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761. Removing directories created with the ln command
. To remove a directory that is a symbolic link that points to another directory use the command: rm directory_name . Notice that the directory does not need to be empty and you do not have to use the rmdir command. You are not really removing a directory, just a named symbolic link that points to the "real" directory.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/links3.2.2.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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762. Removing linked directories that contain links
... Look at this example: pwd (print the user's working directory ) /home/tom/reports ls ../tmp/ drafts (list the contents of this directory ) expenditure targets ln -s $HOME/tmp/ drafts quarterly (use a symbolic link to make the directory ) cd quarterly (change directory to this linkname ) ln $HOME/accounts/ expenses (link a file to this linkname ) ls (list the contents of the linked directory ) (the linked file is listed) ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/links3.2.3.html -- 3.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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763. Did You Know?
. The following topics are related to your present task. Select an item for more information about it. Understanding the location of linked directories . Removing directories created with the ln command . Removing linked directories that contain links .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/links3.2.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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764. Linking directories
. To link one or more directories to another directory use the command: ln -s directory_name(s) directory_name . The use of the -s option indicates that this is to be a symbolic link. Only the super-user is allowed make hard links between directories. As a user you are restricted to creating symbolic links between directories using the -s option. Examples . Did You Know? .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/links3.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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765. List the files in a directory
. You can use the ls command to list the files in a directory: ls [option] directory_name . By combining different command options you can display as little or as much information about each file as you need. Examples . Did You Know? . List of command options . Listing hidden files . Using a long listing .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/list.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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766. Examples of using the ls command
To list the contents of the current directory: ls README bago.hlp helpex.hlp hyperhelp app-defaults helpex hoh.hlp . ... To list each subdirectory and its contents, repeating this recursion : ls -R uunet MetaCard README README.ftp uunet/MetaCard: BLURB.txt BUGS.txt FAQ.txt README.mc metacard uunet/MetaCard/metacard: Makefile XCmdGlue.c XTtemplate.c XtTemplate.c mc mchelp README.ext XCmdGlue.h XtGlue.c external.c mcXThelp mchome XCmdFuncs.c XCmdNames.h XtGlue.h external.h mcdemo mctools . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/list1a.html -- 3.7 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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767. Did You Know?
. The following topics are related to your present task. Select an item for more information about it. Defining filenames . Understanding UNIX files .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/list1b.html -- 1.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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768. ls: Command options
Option Action . -a list hidden files -d list the name of the current directory -F show directories with a trailing '/' executable files with a trailing '*' -g show group ownership of file in long listing -i print the inode number of each file -l long listing giving details about files and directories -R list all subdirectories encountered -t sort by time modified instead of name .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/list2.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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769. Listing hidden files
. The command ls -a . lists all the "hidden" files that begin with a '.' (dot). All other files and directories are also listed. This type of file is often created by you, the user, to hold commands that customise how a particular program is to work. These files are usually held together in your home directory. Every directory has two dot files, '.' and '..' which can be used in a shorthand way to refer to the current directory '.'(dot) and the parent directory of the current directory '..' (dot dot).
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/list3.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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770. Did You Know?
. You can update the date and time a file was last modified to the current date and time with the touch command. touch -c filename . The -c option prevents the filename from being created if it does not already exist.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/list4.1.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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771. Using a long listing
. To get more information about each file and directory, use the command: ls -l . This gives you a long listing about each file and directory, giving information about its: . access permissions . number of links . owner . group ownership (on BSD systems only seen with -g option) . size . date and time last modified . Examples . Did You Know? .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/list4.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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772. Printing files
. To print a file use the command: lpr filename . The job is placed in the print queue and you can carry on working. Examples . Did You Know . Using a different printer . Printing multiple copies . Examining the print queue . Cancelling a print request . Some versions of UNIX provide both an lp and an lpr command for printing files; other versions support only one or the other. If the lpr command is not available on your system use the lp command instead.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/lpr.html -- 2.4 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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773. Examples of using the lpr commnand
. To print a single file: lpr memo . This prints the file memo to your default printer . To print several files: lpr may june july . This prints the files may , june and july to your default printer.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/lpr1.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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774. Changing your default printer
Most likely you can choose which type of printer to print your file(s) on. Your computing service may provide colour printers, plotters and laser printers as well as simple line printers. Each printer will have its own unique name. When you print a file it is sent to the default printer that is defined by the value of your PRINTER environment variable . ... To change your default printer, change the value of this environment variable to the name of the printer that you want to use. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/lpr2.1.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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775. PostScript
. PostScript files can be identified by the filename suffix .ps . This type of file can be printed to high quality laser printers that are able to translate the PostScript commands contained in the file into an the image to print. This type of printer is available on most systems. PostScript is the name for a page description language developed by Adobe Systems Ltd .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/lpr2.2.1.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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776. Printing PostScript files
. You can print PostScript files to a PostScript printer with the standard lpr command: lpr filename . A PostScript printer will automatically recognise that the file consists of PostScript commands and process it accordingly.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/lpr2.2.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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777. pr: Tip...
. Put the output of the pr command through a pager such as more or less . This stops the contents of the file from scrolling out of view on your screen. Example .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/lpr2.3.1.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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778. Examples of using the pr command
To preview a file: pr chapter3.txt . This displays the contents of the file chapter3.txt one page after the other. To preview a file using a pager: pr part2.txt | ... This displays the contents of the file part2.txt with the output piped through the pager program less to prevent it scrolling out of sight. To change the appearance of the previewed file: pr -l 40 -h Using Hypertext comms_paper | ... The output is then piped into the lpr command and printed to the default printer. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/lpr2.3.2.html -- 2.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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779. Previewing files
. To preview a text file on your terminal use the command: pr filename . The output is separated into "pages" of 66 lines, with a 5 line header and footer. The header contains a single line giving the name of the file and other information. There are a number of options which allow you to change the way in which the file is displayed. Tip ... Examples .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/lpr2.3.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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780. Did You Know?
. The following topics are related to your present task. Select an item for more information about it. Changing your default printer . Printing PostScript files . Printing Unix Manual Pages . Previewing files .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/lpr2.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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