Separating from its flight platform on December 25, 1978, it made a soft landing on the surface after a descent time of approximately 1 hour. During this time, it employed aerodynamic braking followed by parachute braking and ending with atmospheric braking. ... Space History . ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/venera11.htm -- 3.4 Кб -- 15.03.1998
[ Сохраненная копия ] Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/~baffa/Astro/solar/eng/venera11.htm -- 3.4 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36942. Mars Exploration Rationale
The Rationale for Exploring Mars . ... The human exploration of Mars will be an enterprise that confirms the potential for humans to leave their home planet and make their way outward into the cosmos. ... For the first time in a space exploration mission, it will be up to the crew to solve their own emergency problems. ... As the capability for space exploration grew in the 1960's, it became clear that Mars is not, like Earth, a planet teeming with life, and is now a hostile environment for humans. ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/marswhy.htm -- 10.6 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36943. Mercury
... Mercury Image and Animation Index . ... It is the closest planet to the Sun , and second smallest planet in the solar system . ... Craters dot the surface. ... Until Mariner 10 , little was known about Mercury because of the difficulty in observing it from Earth telescopes. ... The craters range in size from 100 meters (the smallest resolvable feature on Mariner 10 images) to 1,300 kilometers. ... The majority of Mercury's surface is covered by plains. ... Mariner 10 Imaging Science Final Report. ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/mercury.htm -- 23.1 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36944. Mars Surveyor '98 Orbiter
Mars Surveyor '98 Orbiter . NASA Mars Orbiter . ... The Mars Surveyor '98 Orbiter is the companion spacecraft to the Mars Surveyor '98 Lander. ... The orbiter has as its primary science objectives to: 1) monitor the daily weather and atmospheric conditions; 2) record changes on the martian surface due to wind and other atmospheric effects, 3) determine temperature profiles of the atmosphere; and 4) monitor the water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere. ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/morb98.htm -- 4.8 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36945. Solar Max
Solar Maximum Mission . USA Solar Mission . Courtesy of NASA's National Space Science Data Center . The Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) was designed to provide coordinated observations of solar activity, in particular solar flares, during a period of maximum solar activity. ... Complementary studies were made as part of the SMM guest investigator program, and coordinated in situ measurements of flare particle emissions were made from the ISEE 3 spacecraft. ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/solmax.htm -- 4.9 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36946. Venera 8
Venera 8 . Courtesy of NASA's National Space Science Data Center . ... Venera 8 was a Venus atmospheric probe. Its instrumentation included temperature, pressure, and light sensors as well as radio transmitters. ... The probe confirmed the earlier data on the high Venus surface temperature and pressure returned by Venera 7, and also measured the light level as being suitable for surface photography, finding it to be similar to the amount of light on Earth on an overcast day. ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/venera8.htm -- 3.8 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36947. Yohkoh (Solar A)
Japan/USA/England Solar Probe . ... The objective of Yohkoh (Japanese for sunbeam) is to study the high-energy radiations from solar flares (hard and soft X-rays and energetic neutrons) as well as quiet structures and pre-flare conditions. The mission is a successor to Hinotori, a previous Japanese spacecraft flown at the previous solar activity maximum in 1981. Yohkoh was launched on August 30, 1991. ... The Yohkoh mission is a cooperative mission of Japan, the US, and England. ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/yohkoh.htm -- 3.7 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36948. When might we go back to the Moon?
... Into the late 1960's, the space community had high hopes that Apollo would lead directly to the construction of a permanent base on the Moon and, sooner rather than later, to the first voyages to Mars. ... The simple fact that six Apollo crews landed on the Moon and brought back a treasure throve of samples, data, and experiences means that the lunar base designers will have to deal with far fewer uncertainties than did the Apollo team. ... Moon Apollo 17 . ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/apoepi.htm -- 19.1 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36949. Cassini
... So it is that Saturn and Titan will be the destination of the Cassini mission, a project under joint development by NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. ... This artist's rendering shows the European Space Agency's Huygens probe descending into the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan after being released by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. ... This artist's rendering shows the European Space Agency's Huygens probe descending into the atmosphere of Titan with Saturn in the background...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/cassini.htm -- 7.6 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36950. History of Space Exploration
History of Space Exploration . ... Space History Introduction . ... Chronology of Solar System Discovery This is a partial list of past, present, and future planetary and solar missions; for a complete account, please see the Space Exploration Chronology. Space exploration is becoming increasingly internationalized; as a result, the national designations listed here are not completely representative of the true nature of all projects. ... Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . ... Mariner Missions . ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/history.htm -- 9.9 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36951. Life from Mars: The Discovery
