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801. Copying directories
. To copy a directory use the command: cp -r directory1 directory2 . This copies directory1 and everything that it contains to directory2 . The directory is created if it does not exist. If directory2 does exist then directory1 is created as a subdirectory within it. Examples . Did You Know? .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/cp.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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802. Examples of copying directories with the cp command
. To create a new copy of a directory: cp -r draft presentation . This copies all the files and subdirectories in the directory draft into a new directory presentation . You try to create a copy of a directory using the name of directory that already exists: cp -r planA projects . If the directory projects already exists, then a copy of the directory planA will be created in this directory.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/cp1.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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803. Did You Know?
. The following topics are related to your present task. Select an item for more information about it. Linking files and directories . Checking directory contents .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/cp2.html -- 1.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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804. Creating files
. Select a topic for further information. Create a file with the cat command . Create a file with the echo command . Create a file with a text editor . Did You Know? .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/create.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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805. Create a file with the cat command
. Type the command cat > name_of_file . Now type in your text. Press the <Return> key to start a new line. When you have finished typing in your text, enter Ctrl-d (Press and hold down the Ctrl key and type a "d"). This stops the cat command and returns you to the system prompt. **Caution** . Did You Know? . Examples .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/create_cat.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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806. Create a file with the echo command
. To create a file, type the command echo and then continue to type the text that you want to appear in the file. When you have finished typing in your text, type > name_of_file . and press the <Return> key. This method is useful for creating short files containing only one or two lines of text. Example .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/create_echo.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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807. Default access permissions
. When you create a file or directory its access permissions are set to a default value. These are usually: . rw------- . gives you read and write permission for your files; no access permissions for the group or others. rwx------ . gives you read write and execute permission for your directories; no access permissions for the group or others. Access permissions for your home directory are usually set to rwx--x--x or rwxr-xr-x . Changing default access permissions .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/def_perm.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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808. rwx--x--x
. These permissions on your home directory allow members of your group and all other users to: . read, write or execute a file in your home directory for which you have given them permission to do so. Other users cannot list the contents of your home directory.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/def_perm1.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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809. rwxr-xr-x
. These permissions on your home directory allow members of your group and all other users to: . list the contents of your home directory . read, write or execute a file in your home directory for which you have given them permission to do so. These are the absolute maximum permissions that you should set on your home directory.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/def_perm2.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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810. Defining files with wildcard characters
. Wildcard characters can be used to represent many other characters. Use them whenever you need to define a string of characters, such as a filename, for use with a command. Useful wildcards are: * matches any characters ? match any single character [...] matches any character in the enclosed list or range. Examples .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/defining.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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811. Determining file type
. The file command examines the content of a file and reports what type of file it is. To use the command enter: file filename . Use this command to check the identity of a file, or to find out if executable files contain shell scripts, or are binaries. Shell scripts are text files and can be displayed and edited. Examples .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/determine.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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812. Examples of using the file command
To check the identity of a single file: file ReportA ReportA: Frame Maker document . ... To check the identity of several files: file * external.c: c program text external.h: c program text mc: sparc demand paged dynamically linked executable mcXThelp: executable shell script mcdemo: executable shell script mchelp: executable shell script mchome: executable shell script mctools: executable shell script . This checks the identity of every file in the current directory. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/determine1.html -- 2.5 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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813. Displaying files
. Select a topic for further information. Displaying files with an editor . Displaying files with the view command . Displaying files with the cat command . Displaying files using a pager . Displaying the first few lines of a file . Displaying the last few lines of a file .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/display.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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814. Examples of displaying files with the cat command
. To display a file: cat README . This displays the contents of the file README . If the file contains more lines than can be displayed on the screen at once it will scroll by; use a pager instead. To display line numbers: cat -b myprog.c . This displays the contents of myprog.c and numbers the lines. Blank lines are not numbered.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/display0.1.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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815. Displaying files with the cat command
. The cat command is useful for displaying short files of a few lines. To display longer files use an editor or pager . To display the contents of a file use the command: cat filename . Examples .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/display0.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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816. Did You Know?
. The following topics are related to your present task. Select an item for more information about it. Changing the PAGER environment variable . Piping command output through a pager .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/display1.1.html -- 1.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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817. Changing the PAGER environment variable
. Other commands such as man and mail use a pager to display their output on the screen. The default pager used by these commands is defined by the PAGER environment variable. You can change the default pager by setting or changing the value of this variable.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/display1.1dyk1.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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818. Using the more pager
. To display a file use the command: more filename . This will display the first screenful of the file. The prompt --More--( nn %) is given in the bottom left-hand corner of the screen. You can now use one of the following commands: space bar Display next screenful of text. <RETURN> Display next line of text. q Exit from more: this can be done at any time. d Scroll forwards about half a screenful of text. b Skip backwards one screenful of text. h Display a list of commands (help).
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/display1.2.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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819. Summary of less commands
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N. Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given. h H Display a complete command summary q :q :Q ZZ Exit. e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or N lines ). y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or N lines ). f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or N lines ). b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines ). z * Forward one ... NOTE: search commands may be modified by one or more of: ! ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/display1.3.1.html -- 3.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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820. Example of customising the less command
These examples show how the environment variable LESS is set; first by users of the C and TC shells and then by users of the Bourne and BASH shells. To display the size of the file in the prompt: setenv LESS -P%B . or: LESS=-P;export LESS . ... This puts the filename in the prompt ( -P%f ), displays the number of each line in the file ( -N ) and truncates lines that are too long to be displayed on the screen so that they do not wrap onto the next line ( -S ). ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/tasks/display1.3.2.1.html -- 2.7 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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