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661. Preparing files for transfer
. Before transferring or copying files between hosts you may need to pre-process them. Utilities are available which convert several files into a single file, reduce the size of a file by compression, and convert binary files into ASCII encoded representation for sending by mail . Creating a UNIX tape archive . Compressing files . Encoding files .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans1.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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662. Removing duplicate lines with uniq
. To remove duplicate lines from a file use the command: uniq in_file out_file . uniq searches the in_file for consecutive duplicate lines - a line that is immediately followed by one or more lines that are identical to it - and removes them. The result is an out_file that contains no duplicate lines. Use the sort command if you want to remove duplicate lines that occur in different parts of a file. Examples .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/uniq.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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663. Examples of using the uniq command
. To remove consecutive duplicate lines from a file: uniq acc_nos accounts . This removes all consecutive duplicate lines from the file acc_nos and places the output in the file accounts . To list the consecutive duplicate lines and the number of times that each occurs: uniq -c tel_nos errors . This lists each of the consecutive duplicate lines in the file tel_nos and the number of times that each is repeated. The results are placed in the file errors .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/uniq1.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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664. UNIXhelp Version 1.3
. New features in release 1.3 of UNIXhelp include: . Hierarchical structure for improved performance . Additional material on mailers and Unix variants . Hyperlinked manual pages using man-cgi . Simpler local customisation . Acknowledgements .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/version.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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665. Example of a .rhosts file
. These are the contents of a .rhosts file for the user "helper" on the host known as "pollux". quinine.ucs.ed.ac.uk helper castle.ed.ac.uk helper festival.ed.ac.uk helper cancer.ucs.ed.ac.uk helper . This allows the user helper to use the rcp (remote copy) command to copy files between their account on pollux and their accounts on these other hosts.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/3.6.1.2.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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666. Making a directory
. To make a directory use the command: mkdir directory_name . The access permissions for a directory that you create are set to a predetermined value which ensures that other users cannot get access to your directories and their contents. Examples . Problems? . Did You Know? .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/mkdir.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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667. Examples of using the mkdir command
To make a directory in the current directory: mkdir specification . This creates a new directory specification in your current working directory. To make a new directory in the parent directory: mkdir ../presentations . ... In effect, this creates a new directory at the same level of the file system as the current directory. To make a new directory in a subdirectory: mkdir reports/january/amy . This creates the directory amy in the subdirectory reports/january . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/mkdir1.html -- 2.4 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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668. Problems using mkdir
. mkdir: directory_name : File exists . There is already a directory with this name in the location in which you are trying to create the new directory. usage: mkdir [ -p] directory ... You have entered the mkdir command without giving the name of a directory to be created. mkdir: pathname : Read-only file system . You do not have permission to make files in this directory. You can only list its contents.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/mkdir2.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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669. Using the /tmp directory
Each Unix system has a directory /tmp which acts as a "scratch area" which you can use to hold files and directories for short periods of time. For example: mkdir /tmp/for_u_tim cp -r surprise /tmp/for_u_tim . This creates the directory for_u_tim in the directory /tmp and then copies the directory surprise to it. ... Do not use the /tmp directory to store vital information; it is cleared whenever the system is "booted up" and by the system administrator when the directory gets full. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/mkdir3.1.html -- 2.7 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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670. Did You Know?
. The following topics are related to your present task. Select an item for more information about it. Linking directories . Using the /tmp directory .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/mkdir3.html -- 1.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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671. **Caution**
Take care what name you give to the file or directory that the file or directory is being moved to. If you choose the name of a file or directory that already exists it will be replaced by the file or directory that has been moved to its name! Always use the mv command together with its -i option. This will prompt you for confirmation whenever the moved file or directory would overwrite an existing file or directory. The i option is not available with some versions of the command.* ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/mv1.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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672. Examples of using the mv command
To rename a file: mv junk precious . ... To be prompted when using the mv command: mv -i draft1.txt part1.txt remove part1.txt? n . This command prompts you to confirm that you really want to move the file draft1.txt to the file part1.txt ; a file with that name already exists. ... To move a file to another directory: mv precious treasure . ... To move a file to another directory and rename it: mv jewel casket/amethyst . ... To move and rename a directory: mv vr1.1 ../environments/virtual_rooms . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/mv2.html -- 3.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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673. Moving linked files
. Moving a file that has links to it does not affect the links to the file. Links are lost when a file is moved from one file system to another.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/mv3.1.html -- 1.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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674. Restrictions on moving directories
. Directories cannot be moved from one file system to another.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/mv3.2.html -- 1.7 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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675. Did You Know?
. The following topics are related to your present task. Select an item for more information about it. Moving linked files . Restrictions on moving directories .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/mv3.html -- 1.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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676. Examples of displaying access permissions
To display the permissions on a single file: ls -l file1 -rw-r--r-- 2 unixjohn doc 3287 Apr 8 12:10 file1 . ... To display the permissions on the contents of a directory: ls -l prototype . ... To display the permissions on each file and directory in your current directory : ls -l -rw------- 1 erpl08 iss 4307 Jun 17 10:00 FAQ.xdh drwx------ 2 erpl08 iss 1024 Jun 17 10:00 SCCS -rw------- 1 erpl08 iss 15119 Jun 17 10:00 commands.xdh -rw------- 1 erpl08 iss 266 Jun 17 10:00 concepts.xdh . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/next.html -- 3.4 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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677. Changing default access permissions
You will need to understand how to set file access permissions numerically before reading this section. Every time you create a file or a directory, its access permissions are set to a predetermined value. ... The values in the mask are subtracted from these values to give a default value for access permissions for the files and directories created by you. For example: 777 (system value for directories) -077 (value of the umask) --- 700 (default access permission of rwx------) . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/permissions_default.html -- 3.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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678. Setting access permissions numerically
There is a shorthand way of setting permissions by using octal numbers. Read permission is given the value 4, write permission the value 2 and execute permission 1. r w x 4 2 1 . ... So access permissions can be expressed as three digits. For example: user group others chmod 640 file1 rw- r-- --- chmod 754 file1 rwx r-x r-- chmod 664 file1 rw- rw- r-- . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/permissions_num.html -- 2.5 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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679. Displaying the pathname to the current directory
. To display the pathname to your current directory use the command: pwd . This command has no options. Example . Did You Know? .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/pwd.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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680. Example of using the pwd command
. To display the pathname to the current directory: cd pwd /home/graphics/anne . The user changes to their home directory and then uses the pwd command. This displays the pathname to their home directory /home/graphics/anne . The path to a user's home directory varies from system to system. Here, the home directory of the user anne is located in the directory graphics , which is a subdirectory of the directory home which is directly below the root directory .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/pwd1.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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