Life from Mars: . The Discovery . ... Meteorite Yields Evidence of Primitive Life on Early Mars (August 7, 1996) . Life from Mars: Video Animations . ... The NASA-funded team found the first organic molecules thought to be of Martian origin; several mineral features characteristic of biological activity; and possible microscopic fossils of primitive, bacteria-like organisms inside of an ancient Martian rock that fell to Earth as a meteorite. ... Mars Life? Microscopic Structures . ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/marslif1.htm -- 11.1 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36952. Galileo Returns New Insights into Callisto and Europa
... Jupiter's icy moon Europa has a metallic core and layered internal structure similar to the Earth's , while the heavily cratered moon Callisto is a mixture of metallic rock and ice with no identifiable central core, according to new results from NASA's Galileo mission . In addition, recent plasma wave observations from Galileo show no evidence of a magnetic field or magnetosphere around Callisto, but do hint at the prospect of a tenuous atmosphere. ... Jupiter Galileo . ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/galpr8.htm -- 7.1 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36953. Asteroid Geographos
Geographos . Geographos is classified as an Earth-crossing asteroid because its orbit can evolve to intersect Earth's orbit. ... The asteroids probably include several hundred objects larger than Geographos, thousands larger than half a mile across, and a few hundred thousand that are larger than a football field. ... Researchers obtained radar images of the asteroid on August 30, 1994, when the asteroid was 7.2 million kilometers (4.5 million miles) from Earth. ... Asteroids Vesta Mathilde . ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/geograph.htm -- 4.8 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36954. Saturn's Moon Janus
Janus . Saturn X - 1980S1 . ... Janus has an irregular shape with a size of 196x192x150 kilometers (122x119x93 miles) in diameter. ... Janus and Epimetheus share the same orbit of 151,472 kilometers (94,125 miles) from Saturn's center or 91,000 kilometers (56,547 miles) above the cloud tops. ... Janus Statistics . ... Janus - The Rotating Moon of Saturn . ... As with all maps, it is the cartographer's interpretation; not all features are necessarily certain given the limited data available. ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/janus.htm -- 8.4 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36955. Luna 11
... Launch Date/Time: 1966-08-24 at 08:09:00 UTC . Launch Site/Country: Tyuratam (Baikonur Cosmodrome), U.S.S.R. Launch Vehicle: Modified SS-6 (Sapwood) with 2nd Generation Upper Stage + Escape Stage . ... Luna 11 was launched towards the Moon from an earth-orbiting platform and entered lunar orbit on August 28, 1966. ... A total of 137 radio transmissions and 277 orbits of the Moon were completed before the batteries failed on October 1, 1966. Space History . ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/luna11.htm -- 3.5 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36956. Luna 21
. Courtesy of NASA's National Space Science Data Center . Launch Date: 1973-01-08 . Launch Site/Country: Tyuratam (Baikonur Cosmodrome), U.S.S.R. Launch Vehicle: Proton Booster Plus Upper Stage and Escape Stages . On-orbit dry mass: 4850.00 kg. (10,670 lb.) . Luna 21 delivered the Lunokhod 2 rover to the Sea of Serenity. The rover spent four months taking photographs and conducting experiments while traveling 37 kilometers (23 miles). Space History .
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/luna21.htm -- 3.1 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36957. Mars' Moon Phobos
Phobos . ... Phobos [FOH-bohs] (fear) is a moon of Mars and was named after an attendant of the Roman war god Mars. ... Phobos shows striated patterns which are probably cracks caused by the impact event of the largest crater on the moon. ... Grooved fractures caused from the impact that created Stickney extend away from the crater. ... Because Phobos is only 28 by 20 kilometers (17 by 12 miles), the moon must have been nearly shattered from the force of the impact that caused the giant crater. ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/phobos.htm -- 9.1 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36958. Suisei
Japanese Probe to Halley's Comet . Courtesy of NASA's National Space Science Data Center . Suisei (the Japanese name meaning `Comet') was launched on March 18, 1985, into heliocentric orbit to fly by Comet P/Halley . ... Fifteen burns of Suisei's 3-Newton motors over 5 - 10 April 1987, yielded a 65 meters (213 feet) per second velocity increase for a 60,000 kilometer (37,000-mile) Earth gravity assist swingby on August 20, 1992, although the craft was then lost behind the Sun for the summer. ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/suisei.htm -- 4.6 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36959. Venera 10 Descent Craft
Courtesy of NASA's National Space Science Data Center . ... On October 23, 1975, this spacecraft was separated from the Orbiter, and landing was made with the sun near zenith, at 0517 UT, on October 25, 1975. ... During descent, heat dissipation and deceleration were accomplished sequentially by protective hemispheric shells, three parachutes, a disk-shaped drag brake, and a compressible, metal, doughnut-shaped, landing cushion. The landing was about 2,200 kilometers from Venera 9. ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/venera10.htm -- 3.6 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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36960. Asteroid Vesta
Vesta . ... The Hubble Space Telescope observed asteroid Vesta between November 28 and December 1, 1994, when Vesta was at a distance of 251 million kilometers (156 million miles) from Earth. ... Vesta's surface shows a geology similar to that of terrestrial worlds such as Earth and Mars . ... Astronomers believe that some of the pieces knocked off Vesta have fallen to Earth as meteorites , which show a similar spectral fingerprint to Vesta's surface composition. ... Surface Map of Vesta . ...
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Ссылки http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/Astro/solar/eng/vesta.htm -- 14.1 Кб -- 15.03.1998
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